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STATISTICS 



OF THE 



STATE OF GEORGIA^ 



INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS 

fifltnrol, (S^inil, irni febtnstirnl .fistnrt|; 

TOGETHER WITH A PARTICULAR 

DESCRIPTION OP EACH COUNTY, 

N"OTICES OF TIIE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF 
ITS ABORIGINAL TRIBES, 



A CORRECT MAP OF THE STATE. 



BY 



GEORGE WHITE, 




SAVANNAH : 

Wi. THORNE WILLIAMS 

1849. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by 

W. THORNE WILLIAMS, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Georgia. 



V " 



TO 



THE CITIZENS 



OF THE 



T^Tl ©\F ©[1©^©"0^ 



^Itis Wmk 



IS EESPBCTFULLY DEDICATED, 



BY THEIE FELLOW-OITIZEM, 



THE AOTHOR. 



PREFACE 



This volume is, after some unavoidable delay, at length 
submitted to the public. 

The difficulties which the author has had to encounter in 
collecting materials for this work, have far exceeded his ex- 
pectations ; but he must frankly acknowledge, that his labours 
have been greatly lightened by the assistance of valued friends 
in Georgia and other States. 

To the following gentlemen he acknowledges himself 
especially indebted : Dr. James H. Couper, of St. Simon's 
Island ; Major Le Conte, of New- York ; I. K. Tefft, of 
Savannah ; Governor Graham, of North Carolina ; Doctors 
Gibbes, Bachman, Holbrook, and Johnson, of Charleston ; Dr. 
Le Conte, of Athens ; Judge Sheftall, of Savannah ; M. M. 
Noah, Esq, of New-York ; General Hansell and Col. Knight, 
of Marietta; John Harper, Esq., of Augusta; Professor Shepard, 
of Charleston ; and Dr. Church, of Athens. To Philip J . 



6 PREFACE. 

Forbes, Esq., the courteous and esteemed Librarian of the 
New- York Society Library, he would express his gratitude 
for the uniform kindness shown him whilst consulting that 
invaluable collection. 

Stevens' and McCall's Histories of Georgia, Lee's Memoirs,. 
Garden's Revolutionary Anecdotes, Campbell's Lives of the 
Chancellors of England, the Annual Register, Hawkins' His- 
tory of Missions, Bartram's Travels, and Manuscripts liberally 
furnished by Governor Gilmer, Hon. Thomas Spalding, and 
Col. Joseph W. Jackson, have also furnished much valuable 
information. 

It cannot be expected that a volume containing so many 
facts, and gathered from so many sources, should be entirely 
free from errors. All that the compiler hopes for is, that its 
contents, drawn from the most reliable sources, will be en- 
titled to that credit which is usually awarded to public do- 
cuments, private family archives, and the faithful memories 
of disinterested living witnesses and contributors. 

While the author does not shrink from just criticism, nor 
deprecate deserved censure, he respectfully asks the public 
to remember, that a Pioneer in any enterprise has many 
obstacles to overcome, and is therefore entitled to charitable 
judgment. 



CONTENTS. 





Page 


Sketch of the G-eology of Greorgia, 


13 


Indians, ...... 


27 


Situation, Boundaries, Extent, 


. 35 


Soil and Productions, .... 


37 


Rivers, ....... 


. 38 


Population, ..... 


43 


Comparative View of Population, 


. 44 


Early Settlement, ..... 


44 


Arrival of the First Colonists, .... 


. 45 


Progress of the First Colony, 


45 


Yazoo Fraud, ...... 


. 48' 


Political Government, .... 


54 


Annual Revenue and Expenditures, . 


58 


Governors of Georgia, .... 


59 


Judiciary, ...... 


. 59 


Penal Code, ..... 


62 


Militia System, . . . . . 


. 63 


Militia and Troops in the Revolutionary War, 


64 


Officers of the Continental Line, 


. 65 


Education, ...... 


66 


Franklin College, ..... 


. 74 


Mercer University, .... 


76 


Oglethorpe University, .... 


78 


Emory College, ..... 


78 


Georgia Female College, . . . . 


. 79 


Georgia Episcopal Institute, 


80 


Medical College of Georgia, .... 


81 


State Lunatic Asylum, .... 


82 


Georgia iVsylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 


. 85 


Public Buildings at Milledgeville, 


85 


Banks, ....... 


86 


Central Railroad, , 


87 



CONTENTS. 



Milledgeville and Gordon Kailroad, 


Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, 


Macon anc 


i Western Railroad, 


Southwestern Railroad, 


Western and Atlantic Railroad, 


Augusta and Waynesborougli Railroad, 


Canals, 




Protestan 


; Episcopal Church, 


Lutheran 


Church, 


Baptists, 




Methodist 


Episcopal Church, . 


Presbyterians, 


Jews, . 




Disciples < 


Df Christ, 


Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church 


Roman Catholics, . 


Protestant Methodists, 


Mormons, 


. 


Appling County, 


Bibb 


a 


Bulloch 


u 


Baker 


"... 


Bryan 


u 


Burke 


u 


Butts 


" 


Baldwin 


"... 


Camden 


" 


Campbell 


" . 


Carroll 


u 


Cass 


u 


Chatham 


£i 


Chattooga 


"... 


Cherokee 


U 


Clarke 


"... 


Cobb 


" 


Columbia 


(( 


Coweta 


" 


Crawford 


"... 


Decatur 


u 


De Kalb 


u 


Dooly 


a 


Dade 


u 



89 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

93 

93 

96 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

104 

104 

105 

108 

115 

120 

123 

126 

130 

132 

139 

143 

146 

149 

154 

172 

176 

179 

187 

192 

195 

197 

200 

204 

208 

211 



CONTENTS. 



Early County, 


Effingham County 


Elbert 


u 


Emanuel 


li 


Fayette 


u 


Floyd 


a 


Forsyth 


a 


Franklin 


a 


Gilmer 


u 


Glynn 


u 


Greene 


(I 


Gwinnett 


a 


Habersham 


u 


Hall 


u 


Hancock 


» 


Harris 


u 


Heard; 


u 


Henry 


a 


Houstoun 


u 


Irwin 


li 


Jackson 


li 


Jasper 


11 


Jones 


li 


Jeflferson 


li 


Laurens 


li 


Lee 


u 


Liberty 


a 


Lincoln 


li 


Lowndes 


(C 


Lumpkin 


li 


Macon 


li 


Madison 


11 


Marion 


li 


Mcintosh 


11 


Meriwether 


li 


Monroe 


11 


Montgomery 


a 


Morgan 


a 


Murray 


li 


Muscogee 


11 


Newton 


a 


Oglethorpe 


a 





218 




. 222 




227 




. 242 




244 




. 248 




253 




. 258 




262 




. 275 




289 




. 295 


. 


299 




. 305 




310 




. 317 




321 


, 


. 324 


. 


328 


. 


. 332 


. 


334 


. 


. 349 




354 


. 


. 356 


J 


362 




. 366 




369 


, 


. 381 


. 


385 




. 390 




398 


. 


. 404 




410 


, 


. 414 


. 


421 


. 


. 426 




432 




. 434 




439 


, 


. 443 




449 


, 


. 452 



10 



CONTENTS. 



Paulding County, 


Pike 


u 


Pulaski 


a 


Putnam 


a 


Kabun 


a 


Randolpli 


a 


Richmond 


u 


Screven 


a 


Stewart 


u 


Sumter 


u 


Talbot 


u 


Taliaferro 


u 


Tattnall 


a 


Telfair 


a 


Thomas 


u 


Troup 


li 


Twiggs 


u 


Union 


u 


Upson 


u 


Walton 


u 


Walker 


u 


Ware 


u 


Warren 


u 


Washington 


u 


Wayne 


u 


Wilkes 


u 


Wilkinson 


u 



Addenda, 



465 
470 
476 
479 
484 
493 
499 
516 
521 
524 
529 
531 
534 
539 
544 
547 
563 
569 
573 
579 
584 
594 
597 
601 
604 
607 
614 

619 



FAUNA AND FLORA. 



Mammalia, 

Birds, 

Reptiles, 

Fish, 

Crustacea, 

Coleopterous Insects, 

Shells, . 

Flora, 



3 
6 
13 
16 
21 
25 
37 
43 



ERRATA. 



Page 20, 1 


ine 29, 


" 20, 1 


ne 37, 


" 21, 1 


lie 23, 


" 21,1 


ne23, 


" 21,1 


ne 27, 


" 21,1 


ne28. 


" 22, 1 


ne 14, 


" 22,1 


ne 21, 


" ^2, 1 


ne37, 


" 23, 1 


ne 1, 


" 27, I 


nel6. 


" 39,1 


ne23, 


" 42, 1 


ne29. 


" 65, 1 


ne 9, 


" 67, 1 


ne 17, 


" 140, 1 


ne 18, 


" 15], 1 


ne 14, 


" 460, 1 


ne32, 



for Atrape read Atrope. 

for Kinkefornia read Kinchafoonee. 

for pristodatus read pristodontns. 

for accurainata read acuminata. ' 

for Belennites read Belemnites. 

for Cucullia read Cucullsea. 

for anlydreus read anhydrous. 

for Gorginea read Gorgonia. 

for strophemene r«ad strophomena. 

for comiferous read corniferous. 

for in read on. 

for Scriven read Screven. 

for Alabama read Georgia. 

for Berrian read Berrien. 

for McQuirread McWhir. 

for Jefferson read Jeffersonton. 

for Atlantic and Western read Western and Atlantic. 

for Manufactures read Miscellaneous. 



Vji 



,S1 



■ i I 



9* 



,fi'w,:^f^i;.;' 



:^^ ,'. ^ 



,C^ 



te> 






'M 



fSOl 

J 

Jibi 

K 



iRiv 



STATISTICS 



OF THE 



STATE OF GEORGIA 



SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA. 

The following account of the geology of Georgia, although 
merely intended as a sketch, the writer is very sensible does 
not fulfil the requisitions even of that limited design. The 
materials for a proper treatise on this subject, are yet to be 
collected; for although the labour of a State Geologist was for 
several years devoted to it, yet as the results of his examina- 
tions have not been published, and as they were not extended 
to many of the most interesting portions of the State, discon- 
nected facts, collected by cursory observers, form at present 
the only means available to the geologist. As many of these 
facts are, however, of great interest to the State, and as they 
serve to connect its geology with that of other portions of the 
Union, this outline, imperfect as it is, is presented in the hope 
that, while it will add something perhaps to previous know- 
ledge, it may serve, in sonie measure, to attract the attention 
of the citizens of the State to a subject of much importance. 
While the example of such States as New-York, Massachu- 
setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and others, in investigating their 
material and scientific resources, at a great expense of labour 
2 



14 GEOLOGY. 

and money, should impress upon the people of Georgia the 
high value attached by intelligent minds to such inquiries, the 
results which have followed from them of important practical 
utility, as well as of high national character, should stimulate 
us not to be behind our sister States in the execution of a work 
demanded equally by the interests of the community and the 
claims of an advanced state of civilization. 

No state in the Union presents a richer field for the geolo- 
gist than Georgia. With a territory embracing the southern 
extremity of the great Atlantic chain of mountains ; extend- 
ing across them to the N. W. into the valley of the Mississippi ; 
running to the S. W. into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of 
Mexico, and occupying along its eastern boundary a wide belt of 
tertiary, it contains most of the important geological formations. 

Commencing at the Atlantic ocean, and spreading out 
from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a ter- 
tiary formation, rises from the level of the sea, and gradually 
swells up to a height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near 
the heads of navigation of the rivers Savannah, Ogeechee, 
Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a primary formation. 
Between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers it leaves the primary 
formation to the right, and rests on the cretaceous, from' a point 
nearly midway between Macon and Knoxville, by a line run- 
ning in a S. W. direction to another point between Petaula 
creek and Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee river. 

Bounded by the last mentioned line to the S. E., and by 
the southern edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of 
navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the creta- 
ceous formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming 
an acute triangle. The ■primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded 
to the east by the tertiary and cretaceous formations, as described 
above, crosses the State from N. E. to S. W., with a width of 
160 miles at the northern limit, and 100 at the southern. The 
Blue Ridge range of mountains passes near its western edge, 
and forms the most elevated land of the State, varying in 
height from 1200 to 4000 feet. From this crest there is a gra- 
dual descent to the east, by a series of parallel and undulating 
ridges, until the tertiary plain is reached. On the west the 



GEOLOGY. 15 

descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of 
the primary is not very accurately established, but it is believed 
to lie not far from a line running nearly N. and S. through the 
centre of Gilmer county, and continued in the same direction 
to near Canton in Cass county, thence to the western base of 
the Allatoona mountain on the Etowah river, where it turns to 
the S. W., and passing near Van Wert in Paulding county, and 
along the northern base of the Dugdown mountain to the Ala- 
bama line. 

The N. W. part of the State, bounded to the east and 
south by the western limit of the primary, consists of a transi- 
tion or older fossiliferous formation, except the extreme N, W. 
corner where the carboniferous occurs. 

Having thus briefly sketched the great leading features of 
the geology of the State, the various formations will now be 
described more in detail. 

Tertiary Formation. — The sea-coast of Georgia is rich 
in the more recent formations. In the salt-marshes and 
swamps, which are spread out between the sea islands and 
the main land, and along the borders of the rivers and creeks, 
are extensive bodies of recent alluvium. 

Although these deposits come under this general head, they 
are obviously so different in age as to admit of being subdi- 
vided with advantage. The most recent is that constituting 
the salt-marsh and the tide-swamp. This is a very modern 
alluvium, still in the course of formation from the deposits of 
sedimentary matter brought down by the rivers, or the reflux of 
the tides. It consists of a tenacious blue clay, mixed with 
fine silicious sand and vegetable matter : and at the depth of 
from ten to twelve feet rests on a sandy post-pliocene forma- 
tion. This subdivision of the recent alluvium contains no fos- 
sils, except of such animals as now exist in it. The older 
subdivision forms the inland swamps above the reach of tides, 
and occurs not unfrequently in tide swamps, in the form of 
small knolls, and in the salt marsh sometimes rising above its 
surface, but generally underlying it at the depth of from three 
to four feet. It consists of a very compact clay, destitute of 
vegetable matter, varying in colour, but most usually blue or 



16 GEOLOGY. 

yellow. It frequently contains beds of marl and calcareous 
gravel, and is generally highly impregnated with iron. In 
some localities it has the appearance of green marl, and con- 
tains grains of sillicate of iron. Like the salt-marsh it rests 
at no great depth on a sandy post-pliocene formation. This 
older recent alluvium derives much interest from the circum- 
stance of its presenting in many parts of the salt-marsh and 
tide-swamps where it occurs, indubitable proof of the subsi- 
dence, at a recent geological period, of the sea-coast from 
Florida to South Carolina. Stumps of cypress, pine, and other 
fresh- water trees, in an erect position and worn away to a 
horizontal line, are found in it, both in the tide-swamps and 
salt-marsh, with their tops buried three or four feet below the 
surface of the land, and at the same depth below the ordinary 
height of the tides. In the salt-marsh these remains occur 
several miles from the present forests, and where the water is 
now salt at every stage of the tide and at all seasons of the 
year. The kind of trees, their erect position, the horizontal 
line of erosion, the accumulation of soil above them, and the 
flowing of the salt water, three or four feet above and several 
miles beyond them, all indicate a sinking of the land posterior 
to the inland swamp formation. 

A still higher interest is connected with this formation 
from its being the depository of all the fossil bones of the ter- 
restrial mammalia, which have been discovered on the coast 
of Georgia. 

These remains having been very abundant, and embracing 
several genera and species of great interest, and their position 
having been ascertained with much exactness, a somewhat 
minute account of the circumstances under which they were 
found may be useful. 

The four localities at which they have been discovered are 
Skidaway Island and Heiner's Bridge, in Chatham county, and 
the Brunswick canal and Turtle river in Glynn county. The 
features which characterize these deposits being in all essen- 
tial particulars the same, one description will answer for them 
all. In every instance the fossil bones have been found im- 
bedded in the inland swamp alluvium, near its bottom, and 
resting on a yellow or white sand of a post-pliocene formation. 



GEOLOGY. 17 

Marine shells, all of existing species, are found in groups in the 
post-pliocene sand, in a nearly horizontal stratum, and extend- 
ing from its junction with the alluvium, to the depth of five 
feet below it. They are generally immediately below the 
fossil bones, but always in the sand, and in no instance found 
in the clay alluvium. The depth at which the fossil bones 
have been discovered varies with the different localities ; being 
from five feet above high tides, to six or seven feet below. 
The line of depth appears, however, to follow the present slope 
of the land, as the highest deposit occurs farthest from the sea, 
and the lowest nearest to it. The species of shells, and the 
manner in which they are grouped together, are exactly such 
as now occur on the adjacent coast ; and, as several of the 
shells, such as the Artemis Concentrica and Tellina alter- 
nata still retain the epidermis, it is obvious that they grew 
on, or near the places where they are now found ; and that 
the physical circumstances necessary to the existence of a 
large portion of the present mollusca of the coast, have not 
changed since a period long anterior to the extinction of the 
gigantic mammalia. 

The fossil bones were found, generally in groups, and in seve- 
ral instances the parts of the same skeleton were lying together. 
The bones were generally entire, well preserved, and in no 
instance abraded or incrusted with marine shells, except where 
they had been washed out of the original bed into salt water 
streams. These circumstances render it highly probable that 
these animals either perished on the spots where their remains 
are now found, or that their carcasses were quietly and im- 
mediately floated to them, and that sinking to the sandy bot- 
toms of the then shallow bays, lakes or streams, they were 
gradually enveloped in the sedimentary deposits, which have 
produced the older recent alluvium, or inland swamp forma- 
tion. The inferences may also be drawn, that they existed at 
a period posterior to the elevation from the sea, of a well 
characterized sandy post-pliocene formation, and at the com- 
mencement of the alluvium, of the age of the inland swamp : 
and that their destruction must have been owing to gradual 
changes in physical circumstances, and not to any sudden and 
violent catastrophe. The occurrence in South America, in 



18 GEOLOGY. 

latitudes about equally removed from the equator with our 
own, of the same fossil animals, disproves the once favourite 
theory of their extinction by a reduction of temperature, oc- 
casioned by a change of the poles of the earth. Bones of the 
following mammalia have been procured from the deposits 
above named. Megatherium Cuvieri, Megalonyx, Mastodon 
giganteum, Elephas primigenius, a Bos, an Equus, a Cervus, 
and the right ramus of the lower jaw of a new genus, the 
Harlanus Americanus of Owen (Sus Americanus of Harlan). 
In the post-pliocene sand formation which underlies the fossil 
mammals, most of the species of shells now existing in the 
neighbouring sea have been found ; and in the same formation, 
but nearer the surface, ribs and vertebrae of a whale, and the 
right os-femoris of an extinct Chelonia (Chelonia Couperii of 
Harlan). 

It is believed, that the Miocene formation has not yet been 
discovered cropping out at the surface in Georgia, but as the 
writer of this article found two specimens of the Fusus quad- 
ricostatus on the beach of Long Island near St. Simon's Island, 
after the gale of the 12th of October, 1846, there is no doubt 
that it approaches very near to the surface. 

No fossils have been found between the post-pliocene de- 
posits already mentioned, and the Burr-stone formation of the 
Eocene ; and this part of the State presents no object of in- 
terest to the geologist, except the existence of two nearly pa- 
rallel terraces, terminated to the east by well defined escarp- 
ments. 

From the ocean, the land ascends by a gradual slope, to 
the height of from ten to twenty feet, when, at a distance of 
from twenty to thirty miles, it rises by an abrupt step to the 
elevation of seventy feet above tide water: at which elevation 
it runs back about twenty miles, when another and similar 
step of about the same height occurs These escarpments 
have obviously been sea-cliffs or margins ; and the manner of 
their formation has been very satisfactorily explained by Dar- 
win in his Journal of Researches, &c., where he notices a 
series of similar cliffs in Patagonia. He supposes, in the first 
place, a period of slow and gradual elevation of the land, 
converting that portion of the sea lying between the western 



GEOLOGY. 19 

and eastern cliffs into dry land, having a sloping surface. A 
period of repose then followed, during which, the ocean cur- 
rents, acting on the land, wore it away, and produced along 
the sea-margin an abrupt escarpment. Similar alternations 
of periods of elevation and repose, in the same way produced 
another and lower terrace and escarpment. After the second 
period of repose, a third upheaval of the land produced a third 
terrace, which now forms the low main land of the coast. 
The other changes which have taken place also admit of a 
satisfactory explanation. If, during the time when the present 
sea-coast was slowly rising above the ocean, we suppose that 
by the joint action of river sediment, sea-currents and waves, 
a line of reefs was formed at a short distance from the shore, 
and that they gradually arose to their present level, a chain of 
low, sandy islands, separated from the main land by shallow 
basins of salt water would be formed. The sedimentary mat- 
ter brought down by rivers, would in time be deposited in the 
quiet water between the islands and the main land, and form 
a body of marsh. Whenever these marshes had become as 
high as the usual flow of the tides, permanent channels for the 
discharge of the water would be formed : and the distance to 
which the salt water of the ocean would ascend in them, 
would be established within fixed limits. Beyond the flow of 
the sea water, trees and fresh water plants would then spring 
up and extend down to the line of brackish water. If, after 
the trees had been established, the land should sink, the salt 
water being no longer confined to its usual channels, would 
flow up to the sandy main land, and destroy the trees wher- 
ever it reached. The dead trees would then decay down as 
far as they were exposed to the action of the atmosphere. If 
the subsidence of the land should now cease, or the accumu- 
lation of sedimentary matter be greater than it, the stumps of 
the former growth of trees would be buried in a new alluvium. 
This new alluvium would gradually increase, until reaching 
the height of the tides, new channels would again be formed, 
and the line of salt water be driven back towards the ocean. 
Whenever this occurred, another growth of trees would spring 
up, and be gradually extended down the rivers. The present 
appearances of the alluvial lands of the coast, indicate that 



20 GEOLOGY. 

such changes have actually taken place ; for whilst the stumps 
of trees in the salt marsh prove a subsidence of the land, and 
an encroachment of the salt water to that point, the existence 
of similar stumps in the tide swamps, at a depth of three or 
four feet, equally confirms the subsidence of the land, and also 
shows a recession of the salt water since that period. 

No division of the Tertiary is so well developed in Georgia 
as the Eocene. This formation is bounded on the west by the 
primary and cretaceous rocks, and it probably continues down 
to the foot of the first terrace or sea cliff", twenty miles from the 
ocean ; but as no fossils have been found farther east than the 
Burr and limestone formations, it will be safer in the present 
state of our knowledge to consider its eastern limit as extending 
down as far as Effingham county, and passing thence in a 
Southwest direction through the counties of Bulloch, Emanu- 
el, and Laurens, to the lower edge of Pulaski, from which point 
it assumes a nearly southern course, and passes through the 
counties of Irwin and Lowndes into Florida. 

The Eocene is divided into three well defined formations, 
the Burrstone, the orbitulite limestone, and the white lime- 
stone. 

The Burrstone, which is the superficial formation * of this 
group, is characterized by white, yellow and red clays, and 
ferruginous sand, through which are irregularly interspersed 
masses of sandstone, burrstone and siliceous rocks, generally 
found cropping out near the tops of the hills. The fossils found 
in it are abundant, and usually occur in a silicified state. In 
many places they exist only in the forms of silicified casts. 
They differ much at diflferent localities. At Atrape's quarry, 
near Macon, a large proportion are identical with those de- 
scribed by Conrad and Lea from the sandy strata of Claiborne 
Bluflf; while the Burrstone of the counties of Lee, Baker and 
Decatur, present a group of a very different character. 

The Orbitulite Limestone, which Mr. Lyell has found to lie 
between the Burrstone and White limestone, is of a yellow, or 
cream colour, and is almost entirely made up of orbitulites of 

* At Kinkefornia creek, near Palmyra, Lee county, a well defined section oc- 
curs, showing the position of the Burrstone above the limestone. 



GEOLOGY. 21 

two or three species. Near Bainbridge it is found forming the 
bed of the river, and consists mainly of an aggregation of small 
orbitulites of from one-eighth to one-third of an inch diameter, 
with the occasional occurrence of species of the genera pecten, 
crystillaria and cidaris. 

The White limestone forms the lowest portion of the Eocene 
formation in Georgia. It varies much in consistency, passing 
from a friable marl to a compact rock. The echinoderms and 
corals abound in it : and it is in this formation that the remains 
of the Zeuglodon have been found in Twiggs, Crawford, Wash- 
ington and Decatur counties. As it produces a very good 
lime, it is burnt, wherever it occurs, for that purpose. 

The Cretaceous formation is, with the exception of a small 
patch at Saundersville, confined to parts of the counties of 
Randolph, Stewart, Muscogee, Marion and Macon. Although 
its existence in these counties is well established by character- 
istic fossils, but little is known of the nature of the rocks in 
which they are found. A. deposit in the Chattahooche in 
Stewart county, from which the writer of this article, through 
the liberal exertions of H. T. Hall, Esq. of Columbus, and I. 
C. Plant, Esq. of Macon, obtained teeth of the Geosaurus, 
Mosasaurus * of an extinct crocodile, Lamna plicata, Lamna 
accuminata, and Galleus pristodatus, is identified with the fer- 
ruginous sand formation of New Jersey, as well by the consti- 
tution of the soil as by its fossil remains. 

On the Petalau creek in Randolph county, and at several 
other points, Ammonites placenta, Exogyra costata, Belennites 
Americanus, and a large Cucullia have been found. 

The Transition, or older fossiliferous rock formation has 
been less explored than any other part of the geology of 
Georgia : and in the present state of our knowledge the limits 
of the groups composing it, cannot be designated with accu- 
racy. It occupies the whole of the counties of Chattooga, 
Walker, Murray and Floyd, the greater part of Cass, the 
northern half of Paulding, and all of Dade, except some small 
patches of coal in the Lookout and Raccoon mountains. That 

* A new species, described by Prof. R. W. Gibbes, as the Mosasaiirus Cou- 
peri. 



22 GEOLOGY. 

part of it which extends from tlie western base of the prinnary 
rocks to the Chattoogatta range of mountains, and which forms 
the valley of the Oostanaula river, belongs probably to the 
older series of the New- York formations, as those portions 
which have been examined contain Potsdam sandstones, cal- 
ciferous sandrock and limestones of the Trenton group. Very 
few fossils have been found in it. At the Chattoogatta range 
a marked change occurs in the formations, which from that 
line to the Lookout mountain belong principally to the Helder- 
berg series of the New-York system, but embrace also the 
Portage and Chemung groups : and therefore correspond with 
the middle and upper groups of that system, and with the Wen- 
lock and Devonian rocks of the English Silurian formation. 
At the Red Sulphur Springs in Walker county a bed of anlyd- 
reus limestone occurs, corresponding in character to the up- 
per bed of the Onondaga Salt group of New- York. Within a 
few miles of this locality there is a stratum of pentamerus 
limestone, well characterized by its lithological constitution 
and abundant remains of pentamerus galeatus. At Gordon's 
Mineral Springs, at the foot of Taylor's ridge, a stratum of dark 
shale is found at the bottom of the valley containing Gorginea. 
Above the shale are successively placed Oriskany sandstone 
with Atrypa elongata, &c. — a grayish blue, sub-crystalline 
limestone of the Onondaga limestone group, abounding in cy- 
athophylla, stylina and encrinital stems, and corniferous lime- 
stone containing cyathophylla mingled with chert and cherty 
nodules with crystals of quartz. Above the last lie sandstones 
of the Portage and Chemung groups. 

Between Taylor's ridge and Pigeon mountain the Onon- 
daga gray limestone prevails, and is found at the tops of the 
northern spurs of the latter. A marked change however oc- 
curs in the crinoidea imbedded in it, and pentremites of the 
species florealis, globosa and pyriformis take the place of the 
usual large, smooth encrinital stems. Cyathophylla and favo- 
sites labyrinthica also occur. Proceeding to the west, on 
reaching west Chickaumagua creek the Delthyris shaly lime- 
stone, containing abundant impressions of strophemene appears, 
and continues to the base of the Lookout mountain. In all 



GEOLOGY. 23 

the hills the comiferous limestone is succeeded by sandstone 
which continues to their summits. 

The dip of the rocks from the Alatoona mountain, which is 
the western limit of the primary formation at that point, to the 
base of the Lookout mountain, is either nearly vertical or south 
of east. The strata of the Lookout mountain, on the contrary, 
all dip to the west. This circumstance indicates here, as it 
does father north in the same range of mountains, a violent 
contortion and folding over of the strata, presenting the ap- 
pearance of a succession of waves with their sloping sides to 
the east, and their crests curling over to the w^est. If it be 
imagined that the strata constituting the existing kinds of rocks 
were originally deposited in a nearly horizontal position ; that 
afterwards by the settling of the whole, from the contraction 
of the superficial crust of the earth, they were thrown into 
wave-like ridges, hanging over to the west; and that then, by 
the denuding action of violent currents of water sweeping 
down the narrow valleys, and acting with most force on their 
eastern edges, the superior strata were removed to the present 
depth, we shall have a correct idea of the character of the 
palaeozoic formation of the State, and a satisfactory solution 
of the uniform dip of the strata, either in an eastern or nearly 
vertical direction, be obtained. The denudation has been 
greatest in the Oostanaula valley, and less in the small valleys 
between Chattoogatta, Taylor, Pigeon, Missionary and Look- 
out mountains. The abundance of the remains of crinoidea, 
cyathophylla, favosites and catinapora, proves the existence of 
extensive coral reefs along the northwest portions of the State 
at a period anterior to that of the Devonian and Carboniferous 
formations. 

The Appalachian coal field merely touches the extreme 
N. W. corner of the State ; and the only deposits of bituminous 
coal hitherto found in Georgia are on the summit of Lookout 
mountain, and in the Raccoon mountain, which lies imme- 
diately to the west of it. Anthracite coal has not yet been 
found, although the formations in which it exists occur. 

T\\Q primary rock formation, embracing the sedimentary 
non-fossiliferous strata, is, in a geographical, agricultural, and 
manufacturing point of view, by far the most important in the 



24 GEOLOGY. 

State. It is no less so for its varied and abundant mineral 
wealth. Occupying the extensive belt that lies between the 
western base of the Blue Ridge and the western edge of the 
tertiary and cretaceous formations, it embraces that portion of 
the State which unites in the greatest degree a salubrious cli- 
mate with a fertile soil. Descending from the elevated table 
land of the Chattahoochee, by a succession of undulating and 
parallel ranges of hills to its junction at the heads of naviga- 
tion, with the lower formations, it presents a series of valleys 
of an originally rich soil, and abundantly supplied with streams 
of pure water. Interesting as this formation is to the mineralo- 
gist, and in reference to its influence on national wealth, to 
the geologist it presents, from its very uniform and simple con- 
stitution, but a limited field for remark. The rocks which 
compose it are, with but few exceptions, of a stratified or 
gneissoid kind. The western portion consists principally of 
rocks of a schistose character, as talcose slate, chloritic slate, 
and hornblende schist ; whilst the gneissoid rocks prevail to- 
wards the east, in the form of micaceous, felspathic and sien- 
itic gneiss. The exceptions to the stratified character are but 
few. The most remarkable of them is the Stone mountain in 
De Kalb county, which is composed of a compact light-coloured 
granite, of uniform composition, and which presents to the eye 
one enormous rock, of a dome-like form, towering above the 
surrounding plain like a huge boulder. Several quarries of a 
crystalline primitive marble, are found in this formation. In 
Cherokee county, statuary marble is met with ; and in Hall 
and Habersham counties, darker marbles of excellent quality 
occur. 

A narrow, but extensive belt of elastic sandstone (Itaco- 
lumit)* runs from Hog mountain, in Hall county, to the N. E. 
corner of the State, in Habersham county. At Col. Young's, 
nine miles from Gainesville, it appears at the summit of the 
mountain ridge, and presents an outcrop of several hundred 
feet. As this rock is regarded as the matrix of the diamond, 
it may be expected, from its great extent, that the dozen that 

* The public is indebted to Dr. W. C. Daniell for an accurate survey and 
map, made under his direction, by F. Schreiber, of this formation. 



GEOLOGY. 25 

have already been found will be the precursors of a rich har- 
vest of this most precious gem. 

The gold region of Georgia, from its richness and extent, is 
the most remarkable feature of the primary rock formation. 
Its veestern boundary is the western base of the Blue Ridge. 
The richest deposits are found occupying a belt along the east- 
ern slope of that range of mountains, varying in width from 
fifteen to twenty miles ; but gold has been discovered at various 
points one hundred miles to the east of it, as far as Columbia 
county, and thence in a line, nearly parallel to the principal 
belt, to Alabama. The gold is found in both vein and deposit 
mines. In the former it generally occurs in quartose veins, 
running through rocks of gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, 
and chlorite schist. The quartz forming the veins is usually 
of a cellular structure, generally discoloured by iron, and with 
the cavities more or less filled with a fine yellow ochre. The 
gold, which varies much in the size of its particles, is found 
either in small scales (its most usual form) in the cavities 
or the fissures of the quartz, or in the yellow ochre, or in 
combination with the sulphurets of iron, of copper, and of 
lead, or united with silver. It sometimes, but rarely, exists 
in the adjoining schistose rocks. 

The deposit mines are of alluvial formation, obviously pro- 
duced by the washing down of the detritus of the auriferous 
veins into the adjoining valleys. The schistose rocks, which 
are of a more perishable character, having crumbled away, 
and left the quartz veins exposed, the latter have fallen down 
from a wani of support, and have been swept by torrents into 
the valleys below. The quartz pebbles, and the harder por- 
tions of the including rocks, and the gold, being heavy, would 
be deposited at the bottom of the streams, and would occur in 
the greatest quantity when there were the greatest inequa- 
lities. The lighter materials would at first be swept down to 
a lower point, or be deposited along the borders of the streams; 
but, with a change of the beds of the streams, or a diminution 
of their velocity, these materials w^ould gradually accumulate 
over the original beds of pebbles and gold, and the valleys 
would ultimately present the appearance which they now do, 
of a stratum of several feet of alluvial loam covering another 



26 GEOLOGY. 

of water-worn pebbles of quartz and schist, containing particles 
of gold, the whole resting on an original bed of schistose rocks, 
similar in constitution and dip to those of the surrounding hills. 
The quartz pebbles are usually flattened on the sides, indicat- 
ing their compression in the veins, and are more or less water- 
worn, as they have for a longer or shorter period been exposed 
to the action of the currents of water. 
// Iron is found in abundance, and of great purity, in this for- 
mation, and Kaolin of a very fine quality. 

Before closing this imperfect sketch, it will not be inappro- 
priate to notice the agricultural and industrial effects produced 
by the geological character of the different formations. 

The tertiary formations, wherever they are of a siliceous 
constitution, show the usual sterility of that kind of soil. Of 
this character is the extensive plain between the head of tide 
water and the calcareous formation of the Eocene — a region 
which very scantily repays the agriculturist for his labour, and 
seems by nature destined to be appropriated to grazing pur- 
poses. The river bottoms of this district present a remark- 
able contrast to the sandy plain. These owe their fertility to 
the rich washings from the calcareous and primary rocks, 
brought down by the stream, and are found to be highly remu- 
nerative whenever inundations can be prevented. 

Near the ocean, where the rise and fall of the tides admit 
of their being drained and flowed, they form the soils on which 
rice is cultivated. The yield of this grain, on such lands, pro- 
bably exceeds that of any other cereal that is grown. 

The beneficial effect of lime is strikingly illustrated in the 
tertiary plain, in the admirable adaptation of the soil to the 
production of cotton, wherever this mineral occurs. On reach- 
ing the line of the calcareous rocks of the Eocene formation in 
the counties of Burke, Laurens, &c., a marked change in the 
fertility of the soil is perceived, and it is to the existence of this 
rock in great abundance, in the south-western counties, that 
they are found so pi'oductive in cotton. 

In the primary rock formation, the accumulation of the 
washings of the disintegrated feldspathic and schistose rocks 
along the lower hills, and in the valleys, has produced a soil 



INDIANS. 27 

originally of a produptive character, and one- well adapted to 
both grain and cotton. 

On approaching the higher hills, these deposits become 
thinner, and the soil consequently less productive ; but fortu- 
nately, the inferior fertility is compensated for by an abundant 
water-power, rich minerals, and a salubrious climate, all of 
which mark out this part of the State as the future seat of ex- 
tensive manufactures. 

Leaving the primary rocks at the western base of the 
Blue Ridge, a new formation occurs, in which limestone, and 
clay schists prevail. Here again the fertilizing influence of 
lime becomes conspicuous; and it is to the presence of this 
rock, that the richness of the valleys of the Cherokee counties 
is to be ascribed. Their peculiar adaptation to the growth of 
small grain and grasses, if experience had not already proved 
the former, might have been predicated in the constitution of 
the soil, and a knowledge that their rock formations are similar 
to those of the wheat-growing counties of the Genesee of 
New- York, the middle counties of Pennsylvania, and the She- 
nandoah valley of Virginia. The discovery of a bed of anhy- 
drous limestone, belonging to the upper Onondaga Salt group, 
at the Red Sulphur Springs, in Walker county, authorizes the 
hope, that at no distant day, plaster of Paris may be added to 
the agricultural resources of Georgia. 



INDIANS. 

At the death of Col. Benjamin Hawkins, who was for many 
years the agent for the United States Government in its trans- 
actions with the Creek Indians, there were found among his 
manuscripts, some valuable accounts of their manners, cus- 
toms, and civil polity. 

The compiler of this work has in his possession a sketch of 
the Creek country, prepared by Col. Hawkins, from which the 
following extracts are made : 

The origin of the name Creek is uncertain. The tradition 
is, that it was given by white people, from the number of 



28 INDIANS. 

creeks and water courses in the country. The Indian name is 
Muscogee.* 

The Creeks came from the west. They have a tradition 
among them, that there is, in the fork of Red river, west of 
the Mississippi, two mounds of earth ; that at this place, the 
Cussetuhs, Conetuhs and Chickasaws, found themselves ; that 
being distressed by wars with red people, they crossed the 
Mississippi, and directing their coiise eastwardly, they crossed 
the falls of Tal-la-poo-sa, above Took-au-bat-che, settled below 
the falls of Chat-to-ho-che, and spread out from thence to Oc- 
mul-gee^ 0-co-nee, Savannah, and down on the sea-coast to- 
wards Charleston. Here, they first saw white people, and 
from hence they have been compelled to retire back again, to 
their present settlements. 

Cha-to-ho-che. — The name of this river is from Chat-to, 
a stone ; and hoche, marked or Jiowered ; there being rocks of 
that description in the river, above Ho-ith-le-ti-gau, at the 
old town Chatto-ho-che. 

War. — This is always determined on by the great Warrior. 
When the Mic-co and counsellors are of opinion that the town 
has been injured, he lifts the war hatchet against the nation 
which has injured them. But as soon as it is taken up, the 
Mic-co and counsellors may interpose, and by their prudent 
counsels, stop it, and proceed to adjust the misunderstanding 
by negotiation. If the Great Warrior persists and goes out, 
he is followed by all who are for war. It is seldom a town is 
unanimous, the nation never is ; and within the memory of 
the oldest man among them, it is not recollected, that more 
than one half the nation have been for war at the same time ; 
or taken, as they express it, the war talk. 

The Great Warrior, when he marches, gives notice where 
he shall encamp, and sets out sometimes with one or two only. 
He fires off his gun and sets up the war-whoop. This is 
repeated by all who follow him, and they are sometimes for 
one or two nights marching off'. 

* G, g is always hard in Creek : J, j is used for the soft g. Mus-co-gee, 
a creek ; Muscogulgee, creeks : Che-lo-kee, a Cherokee ; Cheloculgee, the 
Cherokees. 



INDIANS. 29 

Peace. — This is always determined on and concluded, by 
the Mic-co and counsellors ; and peace talks are always 
addressed to the cabin of the Mic-co. In some cases, where 
the resentment of the warriors has run high, the Mic-co and 
council have been much embarrassed. 

Marriage. — A man who wants a wife never applies in per- 
son ; he sends his sister, his mother, or some other female relation, 
to the female relations of the woman he names They consult 
the brothers and uncles on the maternal side, and sometimes 
the father ; but this is a compliment only, as his approbation or 
opposition is of no avail. If the parties applied to approve of the 
match, they answer accordingly to the woman who made the 
application. The bridegroom then gets together a blanket, and 
such other articles of clothing as he is able to do, and sends 
them by the women to the females of the family of the bride. 
If they accept of them the match is made ; and the man may 
then go to her house as soon as he chooses. And when he 
has built a house, made his crop and gathered it in, then made 
his hunt and brought home the meat, and put all this in the 
possession of his wife, the ceremony ends, and- they are 
married ; or as they express it, the woman is bound. From 
the first going to the house of the woman till the ceremony 
ends, he is completely in possession of her. 

This law has been understood differently, by some hasty 
cuckolds, who insist, that when they have assisted the woman 
to plant her crop, the ceremony ends, and the woman is 
bound. A man never marries in his own tribe. 

Divorce. — This is at the choice of either of the parties ; the 
man may marry again as soon as he will ; but she is bound till all 
the Boos-ke-tau of that year are over, excepting in. the cases of 
marriage and parting in the season when there is no planting^ 
or more properly speaking, during the season the man resides 
at the house of the woman and has possession of her. during 
the continuation of the marriage ceremony ; in that case the 
woman is equally free to connect herself as soon as she 
pleases. 

There is an inconsistency in the exception above ; since in 
fact, in such season, there can be no marriage ; but the chiefs, 
in their report on this article, maintained it as an exception, and 
3 



30 INDIAN S. 

this practice in these cases of half marriage prevails universally. 
As soon as a man goes to the house of his bride, he is in com- 
plete possession of her, till the ceremony ends; and during this 
period the exception will apply. 

Marriage gives no right to the husband over the property 
of his wife ; and when they part, she keeps the children and 
property belonging to them. 

Adultery. — This is punished by the family or tribe of the 
husband. They collect, consult, and decree. If the proof is 
clear, and they determine to punish the offenders, they divide 
and proceed to apprehend them. One half goes to the house 
of the woman, the remainder to the family house of the 
adulterer; or they go together, as they have decreed. They 
apprehend the offenders, beat them severely with sticks, and 
then crop them. They cut off the hair of the woman, which 
they carry to the square in triumph. If they apprehend but 
one of the offenders and the other escapes, they then go and 
take satisfaction from the nearest relation. If both the offen- 
ders escape, and the tribe or family return home and lay 
down the sticks, the crime is satisfied. There is one family 
only, the " Wind," (Ho-tul-ul-gee,) that can take up the sticks 
a second time. This crime is satisfied in another way, if the 
parties offending absent themselves till the Boos-ke-tau is 
over. Then all crimes are done away except murder. And 
the bare mention of them, or any occurrence which brings 
them in recollection, is forbidden. 

Murder. — If murder is committed, the family and tribe 
alone have the right of taking satisfaction. They collect, consult 
and decide. The rules of the town, or the nation, have nothing 
to do or to say in the business. The relations of the murdered 
person consult first among themselves, and if the case is clear, 
and their family or tribe are not likely to suffer by their deci- 
sion, they determine on the case definitively. When the tribe 
may be aflfected by it, in a doubtful case, or an old claim for 
satisfaction, the family then consult with their tribe ; and 
when they have deliberated and resolved on satisfaction, they 
take the guilty one, if to be come at. If he flies, they take 
the nearest of kin, or one of the family. In some cases, the 
family which has done the injury promise reparation ; and in 



INDIANS. 31 

that case are allowed a reasonable time to fulfil their promise ; 
and they are generally earnest of themselves, in their endea- 
Tours to put the guilty to death to save an innocent person. 

This right of judging, and taking satisfaction, being vested 
in the family or tribe, is the sole cause why their treaty stipu- 
lations on this head never have been executed. In like man- 
ner, a prisoner taken in war is the property of the captor and 
his family, it being optional with his captor to kill or save 
him at the time. And this right must be purchased ; and it is 
now the practice, introduced within a few years, for the nation 
to pay. The practice has been introduced by the agent for 
Indian affairs, and he pays on the orders of the chiefs, out of 
the stipend allowed by the United States to the Creeks. 
Claims of this sort of seventeen years standing, where the pris- 
oner has been delivered to the order of the chiefs, have been 
revived, allowed, and paid. 

Boos-KE-TAu. — This annual festival is celebrated in the 
month of July or August. The precise time is fixed by the 
Mic-co and counsellors, and is sooner or later, as the state of 
the affairs of the town or the earliness or lateness of their corn; 
will suit for it. In Cussetuh this ceremony lasts for eight 
days. In some towns of less note it is but four days. 

First Day. — In the morning, the warriors clean the yard- 
of the square, and sprinkle white sand, when the a-cee (decoc- 
tion of the cassine yupon) is made. The fire-maker makes 
the fire as early in the morning as he can, by friction. The 
warriors cut and bring into the square, four logs, as long each, 
as a man can cover by extending his two arms ; these are- 
placed in the centre of the square, end to end, forming across,, 
the outer ends pointed to the cardinal points ; in the centre of 
the cross the new fire is made. During the first four days 
they burn out these four logs. 

The pin-e-bun-gau (turkey dance) is danced by the wo- 
men of the turkey tribe ; and while they are dancing the pos- 
sau is brewed. This is a powerful emetic. The possau is 
drank from twelve o'clock to the middle of the afternoon. 
After this, the Toc-co-yule-gan (tadpole) is danced by four 
men and four women. In the evening, the men dance E-ne- 
hou-bun-gau, the dance of the people second in command. 
This they dance till daylight. 



32 INDIANS. 

Second Day. — This day, about ten o'clock, the women 
dance Its-ho-bun-gau (gun-dance). After twelve, the men go 
to the new fire, take some of the ashes, rub them on the chin, 
neck and belly, and jump head foremost into the river, and 
then return into the square. The women having prepared 
the new corn for the feast, the men take some of it and rub it 
between their hands, then on their faces and breasts, and then 
they feast. 

Third Day. — The men sit in the square. 

Fourth Day. — The women go early in the morning and 
get the new fire, clean out their hearths, sprinkle them with 
sand, and make their fires. The men finish burning out the • 
first four logs, and they take ashes, rub them on their chin, 
neck, and belly, and they go into the water. This day they 
eat salt, and they dance Obungauchapco (the long dance). 

Fifth Day. — They get four new logs, and place them as 
on the first day, and they drink a-cee, a strong decoction of 
the cassine yupon. 

Sixth Day. — They remain in the square. 

Seventh Day. — Is spent in like manner as the sixth. 

Eighth Day. — They get two large pots, and their physic 
plants. 1. Mic-co-ho-yon-e-juh. 2. Toloh. 3, A-che-nau. 
4. Cup-pau-pos-cau. 5. Chu-lis-sau, the roots. 6. Tuck-thlau- 
lus-te. 7. Tote-cul-hil-hs-so-wau. 8. Chofeinsuck-cau-fuck- 
au. 9. Cho-fe-mus-see. 10. Hil-lis-hut-ke. 11. To-te-cuh- 
chooc-his-see. 12. Welau-nuh. 13. Oak-chon-utch-co. 14. 
Co-hal-le-wau-gee. These are all put into the pots and beat 
up with water. The chemists, (E-lic-chul-gee, called by the 
traders physic-makers,) they blow in it through a small reed, 
and then it is drank by the men, and rubbed over their joints 
till the afternoon. 

They collect old corn-cobs and pine burs, put them into a 
pot, and burn them to ashes. Four virgins who have never 
had their menses, bring ashes from their houses, put them in a 
pot, and stir all together. The men take white clay and mix 
it with water in two pans. One pan of the clay and one of 
the ashes are carried to the cabin of the Mic-co, and the other 
two to that of the warriors. They then rub themselves with 
the clay and ashes. Two men, appointed to that office, bring 



INDIANS. 33 

some flowers of tobacco of a small kind (Itch-au-chu-le-puc- 
pug-gee), or, as the name imports, the old man's tobacco, 
which was prepared on the first day, and put it in a pan in the 
cabin of the Mic-co, and they give a little of it to every one 
present. 

The Mic-co and counsellors then go four times round the 
fire, and every time they face the east, they throw some of the 
flowers into the fire. They then go and stand to the west. 
The warriors then repeat the same ceremony. 

A cane is stuck up at the cabin of the Mic-co with two 
white feathers in the end of it. One of the Fish tribe (Thlot- 
lo-ul-gee) takes it just as the sun goes down, and goes off 
towards the river, all following him. When he gets half way 
to the river, he gives the death whoop ; this whoop he repeats 
four times, between the square and the water's edge. Here 
they all place themselves as thick as they can stand, near the 
edge of the water. He sticks up the cane at the water's edge, 
and they all put a grain of the old man's tobacco on their 
heads, and in each ear. Then, at a signal given four different 
times, they throw some into the river, and every man at a 
like signal, plunges into the river, and picks up four stones 
from the bottom. With these, they cross themselves on 
their breasts four times, each time throwing a stone into the 
river, and giving the death whoop ; they then wash them- 
selves, take up the cane and feathers, return and stick it up in 
the square, and visit through the town. At night they dance 
O-bun-gau Haujo (mad dance), and this finishes the cere- 
mony. 

This happy institution of the Boos-ke-tau, restores a man 
to himself, to his family, and to his nation. It is a general 
amnesty, which not only absolves the Indians from all crimes, 
murder only excepted, but seems to bury guilt itself in obli- 
vion. 

The Ceremony of Initiating Youth into Manhood. — At 
the age of from fifteen to seventeen, this ceremony is usually 
performed. It is called Boos-ke-tau, in like manner as the 
annual Boos-ke-tau of the nation. A youth of the proper age 
gathers two handsfuU of the Sou-watch-cau, a very bitter 
root, which he eats a whole day ; then he steeps the leaves in 



34 INDIANS. 

water and drinks it. In the dusk of the evening, he eats two 
or three spoonfuls of boiled grits. This is repeated for four 
days, and during this time he remains in a house. The Sou- 
watch-cau has the effect of intoxicating and maddening. The 
fourth day he goes out, but must put on a pair of new mocca- 
sons (Stil-la-pica). For twelve moons he abstains from eating 
bucks, except old ones, and from turkey cocks, fowls, peas, 
and salt. During this period he must not pick his ears, or 
scratch his head with his fingers, but use a small stick. For 
four moons he must have a fire to himself to cook his food, 
and a little girl, a virgin, may cook for him ; his food is boiled 
grits. The fifth moon, any person may cook for him, but he 
must serve himself first, and use one spoon and pan. Every 
new moon he drinks for four days the possau (button snake- 
root), an emetic, and abstains for these days from all food, ex- 
cept in the evening a little boiled grits (humpetuh hutke). 
The twelfth moon, he performs for four days what he com- 
menced with on the first. The fifth day, he comes out of his 
house, gathers corn-cobs, burns them to ashes, and with these 
rubs his body all over. At the end of this moon, he sweats 
under blankets, then goes into water, and this ends the cere- 
mony. This ceremony is sometimes extended to four, six, or 
eight moons, or even to twelve days only, but the course is the 
same. 

During the whole of this ceremony, the physic is adminis- 
tered by the Is-te-puc-cau-chau thluc-co (great leader), who, 
in speaking of a youth under initiation, says, " I am physicking 
him" (Boo-se-ji-jite saut li-to-mise-chah), or " I am teaching 
him all that is proper for him to know'' (nauk o-mul-gau e- 
muc-e-thli-jite saut litomise chah). The youth, during this ini- 
tiation, does not touch any one except young persons, who are 
under a like course with himself; and if he dreams, he drinks 
the possau. 

War Physic, Ho-ith-le HiL-Lis^^rtTwAu. — When young 
men are going to war, they go into a hot-house of the town 
(made for the purpose, and remain there for four days. 
They drink the Mic-co-ho-yon-e-jau and the possau, and 
they eat the Sou-watch-cau. The fourth day they come 
«ut, have their bundle ready, and march. This bundle or 



SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. 35 

knapsack, is an old blanket, some parched corn flour, and 
leather to patch their moccasons. They have in their shot- 
bags a charm, a protection against all ills, called the war 
physic, composed of chit-to gab-by and Is-te-pau-pau, the bones 
of the snake and lion. 

The tradition of this physic is, that in old times, the lion 
(Is-te-pau-pau) devoured their people. They dug a pit and 
caught him in it, just after he had killed one of their people. 
They covered him with lightwood knots, burnt him, and re- 
served his bones. 

The snake was in the water, the old people sung and he 
showed himself. They sung again, and he showed himself a 
little out of the water. The third time he showed his horns, 
and they cut one ; again he showed himself a fourth time, and 
they cut off the other horn. A piece of these horns and of 
the bones of the lion, is the great war physic. 



SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. 

Georgia is situated between 30° 2\" 39' and 35° North 
Latitude, and 81° and 84° 53'/ 38' West Longitude from Green- 
wich, and 3° 46^' and 7° 39'' 2Q' West Longitude from Wash- 
ington city. 

The original boundaries of the State embraced an extent 
of territory thus described in the charter of the colony of 
Georgia : — " Situate, lying, and being in that part of South 
Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part 
of a stream, or river, there commonly called the Savannah, all 
along the sea-coast to the southward, to the southern stream 
of a certain other great water, or river, called the Alatamaha, 
and westwardly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, 
in direct lines to the South Seas ; and all that share, circuit, 
and precinct of lands within the said boundaries, with the Isl- 
ands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said 
lands within 20 degrees of the same." These limits have un- 
dergone many changes from cessions, made by Georgia to the 
United States, and by treaties made with the Indians. At pre- 



36 SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. 

sent the boundaries of the State stand thus: — From South 
Carohna it is divided by a Hne extending from the sea or the 
mouth of the river Savannah, along the northern branch or 
stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now 
called Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence along the most 
northern branch or stream of the river Tugalo, until it inter- 
sects the northern boundary of South Carolina. From North 
Carolina and Tennessee it is separated by a line commencing 
on a summit of the Blue Ridge, v^^here the same is crossed by 
the 35th degree North Latitude, and terminating at Nickajack. 
From Alabama by the Chattahoochee, and a line run and mark- 
ed from Nickajack to Miller's Bend on the Chattahoochee. The 
boundaries between Florida and Georgia are not yet definitely 
settled. In 1827 a disagreement took place between the Uni- 
ted States and the Commissioners of Georgia as to the extreme 
points in the boundary line between this State and Florida, on 
account of which further progress in the survey was suspend- 
ed. Under the treaty with Spain, in 1795, the geographical 
points were assumed as having been determined by Mr. Elli- 
cot; and when, during the year 1827, it was determined to ex- 
amine it again, the question recurred as to the correct points 
of beginning and termination. Gov. Randolph inclined to 
place them at EUicot's Mounds, and Mr. Spalding at other 
portions which he considered more truly the head of St. Mary's 
river in the one case, and the mouth of the Flint in the other. 
Things remained so until the session of the Legislature in 
1827, when a resolution was passed proposing to the General 
Government to determine the boundaries by the mutual char- 
ters of Georgia and Florida, instead of the treaty of San Lo- 
renzo el Real. 

Length from North to South, 372 miles. 

Breadth from East to West, 256 " 

Square miles, 63,397^ 

Square acres, 40,574,400 



SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS 37 

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 

Georgia has a great variety of soil, embracing the most 
fertile and the most barren. In the south are the Sea Islands, 
of a light sandy soil, famous for producing the finer descriptions 
of Sea Island cotton. 

Here, too, are the celebrated tide swamp lands, producing 
immense quantities of rice. The tide swamp lands on the 
rivers are all of the same appearance, but the soil varies in 
quality, according to the size and extent of the rivers upon 
which they are situated. On the Savannah river, the bodies 
of tide swamp land are extensive, and are cultivated upwards 
of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are 
considered the most valuable lands in the State. Next to these 
are the lands on the Alatamaha river. The extent of these 
lands in width is equal to those of the Savannah river ; but 
from the marshes upward, their extent does not exceed six- 
teen miles, where the freshets forbid their being of any value, 
except for timber. The soil has more of decayed vegetable 
mould than the land of the Savannah river, and is more easily 
cultivated. The products are large crops of rice, and black- 
seed cotton. Indian corn grows well, and the sugar cane suc- 
ceeds finely. The tide lands of the Ogeechee are next in order, 
and extend from the marshes about ten miles. The soil is 
adapted to rice, but for cotton it does not appear to answer 
so well. The tide swamp lands of the Great St. Ilia river, 
have a high reputation. They are not as broad as those above 
mentioned, but they are good, from the marshes twenty miles 
distance up the river, and are not liable to freshets. On these 
lands, fine crops of rice and cotton are made. The inland 
swamp lands produce abundantly, but unless there be^ contigu- 
ous a reservoir of water, the produce is uncertain. The oak 
lands adjoining the inland swamps produce the black-seed cot- 
ton, but are said to be inferior in quality. About sixty or seventy ;^^ 
miles from the coast the pine lands are approached. A great k 
portion of these are low and unproductive, valuable chief- 
ly for timber, large quantities of which are annually prepai'ed 
for market. Many of these lands, considered as valueless, have 



38 RIVERS. 

been found to yield cotton and corn abundantly. Many of 
the owners of these lands, are now directing their attention 
to the manufacture of tar, pitch and turpentine, and no doubt 
will, in the course of a few years, be amply rewarded for their 
labour. The middle region of the State contains the oak and 
hickory lands, the soil being of a red, rich, loamy character, 
producing cotton, tobacco, and all the grains. Against the 
system of cultivation which has long been pursued in this part 
of the State, we have often taken occasion in this volume to pro- 
test. Formerly these lands were very productive, but have 
sustained serious injury from an improvident mode of culture ; 
but we are happy to state, that great changes are daily taking 
place ; and we hope that this beautiful region will soon be re- 
stored in a very great degree to its original fertility. In the 
southwestern portions of the State, there are large bodies of 
very superior land. In the counties of Randolph, Stewart, 
Baker, Decatur, Early, and in other sections between the 
Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, lands are to be found of inex- 
haustible fertility, producing every thing which the comfort or 
necessity of man requires. That portion of the State known 
as Cherokee Georgia, embracing the counties of Union, Lump- 
kin, Murray, Cass, Walker, Dade, Floyd, Chattooga, Paulding, 
Cobb, and Cherokee, contains much fertile land. The valleys of 
Chattooga, Cass, Floyd and Murray, are exceedingly rich, pro- 
ducing wheat, corn, Irish potatoes, beans, onions, &c. Cotton 
does not succeed so well as in the middle regions. In the 
country bordering on the Savannah river, as far up as Elbert, 
and extending across to Broad river, the land, though long cul- 
tivated, is still productive, and we know of bodies of land in this 
section of the State, particulai'ly in Oglethorpe county, which 
have been cultivated for more than half a century, and which 
still produce 700 and 800 pounds of cotton to the acre. 



RIVERS. 

Allapahaw river has its source in Dooly county, flows south- 
east, then south, and discharges its waters into the Suwanee. 
It is a hundred miles in length. 



RIVERS. 39 

Alatamaha river is the largest river in the State. It is 
formed by the junction of the Ocmulgee and Oconee about 
seventy miles from its mouth. In its course it receives the 
Ohoopee, runs southeast, and empties itself by two mouths into 
the ocean betv^^een St. Simon's Island and Sapelo. The north 
branch passes by Darien, and discharges itself through Doboy 
Sound ; the southern branch passes betvs^een Egg Island and 
Little St. Simon's. From Darien it is navigable two hundred 
miles to the forks of the Ocmulgee and the Oconee, and up the 
Ocmulgee the west branch three hundred miles to Macon, and 
up the Oconee two hundred miles to Milledgeville. From Da- 
rien it is navigable for vessels drawing eleven feet, at common 
high water in ordinary tides, to Doboy Island. At the latter 
place ships may come drawing fourteen feet, at common high 
water. 

Alcovee or Ulcofauhachee river rises in Gwinnett, and 
empties into the Ocmulgee in Jasper county. 

Appallachee river rises in Gwinnett, runs southeast, and 
empties into the Oconee six miles west of Greensborough. It 
is eighty miles in length. 

Briar creek, although not dignified with the name of a river, 
is an important stream. It rises in Warren county, flows 
southeast, and discharges itself into the Savannah river in Scri- 
ven county. It is a hundred miles in length, and is memora- 
ble for a great battle fought at its mouth in the war of the Rev- 
olution, in which Gen. Ash, commanding the Americans, was 
defeated with great loss. 

Broad river rises in Habersham county, runs southeast, and 
empties into the Savannah river at Petersburgh, in Elbert 
county. The lands on this river have long been celebrated 
for their fertility. 

Cannouchee river has its origin in Emanuel, flows southeast, 
and discharges itself into Ogeechee river, in Bryan county. Its 
length is one hundred and forty miles and navigable fifty miles. 

Chattooga river, one of the head branches of the Savannah, 
rises in the Blue Ridge in South Carolina. 

Chattooga river rises in Walker county, runs southwest, 
and empties into the Coosa river. 

Chattahoochee river is one of the largest rivers in the State. 



40 RIVERS. 

Its head springs are within a few hundred yards of those of the 
Hiwassee. Its course is southwest, but at Miller's Bend it sud- 
denly turns to the south, and pursuing a course of about three 
hundred and sixty miles, it unites with the Flint river in Deca- 
tur county, and then taking the name of Appalachicola dis- 
charges itself into Appalachicola bay. This river is the 
boundary between Georgia and Alabama for the distance of 
about thirty-two miles above Columbus, and for a hundred 
and twenty miles to the bounds of Florida. It is navigable 
for steamboats to Columbus. Large quantities of gold have 
been, and still continue to be found in the upper part of this 
river. 

Chestatee river rises in Union, and empties into the Chatta- 
hoochee eleven miles below Gainesville in Hall county. In this 
river a considerable amount of gold has been found. 

Chickamauga river (west) rises in the Pigeon mountain, 
flows north, and empties into the Tennessee river. 

Chickamauga river (east) rises in the eastern part of Walk- 
er county, flows north, and unites with the west Chicka- 
mauga. 

Connesauga river rises in the mountains of Gilmer, crosses 
the boundary between Tennessee and Georgia several times, 
and then turns south, flows through Murray county, and unites 
with the Coosawattee to form the Oostenaula at New Echota 
in Cass county. 

Coosewattee river rises in Gilmer, runs southwest, and 
unites with the Conesauga at New Echota. 

Cotton river rises in Henry county, and flows into the 
South River. 

Crooked river rises in Camden county, and flows east. 

Ellijay river has its origin in Gilmer, and discharges itself 
into the Coosewattee at Ellijay. 

Etowah river rises in Lumpkin county, pursues a south 
course until it reaches a point near Auraria, when it takes a 
southwest direction and unites at Rome with the Oostenaula 
to form the Coosa. The Etowah is celebrated for the fine land 
on its banks, as well as for the facilities which it affords for 
manufacturing purposes. 

Fhnt river rises in De Kalb, flows south and then south- 



RIVERS. 41 

east, and unites with the Chattahoochee in Decatur county. 
Its whole length is 300 miles. 

Hiwassee river rises in the Blue Ridge, about the northern 
corner of Habersham, flows north, and empties into the Ten- 
nessee river. 

Hudson's river rises in Habersham, runs southeast, and 
discharges itself into Broad river. 

Little river rises in Greene and Oglethorpe, flows east, and 
empties into the Savannah river. 

Little river rises in Cherokee county, and flows into the 
Etowah. 

Little river rises in Walton, flows south and then east, 
and disharges its waters into the Oconee, eight miles above 
Milledgeville. It is sixty miles long, and remarkable for its 
rapid current. 

Little river rises in Irwin, flows south, and empties into the 
Withlacoochee at Troupville, in Lowndes county. 

Mickasuckee river rises in Thomas, flows southeast, and 
empties into Mickasuckee lake. 

Medway river rises in Bryan and Liberty, and discharges 
itself into St. Catherine's Sound. 

Newport river (north) rises in Liberty county, and is na- 
vigable to Riceborough. It is about twenty-five miles in 
length. 

Newport river (south) rises in Bull Town Swamp, and 
empties into Sapelo Sound. 

North Fork river, as it is often called, the main branch of 
the Oconee, rises in Hall county, and unites with the Middle 
Fork below Athens. 

Notley river rises in Union, flows north, and empties into 
the Tennessee. 

Och-loch-onne river rises in Irwin, flows through Thomas, 
and falls into the Appalachee bay in Florida. 

Ocilla river has its source in Thomas, and runs into Florida. 

Ocmulgee river rises in De Kalb and Gwinnett, flows 
south, and unites with the Oconee. 

Ocmulgee (little) river rises in Twiggs, and falls into the 
Ocmulgee, at Lumber city, in Telfair county. 



42 RIVERS. 

Oconee river rises in Habersham county. The general 
course of this river is south-southeast. A boat sixty feet long 
once ascended to Barnett's shoals, near Watkinsville ; but be- 
yond Milledgeville no produce has been carried. 

Ogeechee river rises in Greene and flows into Ossabaw 
Sound. It is more than two hundred miles long, and boats of 
thirty tons burden have reached Louisville. Sloops ascend 
thirty or forty miles. 

Ogeechee (little) river rises in Scriven, and falls into the 
Big Ogeechee, at the southwest corner of Scriven. 

Ogeechee (little) river rises in Hancock and flows into the 
Big Ogeechee in Washington county. 

Ohoopee river rises in Washington, and 'empties into the 
Alatamaha river, in Tattnall county — length, 110 miles. 

Ohoopee river (little) flows into the Big Ohoopee in Emanuel 
county. 

Oostenaula river is formed by the junction of the Conesauga 
and Coosewattee, in Cass county, and unites with the Etowah 
at Rome. 

Sapelo river rises in Mcintosh. 

St. Ilia river rises in Appling, flows east, thence north, 
thence east, and empties into St. Andrew's Sound — whole 
length, 153 miles, and is navigable for sloops to Burnt Fort. 

St. Mary's river has three head springs ; one issues from 
Lake Spalding, one from Lake Randolph, and the other from 
Oke-fino-kau swamp. This liver is very crooked, navigable 
for sloops thirty miles, and for boats sixty miles. It discharges 
its waters into Cumberland Sound. 

, Savannah river divides Georgia from Alabama. It has two 
head streams — the Chattooga, from the northeast, and Terrora, 
or Tallulah, from the northwest, which unite and form the 
Tugalo. This is then joined by the Kiowee, from South Caro- 
lina, and here takes the name of Savannah river. It has a ship 
navigation to the city of Savannah, and a steamboat naviga- 
tion to Augusta. It is navigable for boats some distance above 
Augusta. 

South river has its origin in Ue Kalb county, and falls into 
the Yellow river in Butts county. 



POPULATION. 43 

Suwannee river rises in the Oke-fino-kau swamp, flows 
southwest, through Florida, into Apallachee bay. The banks 
of this river are said to be in some places one hundred feet per- 
pendicular, of granite rock. 

Tallulah river rises in Rabun, and unites with the Chattooga 
to form the Tugalo. 

Tallapoosa river rises in Paulding county, and runs south- 
west. 

Tallapoosa river (little) rises in Carroll and flows south- 
west. 

Towelaggee river rises in Henry, flows southeast into the 
Ocmulgee. It is seventy miles long. 

Tugalo river is formed by the union of the Chattooga and 
Tallulah. 

Turtle river rises in Wayne county, and empties into St. 
Simon's Sound. It is navigable to Brunswick for large vessels, 
and aftbrds a fine harbour. 

Warsaw river empties into Warsaw Sound. 

Withlacoochee river rises in Irwin, and runs south, and 
empties into the Alapahaw. 

Yellow river rises in Gwinnett, and unites with the South 
Ocmulgee in Newton county. 



POPULATION. 



According to the Census of 1840, the population of Georgia 
amounted to 

210,634 White persons, males. 
197,161 White persons, females. 
1,374 Free coloured persons, males. 
1,379 Free coloured persons, females- 
189,335 Slaves, males. 
141,609 Slaves, females. 



Total, 691,492 



44 EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

Of this number 574 are computed to be engaged in mining, 
209,383 in agriculture, 2,428 in commerce, 7,984 in manufac- 
tures and trades, 262 in navigation of the seas, 352 in the na- 
vigation of canals, lakes and rivers, 1,250 in the liberal pro- 
fessions. 

Comparative view of the Population for fifty-five years. 

1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1845. 

82,548. 162,686. 252,433. 344,773. 516,823. 691,392. 774,325. 



EARLY SETTLEMENT. 



From " An Account showing the Progress of the Colony of Georgia, &c. ; printed 
in London, by order of the Trustees, in the year MDCCXLL" 

" Mr. Oglethorpe has with him Sir Walter Rawleigh's writ- 
ten Journal, and by the Latitude of the Place, the Marks and 
Traditions of the Indians, it is the very first Place where he 
first went on shore, and talked with the Indians, and was the 
first Englishman they ever saw ; and about half a mile from 
SavannaJi is a high Mount of Earth under which lies their 
Chief King : And the Indians informed Mr. Oglethorpe that 
their king desired before he died, that he might be Buried on 
the Spot where he talked with that great good man." 

In 1717 the Palatine and Lords Proprietors of South Caro- 
lina, granted unto Sir Robert Montgomery, " all that tract of 
Land which lies between the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah," 
under the title of the Margravite o{ Azilia. There is extant a 
pamphlet in which the owner describes the country, and his 
plan of settling it, &c. ; but it is presumed he did not carry 
his plans into execution. 

In 1725 the Carolinians had built forts on the Alatamaha, 
to prevent the negroes escaping to Florida, and to overawe the 
Indians. The boundary between the Spanish and Carolinians 
not yet defined. 

In July, 1732, the trustees for establishing a Colony in 



EARLY SETTLEMENT. 45 

Georgia, held their first regular meeting in London. The 
charter from Georgia, the record, was read, granting all the 
lands between Savannah and Alatamaha rivers. This charter 
covers sixteen large octavo pages : it excludes Roman Catholics 
from the benefits of the country. 



From "A Brief Account of the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, under Gen. 
Oglethorpe, 1733." 

Arrival of first Colonists, at Charlestown, South Carolina, 
13th January, 1733. 

Charlestown, January "20. — On Saturday night, l3th Janu- 
ary, 1733, came to anchor off our bar, a ship with about 120 
people, for settling the new Colony of Georgia, in which was 
Ja7nes Oglethorpe, Esqr. ; who came ashore that night, and 
was extremely well received by his Excellency, our Governour. 
The next morning he went on board; and the ship sailed for 
Port Royal : — and, we hear, there are two more ships with, 
people (which will make the number 500) expected daily. 



Account of the Progress of the first Colony sent to Georgia. 

We set sail from Gravesend, on the 17th of November, 1732,. 
in the ship Anne, of 200 tons, John Thojnas, Master, being; 
about 130 persons, and arrived off the bar of Charlestown oni 
the 13th day of January following. Mr. Oglethorpe went on 
shore to wait on the Governour ; was received with great 
marks of civility and satisfaction ; obtained an order for Mr. 
Middleton, the King's pilot, to carry the ship into Port Royal ; 
and for small craft to carry the Colony from thence to the river 
Savannah, with a promise of further assistance from the Pro- 
vince. He returned on board the 14th day; and came to an. 
anchor within the bar of Port Royal, at about sixteen miles 
distance from Beaufort. On the 18th, he went on shore upon 
Trench's island, and left a guard of eight men upon John's ;, 
4 



46 EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

being a point of that island which commands the channel, and 
is about half-way between Beaufort and the river Savannah : 
they had orders to prepare Huts, for the reception of the 
Colony, against they should lie there in their passage. From 
thence he went to Beaufort town, where he arrived about 
one o'clock in the morning ; and was saluted with a discharge 
of all the Artillery, and had the new Barracks fitted up ; 
where, the Colony landed on the 20th day ; and were, in 
every respect, cheerfully assisted by Lieut Watts, Ensign Far- 
rington, and the other officers of his Majesty's independent 
company, as also by Mr. Delabarr, and other gentlemen of the 
neighbourhood. 

While the Colony refreshed themselves there, Mr. Ogle- 
thorpe went up the River, and chose a situation for a Town ; 
and entered into a treaty with Tomochichi, the Mico, or Chief 
of the only nation of Indians living near it. He returned on 
the 24th day ; and they celebrated the Sunday following, as a 
day of Thanksgiving for their safe arrival ; and a sermon was 
preached by the Revd. Mr. Jones (the Revd. Dr. Herbert, who 
came with the Colony, preaching that day at Beaufort town). 
There was a great resort of the Gentlemen of that neighbour- 
hood, and their families ; and a plentiful Dinner provided for 
the Colony, and all that came, by Mr. Oglethorpe ; being four 
fat hogs, eight turkeys, besides fowls, English Beef, and other 
provisions, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, and a large 
quantity of wine ; and all was disposed in so regular a manner, 
that no person was drunk, nor any disorder happened. 

On the 30th, the Colony embarked on board a sloop of 
seventy tons, and five Periaugers, and made sail ; but were 
forced by a storm, to put in at a place called the Look-out, and 
to lie there all night : — the next day they arrived at John's ; 
where they found huts capable to contain them all, and a plen- 
tiful supper of venison. They re-embarked the next day ; 
and in the afternoon arrived at the place intended for the 
Town. 

Being arrived, on the 1st of February, at the intended 
Town, before night they erected four large tents, sufficient to 
hold all the people, being one for each tything ; they landed 



EARLY SETTLEMENT. 47 

their bedding, and other little necessaries ; and all the people 
lay on shore. The ground they encamped upon is the edge of 
the river where the Key is intended to be. 

Until the 7th was spent in making a Crane, and unlading 
the goods : — which done, Mr. Oglethorpe divided the people ; 
employing part in clearing the land for seed ; part in beginning 
the palisade ; and the remainder in felling of trees where the 
Town is to stand. 

Col. Bull arrived here, with a message from the General 
Assembly to Mr. Oglethorpe, and a letter from his Excellency 
Governor Johnson and the Council ; acquainting him that the 
two Houses, upon a conference, had agreed to give twenty 
barrels Rice and a hundred head of Cattle, besides Hogs, to the 
Trustees ; and that they had commanded a detachment of the 
Rangers (which are Horse, kept in the pay of the Province, 
for the scouring of the frontiers) and the Scout-boat (which is 
an armed Bark, employed for the same purpose by water) to 
attend him, and take his orders. 

Col. Bull brought with him four of his Negroes, who were 
Sawyers, to assist the Colony ; and also brought provision for 
them, being resolved to put the Trust to no expense ; and by 
this means, to bestow his benefaction in the most noble and 
useful manner. 

On the 9th day, Mr. Oglethorpe and Col. Bull marked out 
the Square, the Streets, and forty Lots for houses of the town ; 
and the first House (which was ordered to be made of clap- 
boards) was begun that day. 

The Town lies on the south side of the river Savannah, 
upon a Flat on the top of a hill, and sixty yards of it is reserved 
between it and the Key. The river washes the foot of the 
hill ; which stretches along the side of it about a mile, and 
forms a terrace forty feet perpendicular above high water. 

From the Key, looking eastward, you may discover the 
river as far as the islands in the sea ; and westward, one may 
see.it wind through the woods above six miles. The River is 
one thousand feet wide ; the water fresh, and deep enough for 
sloops of seventy tons to come up close to the side of the Key. 



48 YAZOO FRAUD. 



YAZOO FRAUD. 

The following account of the Yazoo fraud has been con- 
densed from a history of the same which appeared in the Mil- 
ledge ville Recorder, in the year 1825. 

The Yazoo speculation was in embryo immediately after 
tha Revolutionary war. Certain characters viewed our west- 
ern territory as the land of promise, not for all the good 
people of Israel, but for a few only who possessed wealth and 
family influence, and who, by getting into their possession im- 
mense tracts of country, might soon command thousands of 
liege vassals bending the knee and paying them homage in their 
lordly principalities. Their cupidity was exhibited by an asso- 
ciation of persons styling themselves the " Combined So- 
ciety," in which an oath was exacted from every individual of 
secrecy as to their plans and movements. The secret leaked 
out, and the society, composed of divers persons and soldiers 
of the war, of aristocratic pretensions, who had combated the 
British arms more from a desire to erect an oligarchy in Ame- 
rica than to throw off a foreign yoke, became disbanded. In 
the year 1789, the famous swindler Thomas Washington, as 
he called himself, but whose real name was Walsh, set on foot 
the 1789 speculation. He was a most extraordinary man, one 
who had borne arms honorably in the service of Georgia, but 
who cared not for any of the obligations by which, in civil 
life, man is bound to his fellow. In the daily habit of specu- 
lation, he would unhesitatingly sell to any applicant, lands, 
houses, horses, carriages, and negroes, before he had a shadow 
of property in them. He was artful and cunning in the ex- 
treme, and, under the appearance of the most perfect candor, 
succeeded in defrauding most men with whom he dealt. This 
man associated himself with others, and instigated by the des- 
criptions of one Sullivan, a captain in the Revolutionary army, 
who had headed a mob in Philadelphia which insulted the old 
Congress, and had to fly to the Mississippi for his life, persuad- 
ed the Virginia Yazoo Company to make its application to our 
General Assembly. So extravagant were Sullivan's descrip- 
tions, that in our State, where Washington's character was 



YAZOO FRAUD. 49 

well known, another company was speedily formed. Some of 
this company were of the former " Combined Society ;" others 
were men whose characters had not been before impeached. 
They employed active and wily agents ; and several members 
of the Legislature were persuaded to become interested, but 
in no manner of corruption, compared with that of the Legis- 
lature of 1794 and 5. An act was passed — a sale was made 
— the people demanded a repeal, and another Legislature de- 
clared the sale a nullity. 

The fire of speculation seemed to be extinct, but the em- 
bers remained only smothered for a while. In 1794 it kindled 
into a blaze. Federal and State Judges, members of the Unit- 
ed States Congress, generals and other high officers of the 
militia took the lead. The people were stunned by the violence 
of the praises pronounced in support of the contemplated sale, 
and blinded by the greatness of the names who favoured it. 
No attempt was left untried, no artifice not used, to enlist all 
the leading and influential characters of the State. General 
James Jackson, then a senator in Congress, was told by a citi- 
zen high in judicial rank, that he might have any number of 
acres he pleased to half a million, without paying a dollar, if 
he would embark his reputation against the honour and inter- 
ests of Georgia. He replied, " that he had fought for her — for 
the people — the land was theirs, and the property of future 
generations ; and that if the conspirators did succeed, he for 
one would hold the sale void." Every expedient was employ- 
ed — epistolary intercourse was quadrupled — arguments of 
every character were used to keep honest men at home — the 
newspapers were enlisted, and teemed with editorial and com- 
municated articles in favour of the intended purchase, and eulo- 
gizing the patriotism of those who projected it — the people 
were inactive, and, to the great gratification of the traitors 
who were gulling them, a Legislature was returned which they 
felt they could play upon. The monsters of corruption pre- 
vailed. Alas ! it is too true that the escutcheon of Georgia 
was dishonoured. The people have no adequate idea of 
the scenes represented at Augusta, where the Legislature 
sat, or of the principal persons who managed the drama, 



50 YAZOO FRAUD. 

nor will we now furnish the names. In the lobbies of the 
Senate and House alternately were seen a judge of the Su- 
preme Court of the United States, from Pennsylvania, with 
$25,000 in his hands, it was said, as a cash payment ; a Judge 
of the United States District Court of Georgia, passing off 
shares of land to the members for their votes ; and a senator 
from Georgia, who had perfidiously neglected to proceed to 
Philadelphia to take his seat in Congress, and who was absent 
from his post until the three last days of its session, bullying 
with a loaded whip, and by turns cajoling the numerous under- 
strappers in speculation. There were also seen a judge of our 
State Courts, and other eminent Georgians, surrounding our 
poor degraded representatives, offering shares, sub-shares, and 
half sub-shares, striving to frighten some, and to seduce others 
into compliance with their will. Our sister State, South Caro- 
lina, was represented by one who was regarded as a prince of 
speculation, plotting against the honour of Georgia. Many 
w^eak men, whose conscience prompted resistance, were in- 
timidated ; some who could not be persuaded to vote for the 
sale, were paid to go home, and the virtuous minority were 
every moment in dread of their lives. To this very minority, 
however, did the corrupt majority in a few days owe their 
safety. The disgraceful and nefarious transactions were made 
known. The people arose in the vicinity of Augusta, deter- 
mined to put to death all who had voted for the obnoxious act, 
but were prevented by the intercessions of the same minority 
whom they had improperly treated. The alarm, on the Gov- 
ernor's signing the bill, became universal. It was pronounced 
by all an unparalleled usurpation. No corruption was imputed 
to the Governor. It is just to his memory — that of a soldier 
who had won a thousand laurels in the war of independence — 
to affirm, that weakness of judgment, not corruption of heart, 
guided the pen which sanctioned the detested statute. Georgia 
became a perilous residence for all concerned in the specula- 
tion. A senator from Hancock, to avoid being tied to a sap- 
ling and whipped, fled to South Carolina, whither he was fol- 
lowed and killed by some of his constituents. Most of the 
other perjured members, excepting in one or two counties, con- 
cealed themselves, not daring to appear in public. The " mark 
of Cain" was upon them. 



YAZOO FRAUD. 51 

At this time the whole State was in a ferment. The peo- 
ple were amazed at the perfidy of the Legislature. They had 
sold to certain companies, for $500,000, 35,000,000 acres of 
land, and had rejected for a portion of the public domain, not 
greater in extent, $800,000, offered, but without bribery, by 
persons "of as large a capital, and as much respectability and 
credit, and on terms more advantageous to the State.'" 
Presentments of Grand Juries, resolutions, remonstrances, and 
petitions of the people, were made and signed by hundreds in 
every county. A Convention for altering the Constitution 
had been called to meet in May, 1795 ; but the members had 
been chosen at the same time with those of the corrupt Legis- 
lature. Many of them were the same men, and others were 
of the same kidney. The presentments, resolutions, remon- 
strances, and petitions, crowded so fast upon the Convention, 
that a revision of the Constitution was deferred to a more tem- 
perate period. The Convention referred all the papers to the 
next Legislature, and broke up in confusion. The people be- 
came more and more excited. Betrayed by one senator in 
Congress, by their legislators at home, by many high judicial 
officers, and by their Convention, they looked around them for 
aid — certain of having suffered wrong, doubtful of redress. 
It was by many believed that the powers of government had 
ceased, upon the principle that all Constitutions fail, when 
their purpose, the public welfare, is defeated. Others believed 
that those powers would cease on the first Monday in Novem- 
ber, 1795, the Convention having altered the time of Lecrisla- 
tive meeting to the first Tuesday in January, 1796, without 
making provision for the intermediate administration. Under 
the last impression, an application was made from Columbia 
county to Major General Twiggs, as the senior major general, 
calling upon him to convene a Legislature for the first Monday 
in December, 1795, in conformity with the custom of military of- 
ficers high in confidence during the troubles of the Revolution. 
It was apprehended that a sale would be made by the Companies 
to the United States before the first Tuesday in January, and it 
was desired that the Legislature should meet on the first Mon- 
day in December, to annul the act before the forms of legisla- 
tion could be completed at Philadelphia. Hence the application 



52 YAZOO FRAUD. 

to General Twiggs. It was supported by the respectable 
names, among others, of James Sims, James McNeil, Peter 
Crawford, and Moses Waddel ; and represented that, at that 
alarming crisis, " having no confidence in the civil authority," 
they conceived themselves under a military government. The 
honest old veteran declined doing what he conceived he had 
no power to do, and the people remained remediless. General 
Jackson, called by the voice of an indignant country, had re- 
signed his seat in Congress. Letters had been written to him 
from various parts of Georgia, urging him to become a candi- 
date for the Legislature from Chatham county. His opposi- 
tion to the " usurped act " had been well understood. In the 
presence of General Gunn, Georgia's faithless senator, he had 
taken occasion to pronounce, in full Senate, on the last day of 
the session of Congress in the spring of 1795, the speculation, 
as it was, " a conspiracy of the darkest character and of de- 
liberate villainy." He published upon his arrival, a series of 
letters under the name of Sicilius, in which he strove to ex- 
hibit the impolicy, illegality, and unconstitutionality of the act. 
Other patriots stepped forward and addressed the people. 
The elections eventuated prosperously for the virtuous cause. 
Every where anti-Yazoo men were elected. The General 
Assembly met at Louisville in January, 1796. Their first 
object was an attack upon the infamous speculation. The 
people had given instructions to annul the abominable act, 
to restore their rights to them, and their posterity, and to pro- 
claim to the world their abhorrence of the stupendous fraud 
which had bartered away their estate. Petitions on petitions, 
remonstrances on remonstrances, resolutions, and present- 
ments, again poured in from every quarter. A day was as- 
signed to consider the state of the Republic, when after de- 
bate, these petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, and present- 
ments, were submitted to a Committee, of which General 
James Jackson was appointed Chairman. On the 22d of 
January, 1796, the Committee reported, "that there were suf- 
iicient grounds, as well with respect to the constitutionality of 
the act, as from the testimony before them of the fraud prac- 
tised to obtain it, to pronounce that the same is a nullity, and 
not binding or obhgatory on the people of this State." A bill 



YAZOO FRAUD. 53 

rescinding the sale, drawn by General Jackson, was passed by 
large majorities in both houses. Governor Irwin, an excellent 
man and patriot, with pride completed the good work by his 
signature. It is not necessary to inquire here into its consti- 
tutionality. This is left to men of cold and meditative minds, 
whose breasts are not fired with a love of country ; not indig- 
nant against corruption in all its manifestations. The re- 
scinding law was an act of the people, a movement of the 
State ; self-preservation demanded, authorized, and sanctioned 
it ; and its obligatory character, independently of aid from 
statutes, or common law principles, rested on virtue, justice, 
and honour. The people approved it. Virtuous spirits all the 
world over applauded the Assembly that passed it, and Georgia 
has ever since continued to hold in veneration the memories 
of her public servants who advocated it. 

Having determined that the sale was corrupt and the act 
of 1795 usurped, it was considered rightful that the records 
and documents pertaining to the sale should forthwith be de- 
stroyed, that no monument of its wickedness should remain in 
the public offices to give flattering assurance to the speculators 
that their vile machinations might yet be gratified. It was 
necessary to prove to all by decided conduct, that Georgia 
loathed the corruption, loathed the speculation, loathed the 
evidence of fraud, and would never abandon her ground. By 
order of the two houses, a fire was kindled in the square, and 
the records and documents burned. The Secretary of State 
produced from the archives the enrolled bill and " usurped 
act." These were delivered to the President of the Senate 
for e:xamination. By him they were passed to the Speaker of 
the House, who handed them, after inspection, to the Clerk. 
He read aloud their titles, and gave them to the messenger, 
who, committing them to the flames, cried out with a loud 
and decisive voice, " God save the State, and long preserve her 
rights, and may every attempt to injure them perish, as these 
wicked and corrupt acts now do /" 

Let us not forget the patriots who laboured for this happy 
issue. Some of them (members of the Legislature) were, 
from the interior, James McNiel, James Sims, David Merri- 



54 POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 

wether, John Rutherford, Benjamin Taliafero, William Few, 
John Twiggs, John Morrison, Charles Abercrombie, and Wil- 
liam Barnett ; and from the sea-coast, Josiah Tattnall, John 
Milledge, James Jones, David B. Mitchell, George Jones, 
and James B. Maxwell. All of these are men of note in 
Georgia's history. Some of them had been members of the 
corrupted Assembly, They had resisted with scorn alike per- 
suasion and threats. They had been no more affected by bri- 
bery or menace than had been the " Conscript Fathers " in- 
timidated, when the ruffian Gaul entered the Roman Senate — 
no more moved by allurement or hostility than the everlasting 
rocks by surges of the stormy ocean. 



POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 

For about ten years after the establishment of the colony 
of Georgia, the government was administered by Gen. Ogle- 
thorpe ; but in 1741, by order of the trustees, it was divided 
into two counties, one called Savannah county, embracing the 
territory north of Darien ; the other Frederica, including the 
island of St. Simon's, and the Alatamaha settlements, each 
having a president and four assistants. Over Savannah county 
William Stephens was appointed President, and Henry Parker, 
Thomas Jones, John Fallowfield, and Samuel Mercer, coun- 
sellors or assistants. For the county of Frederica no appoint- 
ments appear to have been made. This state of affairs con- 
tinued only until May, 1743, when the trustees ordered, that 
both counties should be united under one executive, and that 
the president and assistants of the county of Savannah should 
have the government of the whole province of Georgia. This 
plan of government existed until 1750, when the trustees or- 
dered a colonial assembly to be called, consisting of sixteen 
members proportioned to the number of inhabitants of the dif- 
ferent districts ; and accordingly the following gentlemen, 
constituting the first General Assembly of Georgia, met in 
Savannah, on the 15th of January, 1751. 



POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 55 

Savannah District. — Francis Harris, Speaker ; John Mil- 
ledge, William Francis, William Russel. 

Augusta Dstrict. — George Catogan, David Douglass. 

Ebenezer District. — Christian Reidlesperger, Theobald 
Kieffer. 

Ahercorn and Goshen Districts. — William Ewen. 

Joseph's Town District. — Charles Watson. 

Vernonhirg District. — Patrick Houstoun. 

Acton District. — Peter Morel. 

Little Ogeechee District. — Joseph Summers. 

Skidaway District. — John Barnard. 

Medway District. — Audley Maxwell. 

Darien District. — John Mcintosh, B. 

On the 20th of June, 1752, the trustees of Georgia resigned 
their charter, and the province was formed into a royal gov- 
ernment. Until 1754 the colony remained in a defenceless con- 
dition, when John Reynolds, an officer in the British navy, 
was appointed Governor, with powers similar to those of the 
other royal governments in America. By the instructions of 
the King the Governor was directed to convene a General As- 
sembly ; but, as the royal instructions excluded several of the 
most populous villages in the province, the council divided it 
into three districts, and on the 7th of January, 1755, the first 
Legislature of Georgia, consisting of three branches, Governor, 
Council, and Commons House, met in Savannah. On the 15th 
of March, 1758, the General Assembly divided the province 
into eight parishes ; Christ Church, including Savannah, 
Acton, Vernonburg, Sea Islands, and Little Ogeechee ; St. 
Matthews, comprising Abercorn and Ebenezer ; St. George's, 
embracing Halifax ; St. Pauls, Augusta ; St. Phillip's, Great 
Ogeechee ; St. John's, Medway and Sunbury ; St. Andrew's, 
Darien; St. James's, Frederica. In 1765, the tract of country 
lying between the river Alatamaha and the southernmost stream 
of the river St. Marys, which had been annexed to the pro- 
vince of Georgia in 1763, was divided into four parishes, thus. 
All the territory between the river Alatamaha and the north 
branch of Turtle river, into the parish of St. David. From the 
north branch of Turtle river, to the southern branch of the 
Little St. Ilia, the parish of St. Patrick ; from the southern 



56 POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 

branch of the river Little St. Ilia, to the southern branch of the 
river Great St. Ilia, the parish of St Thomas ; from the south- 
ern branch of the river Great St. Ilia, to the southern branch 
of the river St. Mary's, and from the head of the river St. 
Mary's in a due west line, including all the islands within the said 
boundary, the parish of ^^. Mary's. When Georgia, in common 
with the other colonies, threw of the yoke of Great Britain, the 
parishes were organized into counties. In the constitution of 
Georgia adopted in 1777, it was declared, " that the parish of 
St. Paul should be known by the name of Richmond. The 
parish of St. George should be known by the name of 
Burke. The parish of St. Matthew, and the upper part of St. 
Phillip above Cannouchee, Effingham. The parish of Christ 
Church, and the lower part of St. Phillip below Cannouchee, 
Chatham. The parish of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James, 
Liberty. The parish of St. David and St. Patrick, Glynn. 
The parish of St. Thomas and St. Mary's, Camden. The ceded 
lands north of Ogeechee, Wilkes." In 1784, two counties were 
laid out called Franklin and Washington. Franklin began tit 
the Savannah river, " where the west line of Wilkes county 
strikes the same, thence along the said line to the Cherokee 
corner, from thence on the same direction to the south branch 
of the Oconee river, thence up the said river, to the head or 
source of the most southern stream thereof, thence along the 
temporary line separating the Indian hunting ground, to the 
northern branch of Savannah river, known by the name 
of Keowee." Washington embraced an extent of country 
bounded by a line beginning at the Oconee river, where the 
last mentioned line strikes the same, thence along that river 
to where it strikes the former temporary line, thence along 
the said line to the Cherokee corner, and from thence to the 
beginning. As new territory was acquired, new counties 
were added, and these were divided and subdivided into other 
counties. The State now comprises ninety-three counties. 

In addition to this division of the State there is an organ- 
ization of eight congressional districts. First district, has 18 
counties, viz. : — Appling, Bryan, Bulloch, Camden, Chatham, 
Effingham, Emanuel, Glynn, Laurens, Liberty, Lowndes, 
Mcintosh, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Thomas, Ware, 



POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 57 

Wayne. Second district, 14 counties, — Baker, Decatur, 
Dooly, Early, Houstoun, Irwin, Lee, Macon, Marion, Mus- 
cogee, Pulaski, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter. Third district, 
8 counties, — Bibb, Crawford, Harris, Monroe, Pike, Talbot, 
Twiggs, Upson. Fourth district, 9 counties, — Campbell, 
Carroll, Coweta, Fayette, Heard, Henry, Merriwether, New- 
ton, Troup. Fifth district, 13 counties, — Cass, Chattooga, 
Cherokee, Cobb, Dade, De Kalb, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, 
Gwinnett, Murray, Paulding, Walker. Sixth district, 11 
counties, — Clark, Elbert, Franklin, Habersham, Hall, Jack- 
son, Lumpkin, Madison, Rabun, Union, Walton. Seventh 
distinct, 10 counties, — Baldwin, Butts, Greene, Jasper, Jones, 
Morgan, Oglethorpe, Putnam, Taliafero, Wilkinson. Eighth 
distinct, 10 counties, — Burke, Columbia, Hancock, Jefferson, 
Lincoln, Richmond, Scriven, Warren, Washington, Wilkes. 

There are 37 counties entitled to two representatives to 
the State Legislature, and 56 to one. 

The State is also divided into 47 Senatorial districts. 
Chatham constitutes 1st; Bryan and Liberty 2d; Mcintosh 
and Glynn 3d ; Wayne and Camden 4th ; Ware and Lown- 
des 5th ; Appling and Montgomery 6th ; Tattnall and Bulloch 
7th ; Effingham and Scriven 8th ; Burke and Emanuel 9th ; 
Laurens and Wilkinson 10th ; Telfair and Irwin 1 1th ; Decatur 
and Thomas 12th; Baker and Early 13th; Randolph and 
Stewart 14th; Lee and Sumter 15th; Muscogee and Harris 
16th; Houstoun and Macon 17th ; Talbot and Marion 18th; 
Pulaski and Dooly 19th; Twiggs and Bibb 20th; Washing- 
ton and Jefferson 21st ; Richmond and Columbia 22d ; 
Warren and Taliafero 23d ; Hancock and Baldwin 24th ; 
Putnam and Jones 25th ; Monroe and Pike 26th ; Crawford and 
Upson 27th ; Merriwether and Coweta 28th ; Troup and Heard 
29th ; Carroll and Campbell 30th ; Fayette and Henry 31st ; 
Butts and Jasper 32d; Newton and Walton 33d ; Morgan and 
Greene 34th; Wilkes and Lincoln 35th; Elbert and Franklin 
36th ; Oglethorpe and Madison 37th ; Clark and Jackson 38th ; 
Gwinnett and De Kalb 39th ; Paulding and Cass 40th ; Cobb 
and Cherokee 41st ; Forsyth and Hall 42d ; Habersham and 
Rabun 43d ; Lumpkin and Union 44th ; Gilmer and Murray 
45th ; Walker and Dade 46th ; Floyd and Chattooga 47th. 



58 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES. 

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES. 

REVENUES. 

General Tax, viz., Capitation-tax on free white males, (from 21 
tx) 60) — Slaves — free persons of colour — Lawyers — Physicians — 
Factors and Brokers — tax on Land, per acre, according to its clas- 
sification as to quality — on Town lots, Merchandise, Ferries, 
Toll-bridges and Turnpikes, the returned" value — on Money at 
interest — Capital of Manufacturing Companies — Capital of 
Banks of other States employed in this, and sales of merchan- 
dise by Factors, the amount returned — and on pleasure carriages 
and billiard tables, the number returned. Net amount, 1848, about $265,000 
Tax on Bank Stock, special .... 19,300 

Dividends on Bank Stocks, " Education Fund," $262,300 . 19,250 
Miscellaneous Sources, (say) . . . 10,000 



expenditures. 

Legislative Department : — Pay of Members and Offi- 
cers of the General Assembly, (average of triennial 
sessions, $60,000,) making annual average 

Printing for the Legislature, (average $10,000,) annual 

Executive Department : — Salary of Governor 

3 Secretaries, at $1000 . 
Secretary of State 
Treasurer 

Comptroller General . 
Surveyor General 

JUDICLA.RT Department : — Salary of 3 Judges of Su- 
preme Court, at $2500 each 
„ Reporter of Supreme Court 

„ 11 Circuit Judges, at $1800 each 

„ 11 Solicitors General, at $225 each 

Public Debt, reduction of . 

„ interest on ... 

Poor Schools, aid of . 

Lunatic Asylum . . . . . 

Deaf and Dumb Asylum 

Contingent Fund ..... 

Printing Fund . . * . 

Military Purposes .... 

Miscellaneous Appropriations, annual average (say) 



* And all surplus amounts unexpended. 



313,550 



30,000 




5,000 


q;; noo 


3,000 


oo*yjyjyj 


3,000 




1,600 




1,600 




1,600 




1,600 


12,400 


7,500 




1,000 




19,800 




2,475 
*50,000 


30,775 


111,500 


161,500 
19,250 


. 


. 


11,625 




4,500 


. 


10,000 


. 


2,000 


. 


1,500 




5,000 



$293,550 



JUDICIARY. 59 

GOVERNORS. 

The following are the names of the Governors of Georgia 
from its first settlement to the year 1849: — 

James Edward Oglethorpe, elected 1732 ; William Stephens 
act. Gov., 1743; Henry Parker, act. Gov., 1751; John Rey- 
nolds, 1754; Henry Ellis, 1757; James Wright, 1760; James 
Habersham, act. Gov., 1771 ; William Erwin, 1775; Archibald 
Bulloch, 1776; Button Gwinnett, 1777; John A. Treuitlen, 
1777 ; John Houstoun, 1778 ; John Werriat, 1778 ; George 
Walton, 1779; Richard Howley, 1780; Stephen Heard, 1781 ; 
Nathan Brownson, 1781; John Martin, 1782; Lyman Hall, 
1783 ; John Houstoun, 1784 ■; Samuel M. Elbert, 1785 ; 
Edward Telfair, 1786; George Matthews, 1787; George 
Handly, 1788; George Walton, 1789; Edward Telfair, 1790; 
George Matthews, 1793; Jared Irwin, 1796; James Jackson, 
1798 ; David Emanuel, 1801 ; Josiah Tattnall, 1801 ; John 
Milledge, 1802; Jared Irwin, 1806; David B. Mitchell, 1809; 
Peter Early, 1813; David B. Mitchell, 1815; William Rabun, 
1817; Matthew Talbot, 1819; John Clark, 1819; George M. 
Troup, 1823; John Forsyth, 1827; George R. Gilmer, 1829; 
Wilson Lumpkin, 1831 ; William Schley, 1835 ; George R. 
Gilmer, 1837; Charles J. McDonald, 1839; George W. 
Crawford, 1843; George W. Towns, 1847; Do., 1849. 



JUDICIARY. 



The first judicial tribunal in Georgia, was the Town Court 
of Record, held in Savannah in 1733. This court had cogni- 
zance of all manner of crimes, causes, and things whatever, aris- 
ing or happening within the province of Georgia, or between 
persons inhabiting or residing there, whether the same be crimi- 
nal or civil, or whether the said crime be capital or not capi- 
tal, and whether the pleas be real, personal, or mixed. It 
was composed of the three Bailiffs, Recorder acting as Clerk, 
and twelve freeholders. The following persons composed the 
first jury in Georgia : 



60 JUDICIARY. 

Samuel Parker, Thomas Young, Joseph Cole, John 
Wright, John West, Timothy Bowling, John Milledge, Henry- 
Close, Walter Fox, John Grady, James Carwell, Richard Cannon. 

" To this bench of magistrates," says Dr. Stevens, " the 
trustees did what they could, to give dignity and authority; 
and well knowing the respect which is inspired by the badges 
and trappings of office, sent over magisterial gowns ; those for 
the three Bailiffs being purple, edged with fur, and for the Re- 
corder being black tufted." A court of the same kind was 
established at Frederica, but upon the merging of the two 
counties into one, in 1743, the court of Frederica was abol- 
ished, and the President and Assistants were directed to hold 
four courts in each year, in Savannah. This was the only 
court, until the arrival of Governor Reynolds, upon whose re- 
commendation a General Court was established, having juris- 
diction of all cases exceeding the value of forty shillings, and 
also to have the same power exercised by the Courts of King's 
Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer in England. This 
court was to consist of two Judges, Attorney-General, and 
other lower officers, and was to be held quarterly, on the second 
Monday, respectively, of January, April, July, and October. 
Appeals from the decisions of this court, provided the sum ex- 
ceeded £300 in value, could be made to the Governor and 
Council ; and if the amount involved in the case was more 
than £500, it could be carried to the king in council. A 
Court of Chancery was also ordered, for hearing and deter- 
mining all matters of equity, to be held before the Governor as 
Chancellor, and the officers of which were to be a Master, Re- 
gister and Examiner. A Court of Oyer and Terminer was 
also ordered, to sit twice, for the trial of all criminal cases, and 
a Court of Admiralty, to manage maritime cases. For punish- 
ing slaves committing capital crimes, a Commission of Oyer 
and Terminer was to be issued to the justice of the district 
where the offence was committed. Justices' Courts were to 
determine sums under 40 shillings. The first judges of the 
General Court were Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan. In 
the Court of Admiralty wt e James Edward Powell, Judge 
Advocate ; William Clifton, Advocate General ; Alexander 
Kellett, Marshal; William Spenser, Register. Until 1789, 



JUDICIARY. Q] 

the judiciary department of Georgia was principally managed 
as we have stated. It was then changed, or new modelled. 
At present, the judiciary is thus arranged : 

1. A Court OF Errors and Appeals, consisting of three 
judges elected by the Legislature for six years. This is an 
appellate tribunal for the correction of errors in law and 
equity from the Superior Courts. The terms are held in Sa- 
vannah, Milledgeville, Macon, Hawkinsville, Americus, Tal- 
botton, Decatur, Gainesville, and Cassville. 

, 2. Superior Court ; judges elected by the Legislature 
for four years. This is a court of general jurisdiction, both as 
a court of common law and equity, held twice every year in each 
county in the State, and has the power of correcting all errors 
in the inferior judicatories, and exclusive jurisdiction in all 
criminal cases, and in the trial of titles to real estate. 

3. Inferior Court ; consisting of five justices in each 
county, who are elected by the people for the term of four 
years. The terms of this court are two in each year. This 
court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Superior Court, in 
actions of debt, trespass, &c., and has the supervisory power 
in their counties, over bridges, ferries, roads, public buildings, 
&c., &LC., and also the powers of a Court of Ordinary, in all 
matters in relation to the estates of deceased persons, the care of 
the poor, and in all actions other than those in which the title 
to land is involved. 

4. Justices' Courts; consisting of two justices for each 
militia district, in every county, who are elected by the people 
of their district. They have jurisdiction in cases of debt, 
when the same does not exceed thirty dollars. 

The laws of Georgia were compiled by Marbury and Craw- 
ford, from its earliest settlement as a British province in 1755 
to 1800; and by Augustus S. Clayton, from the year 1800 to 
the year 1810 inclusive; by L. Q. C. Lamar, from 1810 to 1820, 
and by William C. Dawson, from 1820 to 1830 inclusive. 

Digests of these laws have been made by Prince and 
Hotchkiss, and an Analysis of the Statutes of Georgia, com- 
piled by Howell Cobb, Esq. 

There are eleven judicial districts : Eastern Circuit, nine 
counties ; Middle do., nine do. ; Western do., eight do. ; Nor- 
5 



62 PENAL CODE. 

thern, do.,, eight do. ; Scuthern do., nine do. ; Ocmulgee do., 
seven do. ; Flint do., nine do. ; Chattahoochee do., five do. ; 
Cherokee, do., eleven do. : Coweta do., ten do. ; South-west- 
ern do., 8 do. • 



PEXAL CODE 



The code of penal laws of this State was enacted in 1833, 
and went into operation on the first day of June, 1834. Some 
of its provisions have since that time been amended, and other 
sections added. It superseded the code of 1817. The fre- 
quent substitution of one system for another — the establish- 
ment of a penitentiary, and then its immediate abandonment — 
indicate a very unsettled state of the popular mind in regard 
to the different plans. In 1816 the State abandoned the san- 
guinary criminal laws which had existed, and adopted a new 
system of pains and penalties, altogether more compatible with 
the condition of the people, and better suited to the advanced 
stage of civilization. The discipline of a State prison was then 
but imperfectly understood, and the changes it effected in the 
old system, together with a very imperfect execution of the 
plan, excited a decided distrust, which soon presented itself in 
open opposition to it. After sixteen years of experience, there- 
fore, it gave way to the earnest opposition which was brought 
to bear upon it, and the Legislature of 1831 abolished it. The 
State was thrown back upon a code which it had repudiated, 
and criminal justice was administered according to laws at 
once odious to humanity and behind the intelligence of the 
age. But this condition of things did not last. The change 
was palpably felt : public opinion again reacted in its favour : 
a reform was demanded, and the penitentiary was again re- 
stored. But the old code, with its flagrant defects, was found 
inadequate to accomplish the purposes of the new system, 
and accordingly, in 1832, the Legislature passed a resolution 
authorizing the Governor to appoint a committee of three 
persons to prepare a plan for the penitentiary buildings, digest 
a system of laws for its organization, and revise and amend the 



MILITIA SYSTEM. 63 

penal laws of the State. The committee appomted by Gover- 
nor Lumpkin were, William Schley, Joseph H. Lumpkin, and 
John A. Cuthbert; all gentlemen of eminent legal attainments. 
They reported to the Legislature of 1^33, and that report is the 
existing code of penal laws, with some modifications and amend- 
ments. This system has been in operation since 1834 ; and 
although the test of fifteen years has pointed out defects, expe- 
rience has suggested no better mode of administering the cri- 
minal justice of the State. Some of its penalties are severe — 
necessarily so — but not more so than is demanded by the safety 
of the State and the security of its citizens. None of its pro- 
visions are sanguinary and cruel ; and while they may be ob- 
jectionable to that sort of fanaticism which would abolish all 
capital punishments, they accord with the principles of justice 
and come up to the enlightened humanity of the age. Its sanc- 
tions are not in a temper of w^anton cruelty, but of conservative 
and reforming equity. It has dispensed with the hideous re- 
lics of barbarism — the mutilating knife, the brand and the 
post, the pillory and the scourge. There are thirteen crimes 
which, according to the penal code, are punished capitally. 

There are, no doubt, defects in the code which experience 
will suggest and which time will reform. The experience of 
every year has resulted in improvements in the discipline of 
the State prison. It has, after years of pecuniary embarrass- 
ment, surmounted its misfortunes, and now sustains itself and 
brings a small revenue to the State. 



MILITIA SYSTEM. 



The militia of Georgia are organized into Divisions, Brig- 
ades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies. Each Division is 
commanded by a major general, whose staft' consists of one di- 
vision inspector with the rank of lieut. colonel, one quarter- 
master and two aids, W'ith the rank of major each. Each 
Brigade is commanded by a brigadier general, w^hose stafl' 
consists of a brigade inspector with the rank of major, a brig- 



64 MILITIA AND TROOPS 

ade quarter-master, and an aid-de-camp with the ranlv of cap- 
tain. Each regiment is commanded by a colonel, whose -staff 
consists of a quarter-master, a pay-master, and adjutant with 
the rank of lieutenant, and one surgeon and mate, with a lieu- 
tenant colonel and major, a sergeant-major, quarter-master- 
sergeant, and a drum and fife major. Each company consists 
of one captain, a first and second lieutenant, and ensign, four 
sergeants and four corporals, a drummer and fifer, and sixty- 
four privates. At present there are thirteen divisions, each 
commanded by a major general, comprising twenty-six brig- 
ades under the command of brigadier generals. 



MILITIA AND TROOPS IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

In the year 1775, the State of Georgia had one thousand 
militia constantly in service, and which number was continued 
until the spring of 1776. I am led to this belief from the par- 
ties I know of my own knowledge to have been called out, 
the frontier situation of Georgia, the struggle with our inter- 
nal enemies, the defence of the country against the Florida 
banditti, and the expedition against Savannah under Commo- 
dore Barclay. For the years 1776, 1777, the militia in actual 
service may be computed at seven hundred and fifty, exclusive 
of two battalions of minute men which were in service until 
July 1778, of seven hundred and fifty each, and a State regi- 
ment of horse supposed two hundred and fifty, with three addi- 
tional troops of forty men each, under the command of a ma- 
jor. In the year 1778, exclusive of the State corps, there were 
two thousand militia in actual service for nearly six months. 
In 1779, 80, 81, 82, the militia maybe computed at seven hun- 
dred and fifty, constantly in service for the whole period, as the 
State during this time was totally ravaged by the enemy, and 
the citizens of Georgia never quit the field, although compelled 
to abandon not only their homes, but frequently their State. 
This is exclusive of the Georgia Legion raised in '81 by order 
of General Greene.* 

* From the MS. of Gen. James Jackson. 



IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 65 

Names of the Officers who were in the Continental Line of the 
Georgia Brigade during the Revolutionary War, including 
Infantry, Dragoons, Legionary Corps, and General Staff. 

Brigade Generals. — Lachlan Mcintosh, Samuel Elbert. 

Co/oweZs.— t-James Scriven, John White, Robert Rae. 

Lieut. Colonels. — Joseph Habersham, Joseph Lane, Thom- 
as Chisolm, Francis Moore, Philip Lowe, George Handley, 
Benjamin Porter; John S. Eustace, Adjutant General; Lachlan 
Mcintosh, Junior Brigade Inspector; John Berrian, Brigade 
Major ; John Milton, A. D. C. ; George Melven, B. Q. M. 

Captains. — John Bennis, Gideon Bpokerj Chestley Bost- 
wick, Celerine Brosard, John Bard, Charles Budd, Isham Cook, 
Arthur Carney, Ranes Cook, Jacob Colson, John Cunningham, 
Alexander D. Cuthbert, Joseph Day, Daniel Duval, Peter De- 
bosh, John Dooley, Thomas Dooley, Ignatius Few, John 

Greene, John Hancock, William Hornby, Jaret, Evans 

Lewis, John Lucas, William Matthews, William Mcintosh, 
Thomas Morris, Elisha Millar, John Mosely, Charles Middleton, 
Littleberry Mosely, Clement Nash, Patrick Fitzpatrick, James 
Powell, Thomas Scott, Andrew Templeton, Thomas Thread- 
gill, Jesse Winfrey, Shadrack Wright. 

Lieutenants. — Francis Authur, Thomas Brown, James 
Bryan, John Caldwell, Cornelius Collins, Edward Cowen, Wal- 
ter Dixon, George Dooley, Thomas Glascock, Caleb Howell, 
Arthur Hayes, Christopher Hillery, Robert Howe, Nathaniel 
Huges, William Johnson, William Jordan, William Lowne, 
Josiah Maxwell, John Manley, John Mitchell, Thomas Mitch- 
ell, John Martin, William McDonald, Thomas Netherland, 
Johri Newdigate, Benjamin Odingsell, Thomas Payne, Na- 
thaniel Pierre, Robert Porter, Thomas Porter, William Roach, 
John Rae, Abraham Saixas, Robert Simpson, E. Shick, David 

Sarzedas, Randolph Smith, Steadman, Francis Tennell, 

David Turner, J. P. Wagnon, George Walton, Jesse Walton, 
Robert Ward. 

General Staff. — Richard Wyley, Q,. M. G. ; Joseph Clay, 
P. M. G. ; Mordecai Sheftall, C. G, ; Sheftall Shettall, D. C. G. ; 
Davis Rees, Judge Advocate ; Moses Allen, Chaplain. 

Hospital Department. — Surgeons, David Bradie, 

McKinne. 



66 EDUCATION. 

Surgeon's Mates. — Adam Alexander, Nathan Brownson, 

James Houstoun, Thomas Davenport, Frederick Ridgley, 

Wood. 

Legionary Corps. — James Jackson, Colonel; Thomas 
Washington, Major. 

Captains. — Henry Alison, Sherwood Bugg, John Morri- 
son, James Stallings, John Lyons. 

Lieutenants. — Thomas Hamilton, Ezekiel Stallings, Benja- 
min Hawkins, Stephen Blount, Benjamin Harvey, Nicholas 
Millar. 

Artillery. — Major, Roman de Lisle. 

Captains. — Edward Young, John Fraser. 

Colonels. — Samuel Jack, John Stewart. 

Lieut. Colonel. — Elijah Clark. 



EDUCATION. 



The following extracts from a Discourse delivered before 
the Georgia Historical Society on the 12th day of February, 
1845, by Dr. Church, President of the University of Georgia, 
contains an epitome of the history of Education in our State. 

Though our State laboured under peculiar difficulties, dur- 
ing her colonial existence, and for a considerable period after 
our independence, its history shows that our fathers were not 
less attentive to the great subject of general education, than 
were those who first settled our sister States. 

There are, I doubt not, many important and interesting 
facts, as well as many records, which may, and I hope will be 
brought forth, and which will show, that had we carried out 
the views of her early patriots, and the framers of our first 
Constitution, Georgia would now have a system of education, 
equal, if not superior, to that of any State in the Union. We 
owe it to the honour of our fathers that this portion of 
our history shall not be neglected. Those who have ex- 
erted a large influence in the establishment and support of 
seminaries of learning, and those who have been eminent as 
instructors, in the higher branches of knowledge, will be hon- 



EDUCATION. 67 

oured, and their names will be chronicled among the benefac- 
tors of the State. While Franklin College shall remain, or its 
records be preserved, the name of Gov. Milledge will be hon- 
oured for the noble gift of a large tract of land, intended not only 
for the site of the College, but also for that of a town, a gift 
which has, to a large extent, aided the trustees of the institu- 
tion in sustaining it when other resources failed. While the 
records of the Baptist denomination of Christians in Georgia 
shall be preserved, the name of Dr. Mercer will be honoured 
by the friends of Christian education, for his munificent gifts 
and bequests to the University which bears his honoured 
name. And high as the reputation of Gov. Jackson and 
Abram Baldwin stand, for their political services to the State, 
I doubt not that their services in the cause of education will 
add as bright a chaplet to their fame. Such men as the de- 
ceased Dr. Waddel, and the venerable patriarch of the school- 
room and the pulpit. Dr. McQuir, can never be forgotten while 
any history of our State remains. 

As proof that the early inhabitants of our State were not 
unmindful of the subject of general education, we may appeal 
to the records of the first settlements of different sections of 
the country. In Savannah, early provision was made for 
public education, and especially for the education of the 
orphan and the poor. The efforts which were made to sustain 
the Orphan House, and to establish and support Bethesda Col- 
lege, as well as the minor schools which were open to all the 
children of the city, are evidence of the feelings and senti- 
ments of its early inhabitants. 

We may refer also, with pleasure, to the pious, B^secuted 
men, who first raised their Ebenezer in a sister and adjoining 
county, and who there at the same time reared the standard of 
religion and education. 

The early history of the city of Augusta is proof of the 
same feeling, on the part of her first inhabitants. The provi- 
sion which was there made for the establishment and ample 
endowment of her Academy, one of the most useful institu- 
tions of the kind in our Southern country, is proof that the 
subject of education was considered by her citizens as one of 
vital importance. 

The hardy Highlanders who planted themselves upon the 



68 EDUCATION. 

banks of the Alatamaha, as a bulwark against savage incursions 
and Spanish invasion, brought vrith them that love of learning 
which characterizes the land of their fathers, and to the honour 
of their descendants it may be said, they have ever been the 
fast friends of general education, and of an elevated standard 
of learning in the State. 

I need not mention the little colony who first penetrated 
the swamps of our Southern seaboard. All who are familiar 
with the history of that favoured portion of our State, know 
with what zeal and energy its first settlers commenced, and 
with what success, they prosecuted their efforts to establish 
and to sustain the institutions of learning and religion ; and 
most honourably have the sons of those noble sires followed 
in ,the footsteps of their patriotic and pious ancestors ! 

Those who first settled in the county of Wilkes were not 
less mindful of this important subject. Scarcely had they 
traced the outlines of their now beautiful village, before pro- 
vision was made for a permanent institution of learning ; and 
from that period to this, the cause of education has been one 
of deep interest to its citizens, and the special care of its muni- 
cipal authorities. And as we trace the history of our State 
from almost the landing of Oglethorpe to the acquisition of 
the last portion of our territory, we find the subject of educa- 
tion a prominent subject in the estimation of the first settlers 
of the different portions of the country. Academies have 
usually been coeval with the organization of the counties ; 
and in no State in the Union have there probably ever been 
more or better conducted institutions of the kind, in propor- 
tion to the population, than in Georgia. And in no State in 
the Union have the services of teachers of Academies been 
more liberally rewarded. 

The first constitution of Geoi'gia was adopted the 5th of 
February, 1777, only a few months after the Declaration of 
Independence. The 54th section of this constitution declares, 
" Schools shall be erected in each county, and supported at the 
general expense of the State." This is an important record 
in the history of our education. On the 31st of July, 1783, 
the Legislature appropriated 1000 acres of land to each 
county for the support of free schools. In 1784, a few months 



EDUCATION. 69 

after the ratification of the treaty of peace, by which our na- 
tional independence was acknowledged, the Legislature, again 
in session at Savannah, passed an act, appropriating 40,000 
acres of land for the endowment of a College or University. 
This act commences with the remarkable preamble: "Whereas, 
the encouragement of religion and learning is an object of 
great importance to any community, and must tend to the 
prosperity and advantage of the same." 

In 1785, the charter of the University was granted, the 
preamble to which would do honour to any Legislature, and 
will stand a monument to the wisdom and patriotism of those 
who framed, and of those who adopted it. 

" As it is the distinguishing happiness of free governments 
that civil order should be the result of choice and not neces- 
sity, and the common wishes of the people become the laws 
of the land, their public prosperity and even existence very 
much depend upon suitably forming the minds and morals of 
their citizens. When the minds of the people in general are 
viciously disposed and unprincipled, and their conduct disor- 
derly, a free government will be attended with greater convul- 
sions, and evils more horrid than the wild uncultivated state 
of nature. It can only be happy where the public princi- 
ples and opinions are properly directed and their manners 
regulated. 

" This is an influence beyond the stretch of laws and pun- 
ishments, and can be claimed only by religion and education. 
It should, therefore, be among the first objects of those who 
wish well to the national prosperity, to encourage and support 
the principles of religion and morality ; and early to place the 
youth under the forming hand of society, that, by instruction 
they may be moulded to the love of virtue and good order. 
Sending them abroad to other countries for education will not 
answer the purpose, is too humiliating an acknowledgment 
of the ignorance or inferiority of our own, and will always 
be the cause of so great foreign attachments that, upon princi- 
ples of policy, it is inadmissible." 

In 1792, an act was passed appropriating one thousand 
pounds for the endowment of an Academy in each county. 

In 1798, a third constitution was adopted. The 13th sec- 



70 EDUCATION. 

tion of the 4th article declares : " The arts and sciences shall 
be patronized in one or more seminaries of learning." 

In 1817, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars were ap- 
propriated to the support of poor schools. In 1818, every 
10th and 100th lot of land in seven new counties was appro- 
priated to the cause of education; and in 1821, two hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars were set apart for the support of 
county Academies. 

These records show, that the people of Georgia, from the 
commencement of their independence to the full establishment 
of their constitutional Government, have recognized the duty 
and the importance of making public and ample provision for 
the education of all her citizens. These records show, that 
her Jacksons and Baldwins, with their many worthy coad- 
jutors, in the achievement of our independence, and in the 
establishment of our present form of government, did not 
doubt, that the State could, and that she ought to, become an 
efficient patron of learning — that correct moral and religious 
instruction could be imparted in our public schools and 
Colleges. 

I know the opinion is now held by a few, that these men, 
and I may say, that almost every great and good man, up to 
nearly the present day, has been in error upon this subject. 

We must honor the feelings which give rise to these sen- 
timents — we must respect the piety which prompts to all the 
efforts which are made to purify the fountains of knowledge — 
to introduce the Bible, with its hallowing influence, into all 
our institutions of learning. 

Georgia has often been represented as more inattentive to 
the great interests of education than almost any other State 
in the Union — a statement which does great injustice to our 
citizens. A correct history of our State will show that those 
who have preceded us, have done much for the cause of edu- 
cation. A full statement of all which has been given by the 
citizens of the State would, doubtless, surprise many. I can- 
not at this time give a history of what has been done by our 
citizens in the cause of education. A few instances will, how- 
ever, be sufficient to sustain me in the remark, that we have 
not been as utterly regardless of the interests of knowledge as 



EDUCATION. 71 

many suppose. A number of our Academies have respectable, 
and some of them very ample endowments ; the result of both 
legislative aid and private liberality. Meson Academy, at 
Lexington, Oglethorpe county, received from ten to fifteen 
thousand dollars, a permanent endowment from the individual 
whose name it bears. The Burke county Academy has a per- 
manent fund of more than seven thousand dollars, and within 
a few years the citizens of this county have given to other in- 
stitutions probably over $20,000. The Richmond Academy 
has buildings and library and apparatus worth probably $30,000 
— an annuity from real estate amounting to 81,600, and bank 
stock to the amount of $12,000, besides lands which are rapid- 
ly increasing in value. Here, also, is a Medical College en- 
dowed by the State to the amount of perhaps $35,000, and 
possessing buildings, apparatus, library, and the usual means 
for conducting such an institution, to the amount of $50,000. 
This institution is now well established, and justly meriting 
and largely receiving the patronage of the State and other 
States. The Chatham Academy has large and valuable build- 
ings, and funds sufficient to sustain an institution of superior 
character. In the village of Washington, there is, besides the 
Male Academy, which has always been well sustained, a Fe- 
male Institute of very high character, for the establishment of 
which the citizens of that county have come forward with 
liberal subscriptions. They have a beautiful building and libra- 
ry, and apparatus sufficient to render it an institution of high 
order. In La Grange, Troup county, are Academies, both 
male and female, upon which the inhabitants of that village 
and county have expended large sums, and where hundreds of 
both sexes have for years enjoyed superior advantages for in- 
struction. No one can visit these and many other Academies 
and High Schools, which are found in all our older and thickly 
settled counties, without seeing that a large amount has been 
expended by our citizens for purposes of education. The 
Montpelier Institute, under the patronage of the Episcopal 
Church in Georgia, has probably cost $20,000 in its establish- 
ment. One individual gave $10,000. The Female College at 
Macon has probably cost not less than $70,000. For the 
establishment and endowment of Emory College, there have 



72 EDUCATldN. 

been raised between 80 and i 100,000. For the establishment 
and endowment of Oglethorpe University, between 80 and 
$100,000. For the establishment and endowment of Mercer 
University and a Theological Seminary, between 150 and 
$200,000 have been given. The citizens of Georgia have giv- 
en to the Theological Seminary at Columbia, S. C, about 
$60,000. To Randolph Macon College, N. C, $10,000. To 
the Columbian College, D. C, $25,000. To the Theological 
Seminary at Princeton, N. J., $25,000. To the Theological 
Seminary at Andover, Mass., a considerable amount — how 
much I am unable to say, as I have received no answer to an 
inquiry touching that subject, which I addressed to one of its 
Professors. I know that Mr. John Whitehead, of Burke 
county, gave $2,500. We have here, for the purpose of estab- 
lishing institutions of learning, private subscriptions by the 
citizens of Georgia, and that within a few years, to the amount of 
■ more than $600,000. I have mentioned only a small part which 
has been given for this purpose in the State. Our people are 
not, they never have been, regardless of this subject ; but from 
our peculiar situation, we have thus far failed to unite and 
concentrate the action of our whole people. They have the 
ability and the disposition to spread the light of knowledge 
over our State. Let them be properly enlightened, and they 
will come forth with an energy which will overcome all ob- 
stacles. That our University has not accompHshed more, is 
undoubtedly a source of regret to every friend of knowledge ; 
that it has accomplished as much as it has, is, perhaps, a cause 
of rejoicing to all its friends. It will not be denied by any 
one, that this institution has been gradually advancing in use- 
fulness since its funds have been sufficient to sustain the ex- 
penses necessarily incident to a respectable College. These 
expenses are much larger than many, who have had no experi- 
ence in the management of such institutions, apprehend. The 
University of Georgia had for an endowment 40,000 acres of 
land, located by the surveyors in what are now Hancock, 
Greene, Oglethorpe, Clark, Jackson, Franklin, and in the fork of 
the Tugalo and Seneca rivers. By the treaty of Beaufort, the 
last tract was lost by falling into the State of South Carolina. 
Thus, 5,000 acres, equal in value to more than one-eighth of the 



EDUCATION. 73 

endowment of the University, were wholly lost. The remaining 
lands were long unsaleable, and could not be rented for any valu- 
able consideration. The country was new, land abundant and 
cheap — much, even of a good quality, could be obtained by 
merely surveying it, and paying the fees for granting. The 
lands, therefore, of the University could not be made available 
for any valuable purpose, and the trustees were unable to com- 
mence the institution. None of the lands belonging to the 
University were sold until 1803, and then only a small portion 
and at a low price. Most of them remained unsold and unpro- 
ductive till 1816, when they were nearly all sold, and $100,000 
vested in bank, as a permanent fund for the support of the in- 
stitution. The Legislature, in consideration of the large 
amount of bonds for these lands over the $100,000, guaran- 
tied that this permanent fund should yield annually eight per 
cent. 

The College was nearly suspended from 1816 to 1819, and 
by aid of the surplus funds, during this period, the debts of the 
institution were paid, the buildings repaired, the small library 
increased, and the philosophical and chemical apparatus 
greatly enlarged. From this period the institution began to 
assume a respectable stand : its students increased — the Board 
obtained the services of a respectable number of officers, and 
continually enlarged the library and apparatus. 

The first Commencement was on Thursday, the 31st May, 
1804. The exercises were held under an arbour, erected in 
the campus ; the number of graduates was nine. Of these, 
four are now living, viz. : Col. Gibson Clark, Gen. Jeptha V. 
Harris, Col. Wm. H. Jackson, and James Jackson, at present 
Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in the University; 
The Hon. Augustus S. Clayton, one of its most untiring friends 
to the day of his death, was also a member of this class. Tho- 
mas Irwin, Jared Irwin, Robert Rutherford, and William 
WiUiamson, were the four remaining members. The whole 
number of graduates is 533, among whom are found a large 
number of our most useful and distinguished citizens. 

The University has buildings which have cost perhaps 
75 or 880,000. It has a very extensive and complete philo- 
sophical apparatus, a good chemical laboratory, a large min- 



74 FRANKLIN COLLEGE. 

eral cabinet, and a very neat botanic garden. These have 
cost at least 20,000 dollars. The two literary societies have 
libraries amounting to about five thousand volumes. The offi- 
cers of the University are now a President, six Professors, and 
two Tutors. Considering all the circumstances, may it not be 
said that its trustees have done much; that they have not be- 
trayed their trust ; and that though the State may not have 
done as much as many friends of learning could desire, she has 
done more than many apprehend — more than many States 
which are supposed to have been very liberal in their endow- 
ment and support of seminaries of learning ? It is true that 
the citizens of the State, as individuals, have given but little to 
this institution. It has not been the recipient of such legacies 
and donations as have been bestowed upon the older Colleges. 
But may not the liberality of our citizens, which has been so free 
towards other and private seminaries, be yet turned towards 
this ? And since so much has been done by the trustees to 
carry out the designs of its patriotic and enlightened founders, 
may we not reasonably suppose that the State will hereafter 
appropriate to it whatever may be necessary to place it by the 
side of the most favoured and useful Colleges in the land ? 



FRANKLIN COLLEGE OF GEORGIA. 

This institution is located in Athens, in Clarke county. As 
early as 1788-9, the Legislature of Georgia made liberal en- 
dowments for the establishment of the University ; but it did 
not go into operation until. 1 80 L Its first President was Mr. 
Josiah Meigs, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy 
in Yale College, a gentleman of high reputation as a scholar, 
but owing to circumstances which reflect no blane upon him, 
the University did not realize the expectations ot its friends. 
Mr. Meigs resigned the presidency in 1811, and the Rev. Dr. 
Kollock, well known as a polished scholar, and great orator, 
was elected to fill the vacancy. This gentleman, however, 
declined the appointment, and Dr. Brown, Professor of Moral 
Philosophy, Columbia College, South Carolina, was then cho- 



FRANKLIN COLLEGE. 75 

sen to the office, who continued to preside over the University 
until 181G, when he resigned. Dr. Finley, of New- Jersey, 
was appointed his successor. This great and good man ap- 
plied himself with indefatigable zeal to the advancement of 
the College, and confidence was felt through the State, that it 
would soon occupy a prominent stand among the literary in- 
stitutions of the United States ; but the sudden and lamented 
death of Dr. Finley for a time obscured the cheering prospect. 
The Rev. N. S. S. Beman was selected to fill the vacancy oc- 
casioned by the demise of Dr. Finley ; but this gentleman de- 
clined serving. In 1819, the celebrated Dr. Moses Waddel, 
whose name will long be remembered by the citizens of South 
Carolina and Georgia, was elected President ; and under 
whose administration the University succeeded, to an extent 
beyond the most sanguine hopes of its friends. Dr. Waddel 
resigned in 1829, when the present incumbent, Dr. Alonzo 
Church, of Brattleborough, Vermont, and a graduate of Mid- 
dlebury College, Vermont, was appointed to this distinguished 
station. The character of Dr. Church is so favourably known 
to the people of Georgia, that it is almost superfluous to say 
any thing in relation to him. With a mind richly furnished 
with the stores of learning — with manners proverbially capti- 
vating — with uncommon kindness of disposition, and with the 
prudence and firmness requisite to be possessed by those to 
whom the people of Georgia commit the education of their 
sons, at a period the most critical in the life of youth. Dr. 
Church has every qualification for the exalted position which 
he has so long filled. 

Associated with him are seven Professors, viz. 

James Jackson, A. M., Professor of Natural History and 
Modern Languages; appointed in 1823. 

James P. Waddel, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages, 
a son of Dr. Moses Waddel ; appointed in 1836. 

Charles F. McCay, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, As- 
tronomy, and Civil Engineering; appointed in 1837. 

John Le Conte, M. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy 
and Chemistry; appointed in 1846. 

Hon. Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Professor of Law ; appoint- 
ed in 1847. 



76 MERCER UNIVERSITY. 

N. H. Wood, A, M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics; 
appointed in 1848. 

The Rev. WiUiam T. Brantley, A. M., Professor of Belles 
Lettres, Oratory, and History; appointed in 1848. 

M. C. Fulton, A. M., Tutor in Ancient Languages ; ap- 
pointed in 1847. 

The University is now in a state of great prosperity. The 
number of students, according to the last catalogue, was one 
hundred and forty. 

The resources of the University are 100,000 dollars in stock 
of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and about 1500 dollars in 
other stocks, together with the proceeds of the tuition of stu- 
dents, and a small amount of town lots. The buildings are : 
Two three-story, 120 by 45 feet, for lodging rooms for students ; 
a philosophical hall and chemical laboratory, a chapel, a libra- 
ry and cabinet, president's house, and three houses for the pro- 
fessors. The library contains between eight and nine thou- 
sand volumes. The philosophical apparatus is one of the 
most extensive and complete in the country ; the chemical 
laboratory is ample ; the cabinet- of minerals large, and the 
botanic garden in good order. 

The College has forty-four acres of ground on which the 
buildings are erected, and which is set apart by the Legisla- 
ture of the State for that purpose, and can never be diminished. 

Connected with the College are two societies. Each has 
a very neat and convenient hall, erected at the expense of the 
society, and costing about 4000 dollars each. The library of 
each of these associations contains between two and three 
thousand volumes. 



MERCER UNIVERSITY. 



This University is situated in Penfield, Greene county. 
In the year 1829, Mr. Josiah Penfield, of Savannah, bequeathed 
to the Baptist Convention of Georgia $2500, to aid in the edu- 
cation of poor young men preparing for the ministry. Other 



MERCER UNIVERSITY. 77 

funds were obtained for the same object, and in January, 1833, 
a Literary and Theological Institution with a department for 
manual labor was established. In its progress the character 
of the institution became elevated, and in 1838 it received a 
charter from the Legislature with the title of Mercer Uni- 
versity. In 1845 the manual labor was discontinued, and the 
present course of theological instruction was commenced. 

Endowment. — Besides its valuable buildings, and an exten- 
sive tract of land, the University possesses the following funds : 

University Fund, . . . $ 80,520 
Central Professorship Fund, . . 19,259 
Mercer Theological " . 21,822 

Railroad Stock, .... 10,000 
Other Funds 6,599 



Total, . . $138,200 

For this endowment, the University is chiefly indebted to 
the liberality of the late Rev. Jesse Mercer. A foundation 
has thus been laid, on which the friends of education and 
religion may build, with the confident hope of rearing an 
institution that will be a blessing to future generations. 

The library contains 2000 volumes. The philosophical 
and chemical apparatus continues to receive additions. 

The two literary Societies have valuable libraries. 

Faculty. — Rev. Mr. Dagg, President and Professor of 
Systematic Theology, a native of Virginia, appointed in 1844. 

S. P. Sanford, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, appointed 
in 1841. 

Rev. S. G. Hillyer, Professor of Belles-Lettres, appointed, 
in 1845. 

Rev. N. M. Crawford, A. M., Professor of Ecclesiastical 
History, a son of the Hon. W. H. Crawford ; appointed in 1845. 

Joseph E. Willet, A. B., Professor of Chemistry and 
Natural Philosophy, appointed in 1847. 

Rev. P. H. Mell, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages. 

According to the last catalogue, there were 120 students 
in attendance. 

Commencement on the last Wednesday in July. 
6 



78 EMORY COLLEGE. 

OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY. 

This institution is located at Midway near Milledgeville in 
Baldwin county. It is under the government of the Presby- 
terian Church, represented by the Synod of South Carolina 
and Georgia, The College commenced operations in January 
1838. The President is the Rev. Samuel K. Talmage, a 
graduate of Princeton College, and elected in 1841. 

The Professors are : Rev. John W. Baker, A. M., Professor 
of Ancient Languages, appointed in 1844. 

Rev. Ferdinand Jacobs, A. M., Professor of Mathematics 
and Astronomy, elected in 1845. 

Rev. R. C. Smith, A. M., Professor of Mental and Moral 
Philosophy, appointed in 1847. 

E. W. Lane, A. M., Professor of Chemistry and Natural 
Philosophy, elected in 1846, 

H. Ramsey, A. M., Rector of Preparatory School. 

The main College building is of brick, two stories high 
besides a basement. The central part contains a fine chapel^ 
whole dimensions 52 feet front by 89 feet deep, including a 
colonnade 14 feet deep. Attached to the building are two 
wings, 30 feet front by 34 feet deep, three stories high. In 
the basement and wings 16 rooms for library, museum, &c. 
On each side of the campus there is a row of dormitories of 
one story for the accommodation of the students. The other 
buildings are the President's house, the Academy, and a 
building used for recitations. 

The College year is divided into two sessions. The winter 
session begins on the first Monday in January, and closes on 
the second Wednesday in May. The summer session begins 
four weeks after the latter date, and closes on Commencement 
day, the Wednesday after the second Monday in November. 



EMORY COLLEGE. 



This institution is situated in the beautiful and retired 
village of Oxford, Newton county. It was founded in 



FEMALE INSTITUTE. * 79 

1837, and was named after Bishop Emory of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. 

Its first President was the Rev. Ignatius A. Few, L. L. D., 
a native of Columbia county, Georgia, and a man of the most 
extensive acquirements. This gentleman resigned the presi- 
dency on account of ill health, and was succeeded by the Rev. 
Augustus B. Longstreet, L. L. D., who continued to preside 
over the College until July 1848, a period of more than ten 
years. The Rev. Geo. F. Fierce, D. D., so favourably known 
as a learned, zealous, and eloquent clergyman, now fills this 
high office. Rev. Dr. Pierce is a native of Greene county, 
Georgia, and a graduate of Franklin College ; acts not only as 
President, but also as Professor of English Literature. 

Rev. Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Physical Sci- 
ence. 

Rev. O. L. Smith, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages. 

Rev. J. M. Bournell, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Langua- 
ges and Mathematics. -^ 

Mr. Gustavus J. Orr, A. M., Professor of Mathematics. 

Mr. James E. Palmer, A. B., Principal of the Preparatory 
Department. 

The College numbers ninety-seven alumni ; of this number 
eighteen are ministers of the gospel. At this time there are 
one hundi'ed and twenty-six students in attendance. The 
libraries contain about three thousand volumes. Commence- 
ment on the Wednesday after the third Monday in July. 



GEORGIA FEMALE COLLEGE. 

Located on a high hill in the city of Macon. This institu- 
tion was founded by a few friends of female literature, and is 
under the supervision of the Georgia Annual Conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. It first commenced its exer- 
cises on the 7th of January, 1839. The Faculty consists of a 
President, three Professors, with*a proper number of assistants, 
a Matron and a superintendent of the department of domestic 



80 EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. 

economy. The course of study is extensive. The number of 
pupils generally in attendance is about one hundred and forty. 

There is one term beginning on the first Monday in Octo- 
ber, and continuing ten successive months. 

The College building is one hundred and sixty feet long and 
sixty wide, four stories, with a cupola. The wings are three 
stories high. Fifty-six rooms in the building. 

This establishment has done much for the cause of Female 
Education in Georgia, and we sincerely hope that it will com- 
mend itself to the patronage of the people. 



GEORGIA EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. * 

The Episcopal Church is chiefly indebted to the liberality 
of G. B. Lamar, Esq., formerly of the city of Savannah, for 
this invaluable seminary. 

This school is located in Monroe county, about seventeen 
miles from Macon, fourteen from Forsyth, and six from the 
Macon and Western Railroad. Its advantages are not sur- 
passed by those of any school in the United States. Until the 
property was purchased by Mr. Lamar, it was a favourite re- 
resort for invalids, who were attracted by its medicinal springs, 
healthful cHmate, and delightful temperature. Its natural beau- 
ties, which are rarely equalled, have been improved with the 
finest taste. The visitor needs only to see its extensive lawn, 
majestic groves, shady walks, beautiful gardens, and spacious 
buildings, to be in love with the spot. In addition to this, it is 
the permanent residence of the bishop of the diocese, a gentle- 
man long distinguished for devoted piety and extensive literary 
attainments. His large and well selected library affords an inex- 
haustible source of entertainment and knowledge to the pupils. 
The course of instruction is thorough and complete ; embracing 
every item that can contribute to fit a lady for the first stations 
in society. Its teachers are persons of high character and 
first rate abihties. They have been procured at great expense 

* Prepared by Rev. Richard Johnson. 



MEDICAL COLLEGE. 81 

in Europe and America. It may be truly said that in this 
school, true religion, useful learning, and polished refinement 
are inseparably united. The number of pupils varies from 
sixty to ninety. The applicants have generally been more 
than could be accommodated. 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA. 

The charter incorporating this College v^^as granted by the 
Legislature of Georgia in 1830. In 1833 and '34 the class in 
attendance amounted to thirty. Since that period, the number 
has greatly increased. 

The course of lectures in this institution commences an- 
nually on the second Monday in November, and continues four 
months. 

Faculty. — George M. Nev^^ton, M. D., Prof, of Anatomy. 

L. A. Dugas, M. D., Prof, of Physiology and Path. Anat- 
omy. 

Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Phar- 
macy. 

Paul F. Eve, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice 
of Surgery. 

Joseph A. Eve, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases 
of Women and Infants. 

L. D. Ford, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of 
Medicine. 

I. P. Garvin, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics and Materia 
Medica. 

H. F. Campbell, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. 

George M. Newton, M. D., Dean of the Faculty. 

The class of 1847-8 numbered one hundred and forty. 
The Board of Trustees consists of twenty-four gentlemen. 

The Legislature of Georgia have been liberal to this Col- 
lege. In 1833 it gave ten thousand dollars, and in 1835, gave 
all the interest of the State in the premium resulting from the 
sale of certain stock, valued at twenty-five thousand dollars. 
By these means, with five thousand dollars a donation from the 



82 LUNATIC ASYLUM. 

City Council of Augusta, and ten thousand dollars raised upon 
the responsibility of the Faculty, the College has been able to 
erect a splendid Grecian Doric structure, furnished with an 
anatomical museum, chemical apparatus, surgical cabinet, &c., 
to liquidate every debt, and provide a fund for contingent 
expense. 



STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM. 

This is, as its name implies, an institution founded by the 
State. 

In December, 1837, an act was passed by the Legislature, 
providing for its establishment, and authorizing the appoint- 
ment, by the Governor, of certain commissioners, charged with 
the duty of purchasing a suitable site, and vested with the au- 
thority to contract for and superintend the erection of the 
necessary buildings, the requisite preliminary appropriation 
being made towards the accomplishment of these purposes. A 
site was selected, southeast of, and about one mile distant from, 
Oglethorpe University. Forty acres of land being purchased, 
the erection of the buildings was begun, and progressed up to 
the winter of 1841, when the Legislature directed that the com- 
missioners should discontinue the operations on one of the 
buildings, and proceed to the speedy completion of that most 
advanced. At the same time an act was passed for the orga- 
nization of the institution. Said act provided that the board, 
&c., of pauper patients sent to the asylum should be paid by 
the counties from which they were sent. It further provided, 
that the superintendence of the institution should remain in 
the trustees and steward until such time as, in the judgment of 
the Board, the increased number of patients rendered it neces- 
sary to elect a resident physician and superintendent (the two 
offices being combined in the same individual), and that the 
medical services requisite should be procured from some neigh- 
bouring physician, who should receive as compensation for his 
services two hundred dollars per annum. 

In October, 1842, one of the buildings contemplated being 



LUNATIC ASYLUM. 83 

completed, the institution was announced ready for the recep- 
tion of patients, and on the 15th December of that year the 
first patient was received ; since which period, the number has 
slowly but steadily increased. The Legislature of 1843 amended 
the act of organization, so as to relieve the individual counties 
from the support of their paupers in the asylum and impose the 
burden upon the State at large, by authorizing the Board of 
Trustees to draw, from time to time, upon the Governor for their 
support, at the rate of fifty dollars per annum. This course 
was pursued up to the session of 1845, when the plan of special 
appropriation of such amount as was deemed necessary for the 
ensuing two years was substituted. The medical services de- 
manded were rendered by the trustees, Drs. Fort, B. A. 
White, and Geo. D. Case, all medical gentlemen of the vicinity, 
until January, 1843, when, in the judgment of the Board, the 
number of patients rendered it necessary that the station of 
resident physician and superintendent should be filled. Dr. 
David Cooper was then elected to that office, and continued to 
discharge its duties up to January, 1846, when he was suc- 
ceeded by the present officer, Dr. Thomas F. Green. The law 
organizing the institution authorizes the commitment to the 
asylum of all idiots, lunatics, and epileptics, and requires that 
all such persons, who are residents of this State, and whose 
pauperism is certified by the court committing them, shall be 
supported in the institution by the State ; all others are required 
to pay board at such rate as may be determined by the trus- 
tees. The present charge is one hundred dollars per annum, 
the friends of the patient supplying all clothing necessary. 
In the fall of 1847, the second building was completed upon 
the same plan as that first erected, and furnished a separate 
department for the use of the female patients. Until within 
the past two years a very large proportion of the patients were 
of the worst possible descriptions. From the general want of 
proper information among the mass of the people in relation to 
such institutions, the incomplete condition of the establishment, 
and the influence of other causes, such only were sent to the 
asylum generally as had become burdens at home, too intoler- 
able to be longer borne, certainly, in very many instances, from 
the influence of no hope of benefit to them, as their state was 



84 LUNATIC ASYLUM. 

such, that, in a number of cases, they did not survive a month 
after their reception. Since November, 1847, the whole aspect 
of things has been materially changed for the better. An en- 
tirely separate department has been provided for the females, 
more extensive means of classification secured, more liberal 
provision made for the support of the institution, white attend- 
ants employed in every department, and many very valuable 
improvements effected. And notwithstanding there still exists 
great necessity for additional means and facilities for promoting 
the care, comfort, and cure of the inmates (all which, it is 
hoped, will be provided for by the next Legislature), yet the 
present condition of the institution is such as to reflect much 
credit upon the humane efforts of the State in the behalf of that, 
of all others, most helpless class of human sufferers, and to aflTord 
the means of providing for their safety, comfort, and cure, in 
a much higher degree and more satisfactory manner than can 
possibly exist under the most favourable circumstances at their 
homes. The proportion of cures effected has been, under all 
the difficulties, fully equal to any just expectations ; indeed, the 
proportion of cures, in recent cases of insanity, have equalled 
such results anywhere. The whole amount expended by the 
State upon this object, for all purposes (including cost of land 
and buildings), has been, or will have been at the end of the 
present year, 1849, f 94,201. 

Whole number of patients received since 15th Decem- 
ber, 1842, to January, 1849, 204 

Number who have been discharged, 56 

died, 53 

Number remaining, January, 1849, 95 

Number of buildings for patients, 2. Size of buildings — 
height, four stories; length, 129 feet; width, 39 feet. Number 
of rooms for patients in each of the two buildings, exclusive of 
those used for bathing purposes, &c., 63 ; size of those rooms, 
■ten feet by nine. Height of ceiling, ten feet. Extent of ground 
at present belonging to the Asylum, forty acres. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 85 

GEORGIA ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, 

AT CAVE SPRINGS, FLOYD COUNTY, 

The Legislature of the State at different times have made 
liberal appropriations for the support and education of the 
deaf and dumb. Formerly, a commissioner was appointed to 
receive applications in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb in- 
habitants of this State, and to make all necessary arrange- 
ments for conveying such beneficiaries to the American Asy- 
lum at Hartford, Connecticut ; but that office is now abolished. 
In 1847, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Gover- 
nor to appoint five commissioners, who are required to make 
all necessary arrangements for the erection of an Asylum. 

This institution is now in successful operation. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS AT MILLEDGEVILLE. 

The State-House stands upon an eminence, about three- 
fourths of a mile from the river. In it are rooms for the Le- 
gislature, offices for the Governor, Secretary of State, Trea- 
surer, Comptroller, and Surveyor General ; and rooms for 
clerks, committees, &c. This building cost f 115,000, and was 
erected under the direction of General Thomas. 

State Arsenal. 

Governor's House. 

Penitentiary. The outer walls are made of brick, aver- 
aging twenty feet in height, by two and a half feet thick, con- 
taining within the walls two and a half acres. The cells, or 
prison proper, are contained in a three-story granite building, 
two hundred feet long by thirty feet broad, each story con- 
structed with a passage eight feet wide, running the whole 
length. On each side are the cells, facing each other, and 
doors opening into these passages, with one grated window. 
The rooms are eight feet high, eight feet long, and six and a 
half feet wide, intended for one inmate only, the whole build- 
ing containing one hundred and fifty cells. These are divided 
into four wards, designated by the letters A, B, C, and D. 



86 BANKS. 

These cells are numbered on the doors, beginning in each 
ward at No. 1, and rising until all are numbered in each re- 
spective ward. The occupants are also numbered, corre- 
sponding with the letter of the ward to which they belong. 
The present workshops were constructed in 1844. They 
are built of brick, one story high, of nine feet pitch, with 
jointed sheathing, and covered with shingles. The form at its 
common centre, is that of an octagon, with three of its angles 
cut to a straight line, leaving five angles of thirty feet each, 
which angles being all open, they present so many openings into 
as many shops, one hundred and fifty feet long, by thirty feet 
broad each. These are lighted by windows every seven feet. 
There is also in the inclosure a two-story building of brick, 
forty feet square, in which are apartments for the sick, female 
convicts, &c. Leather, wagons, shoes, pails, and indeed al- 
most every thing, is made in the establish fhent ; and we un- 
derstand that at this time it brings a small income to the State. 



BANKS. 

Augusta and Insurance Banking Company. 

Bank of Augusta. 

Bank of Brunswick. 

Bank of Milledgeville. 

Bank of St. Mary's. 

Bank of the State of Georgia. 

Branch of Do. at Augusta. 

Branch of Do. at Athens. 

Branch of Do. at Eatonton. 

Branch of Do. at Washington. 

Agency at Macon. 

Agency at Griffin. 

Agency at Columbus. 

Central Railroad and Banking Company. 

Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. 

Marine and Fire Insurance Bank. 

Mechanics' Bank of Augusta. 

Merchants' Bank. 

Planters' Bank. 



RAILROADS. 87 



RAILROADS. 



Central Railroad. — In the report of L. O. Reynolds, 
Esq., Chief Engineer of the Central Railroad, there is much 
information in regard to this work achieved in a comparatively 
short period "under the most discouraging circumstances and 
in the face of a doubting public." 

In the summer and fall of 1834, an experimental survey was 
made under the direction of Col. Cruger, at the request and 
cost of the city of Savannah, to ascertain the practicability, 
and approximate the cost of constructing a Railroad from this 
city to Macon. The survey was made and the practicability 
of the road demonstrated. In April, 1836, the company was 
formed, and preparations made for commencing theT^ad with- 
out delay. The line leaves the depot in the southwestern 
part of Savannah, and continues straight N. 77 deg. 10 min., 
W. for 13 miles — then curving slightly to the left, on a radius 
of 150,000 feet, it approaches within a mile and a half of the 
Ogeechee, then bending to the right, on a curve of 5,000 feet 
radius, it follows the general direction of that river, and at a 
mean distance of about three miles from it, through the flat lands 
of Effingham county, until it reaches the county of Scriven ; 
then taking the hammocks bordering on the river swamp, 
it follows them to Brinson's Mill Creek ; then takes the valley 
of this ci'eek which leads out from the river ; having passed 
around Paramore Hill, and across Buck Head Creek ; the 
line again resumes the river flats, and continues over them 
through the county of Burke ; crossing the Ogeechee at the 
point before mentioned about 12 miles from Louisville. From 
this point it follows the valley of Williamson's Swamp, and 
crosses that stream near the Double Bridges, then taking the 
southernmost of the two southern prongs, ascends the summit 
of the ridge separating the waters of the Ogeechee from those 
of the Oconee, which ridge it crosses about 2^ miles south of 
Saundersville. Having passed the summit, the line goes along 
the valley of a prong of the head branches of the Ohoopee for 
a short distance ; then along the head of Sand Hill Creek by 
which a descent is made to the Oconee river. This riv^r is 



88 RAILROADS. 

gained near a spot called " Rag Point," three miles above the 
mouth of Commissioner's Creek, and 16 or 18 miles below 
Milledgeville. The river svv^amp is here about one mile wide on 
the E., and two miles on the W. The grade is here supported 
at a mean height of about 16 feet above the level of the 
swamp for about three miles ; one-third of this distance is of 
trestle work, and the remainder of embankment. 

The river is crossed by a bridge 266 feet long, supported by- 
stone abutments and a pier in the centre. Having passed the 
Oconee river, the road proceeds near the mouth of Commis- 
sioner's Creek, and then crosses the south side of this creek, 
and follows its valley for 26 miles ; then leaving it, the road 
passes, by a cut of 31 feet, the highest point of land it crosses 
being about 500 feet above tide water, into a prong of Big 
Sandy Creek ; following this stream about two miles it crosses 
it, and takes another branch of the same creek, which it keeps 
for about the same distance ; then crossing the main branch 
of Sandy Creek, it ascends to the summit "between the Oconee 
and Ocmulgee rivers ; then following a branch of Swift Creek 
for a mile and half, it crosses the main creek ; then taking 
another branch of Swift Creek it reaches Boggy Branch, 
which leads it to the valley of the Ocmulgee. After reaching 
the river valley about three miles below the city of Macon, it 
keeps along the low grounds, and enters the river swamp near 
the great mound, and terminates at East Macon, the whole 
distance being 190 miles 3900 feet. 

The road was extended to Macon on the 13th of October, 
1843, and the Macon depot was opened for regular business 
on the 1st of November following. , 

The superstructure of the road for the distance of one 
hundred miles, is laid with the common plate rail. This has 
become much worn by the heavy increase of tonnage which 
the road has sustained for the past year, and the Directors, 
availing themselves of the present low price of iron, have 
ordered a sufficient quantity of heavy rails to re-lay the whole 
of this part of the road. 

A considerable quantity of the new iron is already received 
and is now being laid down. When this shall be accomplished, 
the efficiency and capacity of the road for business will be 
much improved. 



RAILROADS. gQ 

The work on this road is done in a superior manner. The 
arrangements for the comfort of passengers are surpassed by 
few roads in the United States. 

The conductors, some of whom have been in the service 
of the Company from its commencement, have acquired 
an enviable reputation for their courtesy and attention to 
passengers. 

The first President, William W. Gordon, Esq., is justly en- 
titled to the gratitude of the citizens of Georgia, for the great 
interest which he took in this enterprise. With industry 
which nothing could weary ; with a spirit undaunted by 
opposition ; and with talents which eminently qualified him 
for the direction of a work of this character, he devoted his 
whole time to the duties of his office. 

Richard R. Cuyler, Esq., the present President of the 
Company, is a gentleman, to whom much credit is due, for 
his indefatigable attention to the interests of the road. 

We cannot, in justice to another officer of this Company, 
conclude this brief notice without mentioning the name of 
L. O. Reynolds, Esq., Chief Engineer, who has faithfully per- 
formed his duty to the company from its very beginning. 

MiLLEDGEviLLE AND GoRDON Railroad — chartered in 
1847, and organized the same year. The road is to connect 
Milledgeville, the capital of the State, with Gordon, on the 
Central Railroad. From Gordon to Milledgeville, by the line 
of the Railroad, the distance is 17^ miles, and the direction 
N. of N. E. The road crosses the north fork of Commission- 
ers' Creek, Beaver, Camp, and Fishing Creeks. At the time of 
writing this (l2thof June, 1849,) there was about the third of 
the grading of the road completed, and the work is still in pro- 
gress. 

Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. — A charter 
was granted to this Company in December, 1833, and amended 
in December, 1835. 

A portion of the road was put in operation on the 1st of 
November, 1837, and finished to the terminus of the Western 
and Atlantic Railroad at Atlanta, 171 miles from Augusta, on 
the 15th of September, 1845. 

The line leaves the depot at Augusta, and pursues nearly a 



90 RAILROADS. 

westerly direction to Camak, 47 miles. At this point a 
branch extends towards Milledgeville to Warrenton, 3f miles. 
From Camak the course is northwest to Union Point, when 
a branch commences to Athens, 3d miles. From Union Point 
to Madison the line passes through the northern portion of 
Greensborough, and crosses the Oconee at its junction with 
the Appallachee, at an elevation of 426 feet above tide water. 
After leaving Madison, it follows the ridge separating the wa- 
ters of the Appallachee and Little Rivers to the Social Circle, 
whence it descends to the Alcovy at Colley's Bridge, crossing 
it at an elevation of 70 feet, and then takes nearly a direct 
course to Covington, where it bends N. W., and intersecting 
Yellow river a short distance above the Decatur road, it 
gradually rises to the ridge parting Yellow and Ocmulgee riv- 
ers, which it follows, leaving the Stone Mountain Ij miles to 
the right, until it joins the high grounds dividing the latter 
river from the Chattahoochee. Along these it is continued to 
the Western and Atlantic Railroad, touching the S. E. angle 
of the village of Decatur. 

The whole cost of this road and its equipments, up to 
April 1st, 1849, has been $3,551,975. This road, with all the 
arrangements connected with it, does great credit to the Com- 
pany. Every effort is made to insure the safety and comfort 
of passengers. 

Macon and Western Railroad. — This road was charter- 
ed in December, 1833, under the name and style of the Mon- 
roe Railroad and Banking Company. The Company was or- 
ganized, and the road commenced, in 1835. The bank con- 
nected with the road, called the Monroe Railroad Bank, com- 
menced its operations at Macon, on the 25th day of January, 
1837. General L. L. Griffin was President, and James Land, 
Esq., was Cashier, who was soon, however, succeeded by 
Peter Solomon, Esq. The road was first chartered from Ma- 
con to the town of Forsyth, in Monroe county. In 1836 the 
charter was amended, authorizing the extension of the road in 
a northwesterly direction to some point on or near the Chatta- 
hoochee to be thereafter determined. The bank continued its 
operations, and the road was pressed onward with great ra- 
pidity, until it reached the place now occupied by the town of 



RAILROADS. 91 

GrifRn, in Pike county. About this time the affairs of both the 
road and bank became much involved — so much so, that the 
entire capital invested in them v^^as a total loss to the stock- 
holders ; and after much litigation, the road and all its equip- 
ments were sold on the 5th day of August, 1845, under a de- 
cree of Court, and were purchased by Jeremy Cowles, Esq., 
agent for Daniel Tyler, Esq., for the sum of $155,000. By 
the energy of Daniel Tyler, a new Company, composed princi- 
pally of northern capitalists, was formed, of which Daniel 
Tyler was made President. This Company applied to the 
Legislature, in 1845, for a confirmation of their purchase, and 
a change of the name of the road, both of which were 
granted. 

• The old road and equipments were found in so great a state 
of deterioration, that the new Company resolved at once to 
renew the superstructure of wood, and lay new rails on the 
whole line, and to furnish an entire new outfit of engines and 
cars. To accomplish this, the energies of the Company were 
applied about the 1st day of January, 1846, and the road was 
opened its whole length from Macon to Atlanta, 101 miles, 
and a regular freight and passenger business commenced on 
the first day of October of the same year. To give an idea 
of the rapid manner in which this work was completed, we 
will remark, that over $600,000 in cash, including the purchase 
money, was expended in less than nine months. In 1847, the 
Macon and Western Railroad applied to the Legislature for 
an amendment to its charter, which was granted, conferring all 
the previous privileges that were enjoyed by the old Company, 
except banking, including the right to construct a road from 
Griffin to West Point. Total cost of road to present owners, 
$628,091 25. 

The public are aware that the trains of this road have 
been run with a regularity unsurpassed by any railroad in the 
United States ; and the President of the Company, in his re- 
port for the last year, says " the entire credit of which is due to 
the superior skill and management of Mr. Emerson Foote, the 
general superintendent." 

Southwestern Railroad. — In 1845, a plan was con- 
ceived of constructing a railroad from the city of Macon, 



92 RAILROADS. 

passing through the southwestern counties of Georgia to some 
point on the Chattahoochee river, and also to be connected 
with a contenaplated raih'oad to be constructed by the Pensa- 
cola Raih^oad Company, from that city to some point on the 
above mentioned river. A charter was granted by the ensu- 
ing Legislature, an experienced engineer employed, and an ac- 
curate survey made. The Central Railroad Company, and 
the City Council of Savannah, each subscribed $250,000 to 
the stock of this Company, payable as soon as the completion 
of the road was placed beyond contingency. The commission- 
ers petitioned the Legislature of 1847 to amend the charter, so 
as to allow them to organize the Company as soon as a sub- 
scription of $200,000 could be obtained. This amendment 
was granted, and the commissioners succeeded in obtaining a 
sufficient amount of subscriptions to authorize them to call a 
meeting of the subscribers. A meeting was held, and on the 
10th day of February, 1847, the Company was organized. 
Shortly afterwards, the whole building of twenty-five miles of 
the road, and the grading of ten miles more were put under 
contract. There have been subscribed to the stock of this 
Company, to 7th December 1848, $512,200, or 5122 shares. 
From the report of the engineer we learn, that " the extent of 
line now under contract is thirty-five miles," and the contract- 
ors are making very commendable progress. 

Western and Atlantic Railroad. — This road com- 
mences at Atlanta, in De Kalb county; passes through Cobb, 
Cass, Walker, and Murray counties, and will terminate at 
Chattanooga, in Tennessee. It is destined to connect with the 
railroads of Tennessee, and when finished will be of immense 
advantage to Georgia. It is expected that the road will be com- 
pleted in the course of the present year. The tunnel of 
this road is 1477 feet in length, height 18 feet, width in the 
clear 12 feet. It is cut, in a great measure, through solid rock. 
The lateral walls are of rock, six feet thick at the base, and 
five feet at the top. The approaches to the tunnel are pro- 
tected on both sides by massive masonry. The chief engineer, 
in his report for 1848, says : — 

"The Etowah mills, and others erected, or in process of 
erection, for the manufacture of flour, are stimulating the 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 93 

production of wheat to an unprecedented extent ; and our 
Georgia brands are already esteemed among the best in the 
market. Wheat and flour are to be important articles of 
transportation on this road. 

" The watering places along our line of road, and conve- 
nient to the same, are becoming very popular, and they may be 
expected to attract large crowds every summer, and thus con- 
tribute to swell the income of the road. Indeed not only these 
mineral and medicinal waters, but also the saltpetre cave near 
Kingston, the tunnel beyond Dalton, the rich and varied scene- 
ry along our whole line, the mountainous ridges, the long 
fertile valleys and beautiful streams, together with the bold 
features around Chattanooga, are all objects to interest and 
attract summer visitants." 

Augusta and Waynesborough Railroad, — The stock of 
this road has been subscribed for, and the work is in progress. 
Its importance is evident from its connecting Savannah and 
Augusta with the railroads in Tennessee. 

Charters for several Railroads have been obtained, and 
some of them are in the progress of construction. 



CANALS. 

The only works of this description in Georgia, are the Sa- 
vannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal, and the Augusta 
Canal, an account of which is given in this work. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

Protestant Episcopal Church. — The trustees of the colony 
of Georgia, rightly considered it a part of their duty to provide 
for the pastoral superintendence of their settlers, as well as for the 
instruction and conversion of the natives ; and in looking out 
for clergymen duly qualified for the discharge of this important 
duty, their attention was naturally directed to the Rev. John 
7 



94 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

Wesley, and his companions at Oxford. Dr. Burton, at that 
time President of Corpus Christi College, was one of the trus- 
tees ; and being well acquainted with Mr. Wesley, introduced 
him to General Oglethorpe, who at once proposed to him the 
mission to Georgia. Wesley at first declined the offer, but 
finally consented to go. With his friends Delamotte and Ing- 
ham, he embarked at Gravesend on the 14th of October, 1725, 
and arrived in the Savannah river on the 5th of February, 
1736. As soon as Wesley entered upon his missionary work, 
he found a serious obstacle to the conversion of the natives, in 
the bad examples of his countrymen. With his European 
congregation, he insisted on an exact compliance with the 
rubrics. His zeal for the maintenance of ecclesiastical order 
and authority, was shown about this time, by his taking a voy- 
age to Charleston, to present a formal complaint to Mr. Gar- 
den, the Commissary, of some one who had married several of 
his parishioners, without either banns or license. Having at- 
tained his object, he returned to Savannah, and devoted him- 
self to the spiritual welfare of the settlers. Finding a settle- 
ment of French famihes at the village of Highgate, and one of 
Germans at Hampstead, he readily undertook to perform di- 
vine service every Saturday at both places, in the language of 
the respective settlers. Circumstances which it is no part of 
our task to investigate, led Wesley, after taking counsel with 
his friends, to decide upon leaving a country where his power 
of being useful seemed likely to be diminished. Accordingly, 
he returned to England, where he was destined to play a more 
conspicuous and successful part. It is a singular fact, that the 
ship which brought Wesley into the Downs, passed one out- 
ward bound, which had on board another remarkable man, 
just commencing his voyage, for the very mission which Wes- 
ley had abandoned. The latter, as soon as he knew that 
Whitefield was on board the vessel which had just set sail, 
and doubting whether his friend would be so usefully em- 
ployed in America as in England, found means to send him a 
note, advising him to return ; but Whitefield was not to be 
diverted from his settled purpose. He arrived in Georgia in 
May, 1738, and remained a few months, faithfully discharging 
his duties. He then returned to London ; after which he set 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 95 

sail for the Northern States of America. After a tour of 
preaching, he came to Georgia in 1739, and laid the founda- 
tion of an orphan-house, to which he gave the name of Be- 
thesda. On the petition of the trustees, the Rev. Wm. Norris 
was appointed Missionary to Savannah in 1740 ; and the Rev. 
Mr. Bosomworth to Frederica, in 1743. The latter did not 
remain long in the mission, but was succeeded in 1745 by the 
Rev. Mr. Zouberbugler, who, two years after his arrival, re- 
ported the number of inhabitants in Savannah at 602, and of 
communicants at 57. A schoolmaster, by name Ottolenghi, 
'• a very serious and devout convert from Judaism," was added 
to the Mission in 1750 ; and the Rev. Jonathan Copp was 
sent out as Missionary to Augusta. Upon his arrival, Mr. 
Copp found a congregation of from 80 to 100 persons, but only 
eight communicants ; and there was no other settled clergy- 
man within 130 miles of him. The situation of this gentle- 
man was very trying. He had neither house nor glebe, and 
there appeared but little chance of his receiving even the 
small allowance of £20 a year, which had been promised to 
him by the vestry. But, independently of all this, he and his 
family were living in constant apprehension of an incursion 
and attack by the Indians. He continued, however, to main- 
tain his ground in this mission for five years ; and in 175(i re- 
moved to a parish in South Carolina. In 1758 the Assembly 
passed an act for dividing the province into eight parishes, re- 
cognizing the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England, 
and granting a salary of £25 sterling to every clergyman em- 
ployed in the province. The Mission of Augusta remained 
for some time vacant; but, in 1764, was again filled by the ap- 
pointment of the Rev. Samuel Frink. Mr. Frink remained in 
Augusta about three years, The population at the time of 
his first report, was 540 whites, 501 negro slaves, and about ' 
90 Chickasaw Indians. In 1767 he was removed to Savan- 
nah, and was succeeded by the Rev. Edward EUington, June 
30, 1768, who informed the Society for the Propagation of the 
Gospel, that there was not one place of worship of any deno- 
mination, within a hundred miles of him, any way. This 
faithful Missionary did every thing in his power to remedy 
this evil, generally setting out on Monday, and travelling 30 or 



96 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

40 miles, performing divine service at three different places, 
ten miles wide of each other, on the three following days, and 
returning home on the Friday. Within a short time after his 
arrival at his Mission, he had baptized 178 children and two 
adults. During his residence at Augusta, he had travelled in 
the discharge of duty 3000 miles ; had baptized 428 persons, 
and raised the number of communicants from seven to forty. 
Although the Church of England was established by law in 
Georgia, the province divided into parishes, and commission- 
ers appointed to see to the erection of a church, and the setting 
off a glebe in every parish ; yet all these provisions were nu- 
gatory, as no one seemed to consider himself responsible 
for carrying them into practical operation. In 1769, there 
were but two churches in the whole of Georgia, and these 
were 150 miles apart. The separation of the colonies from 
the mother country, interfered much with the progress of 
the Episcopal Church, and for many years there were not, 
at any one time, more than three clergymen in the State. 
Within a few years past, this denomination has greatly in- 
creased. There are now connected with the Diocese of 
Georgia, about twenty-six clergymen, sixteen parishes, and over 
800 communicants. 

More than $3,380 were contributed for missionary and 
other purposes during the past year. 

Lutheran Church. — On the 27th of November, 1733, 
ninety-one persons of the Lutheran faith with two clergymen, 
the Rev. Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau, embarked from Europe 
for Georgia, and after a passage of one hundred and four days, 
landed in Savannah. Resting here for a few days, they pro- 
ceeded to a tract of land situated on the north side of Savan- 
nah river, about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah, 
which had been granted to them by the Trustees, and to which 
thejPgave the name of Eben Ezer (Rock of Help), in consid- 
eration of their gratitude to the Almighty for his protecting 
care. In the years 1735, 1736, 1741, the settlement was in- 
creased by other colonists, and although much exposed to pri- 
vations and sickness, they felt that the privilege of worshipping 
God according to the dictates of their conscience more than 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 97 

compensated them for all that they suffered. For some time 
they were in the habit of holding their meetings for religious 
services in the tent of the Rev. Mr. Bolzius, one of their pas- 
tors, and when the contributions of their friends in Europe 
enabled them to erect an orphan-house, divine worship was 
held in this building until their two churches were ready for 
their reception. About this time there was a settlement of 
Germans on St. Simon's Island, under the pastoral care of the 
Rev. Mr. Driesler, a gentleman, who by his exemplary piety 
had secured the love of all who knew him. In Savannah a 
church had been established probably before 1759, under the 
care of Rev. Messrs. Martin Rabenhorst and Wottman, but 
divine service being conducted in the German language, and 
the younger part of the congregation being ignorant of that 
language, the church was closed, and remained in this situ- 
ation for many years. Thechurch was again opened in 1824, 
with preaching in the English language, the Rev. S. A. Mealy 
being their pastor. The present church was erected in 1843, 
at a cost of $13,000. 

The congregation at Ebenezer in the very beginning of the 
Revolution took an active part in favour of the colonies. This 
was to be expected. They said, "We have experienced the* 
evils of tyranny in our native country ; for the sake of Liberty 
we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken re- 
fuge in the wilds of Georgia ; shall we now again submit to 
bondage ? No ! we will not." With a few exceptions they 
stood by their country throughout the whole revolutionary 
conflict. Their church was converted into a stable by the 
British soldiers, and sometimes was used as a hospital for the 
sick and wounded. After the war the settlers began to scatter 
themselves on small farms from two to ten miles from the vil- 
lage. The church was repaired, and the Rev. John E. Berg- 
man arrived from Germany, and served the congregation as 
their pastor for thirty-six years. He preached in the German 
language, which proved, as far as the young were concerned, 
injurious to the interests of their church, and about the close 
of the eighteenth century, a few only remained of a congrega- 
tion which once required the services of three clergymen at 
the same time. 



98 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

The Lutherans have within a few years been increasing 
in Georgia. There are now nine Lutheran ministers in this 
State, who are engaged in building up the interests of that 
church. Besides the church in the city of Savannah, there 
are three churches in Effingham county, two in Coweta, one 
in Henry, one in Merriwether, two in Macon county, and a 
missionary is now labouring in the city of Macon with some 
prospects of success. There are also Lutheran settlements in 
Randolph, Stewart, and several other counties in south- 
western Georgia. The statistics of this church in Georgia 
may be set down as follows : — Ministers nine, churches ten, 
communicants six hundred, Lutheran population two thou- 
sand. The congregation at Ebenezer has a fund of some 
814,000, from the interest of which the expenses of the church 
are paid, and provision made for the education of the children. 
The cause of Missions, Temperance Societies, and all the other 
benevolent enterprises of the day are liberally supported by 
the ministers and their people. 

Baptists. — Members of this respectable denomination 
were among the first colonists which came to Georgia. In 
1757, Mr. Nicholas Bedgewood, who was connected with 
•Whitefield's orphan-house near Savannah, went to Charleston, 
and was baptized by the Rev. Mr. Hart. Having received 
ordination he returned to Georgia, and in 1763, baptized and 
administered the Lord's Supper to several persons in the vici- 
nity of the orphan-house. About 1770, or 1771, the Rev. Mr. 
Botsford, a very zealous Baptist minister, came to Georgia, and 
established a church about twenty-five or thirty miles below 
Augusta, now known as Botsford's old meeting-house. Not 
long before the arrival of Mr. Botsford, the Rev. Daniel Mar- 
shall with other Baptist emigrants settled on the Kiokee creek 
in Columbia county, and in 1772 established the first regular 
Baptist church in Georgia. The war with the Indians and the 
Revolution interfered very much with the labours of the minis- 
ters of this denomination ; but when peace again threw her 
benignant smiles upon our country, they resumed their pious 
efforts, and have continued from that period to the present 
among the most self-denying and zealous Christians in our 
State. It is believed that the Baptists now embrace a greater 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 99 

number of members than any other church. According to the 
statistical table, contained in the minutes of their Convention 
held in 1849, there were in Georgia: 

Associations, 56 

Churches, 1,105 

Church Members, 67,068 

Baptized last year, 5,732 

Gain of Convention Associations, 3,187 

Gain to Convention, 5,239 

Loss of Anti-Mission Associations, 322 

Gain of Neutral Associations, 1,183 

Gain of United Baptist Associations, 111 

Total gain in the State, 4,159 

Number of ordained Ministers, 583 

Number of Licentiates, 292 

Methodist Episcopal Church. — At the Conference of Vir- 
ginia, held in 1786, a proposal was made for some preachers 
to volunteer their services for the State of Georgia, and several 
otfered themselves for this new field of labour. Two of those 
who offered, Thomas Humphries and John Major, were ac- 
cepted, and they went to their work and were made a blessing 
to many. They formed a Circuit along the settlements on 
the banks of the Savannah river, around by Little river, in- 
cluding Washington. During this year they formed several 
societies, containing upwards of 400 members. John Major, from 
the plaintive style of his preaching, was called the " Weeping 
Prophet." In 1799, George Clarke was sent to St. Mary's, in 
Georgia. He did not, however, confine his labours to St. Mary's, 
but travelled extensively in Glynn and Camden counties. In 
this year, the first Methodist society was formed in Augusta, 
under the direction of Stith Mead. In 1803, the number of 
members in Georgia was greatly increased. Methodism was 
established in Savannah in 1807. It is true, that as early as 
1790, Hope Hull was sent to Savannah, and he preached a 
few times in a chairmaker's shop belonging to Mr. Lowry ; 
but such was the opposition manifested towards him, thai he 
was assailed with mob violence, and his success was small. 
He was followed in 1796 by Jonathan Jackson and Josiah 
Randle, but they left the place without making any permanent 



100 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, 

impression. In 1800, John Garvin made an ineffectual at- 
tempt to collect a society in Savannah, and though he suc- 
ceeded after many difficulties in inducing a few^ to attend his 
meetings for a season, yet he also abandoned the place in de- 
spair. The next attempt was made by a Mr. Cloud, whose 
improper conduct only increased the existing prejudices against 
the Methodists. At a Conference held in Sparta, December 
29, 1806, the subject of making another attempt to establish 
Methodism in Savannah was presented by a forcible appeal 
from some warm friends of the cause. Bishop Asbury selected 
Samuel Dunwoody, at that time young in the ministry, but 
humble, bold, and zealous. He laboured assiduously, and at 
the end of the year, returned twelve members, five whites and 
seven coloured. After hard toiling, the members succeeded 
in erecting a house of worship in 1812, which was called 
Wesley Chapel. Since that period, the Methodists have not 
only increased in Savannah, but in every part of Georgia, and 
next to the Baptists, are the most numerous denomination.* 
According to the minutes of the last Annual Conference, there 
were in Georgia 43,736 white members, 16,635 coloured, 139 
travelling preachers, and fourteen superannuated, besides a 
large number of local preachers. 

Presbyterians. — The compiler regrets that he has been 
unable to procure a history of the Presbyterian Church in 
Georgia. Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer, says : 

"A church was established at Medway, Liberty county, 
about 1757 ; minister. Rev. John Osgood. Their ancestors 
had emigrated from Dorchester, in Massachusetts, many years 
before, and settled at a place which they called Dorchester, in 
South Carolina, whence they removed to Medway. 

" A Presbyterian church existed in Savannah about 1760 ; 
minister, Rev. John J. Zubley. A new house of worship was 
built in 1800, and another in 1819, the most elegant and costly 
in the State. 

'• The first minister ordained in the up-country, was the 
Rev. Mr. Springer, in 1790." 

The ministers of this church are highly educated men, 

* See Bangs' History of Methodism. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 101 

and have done much to promote the interests of religion 
and learning in Georgia. According to the report of the 
General Assembly for 1849, there are in Georgia five Presbyte- 
ries — Hopewell, Georgia, Flint River, Cherokee, and Florida; 
68 ministers, 107 chm'ches, and 5059 communicants. 

Jews. — The compiler of this work is indebted to the kind- 
ness of the Hon. Mordecai Sheftall, Sr., for the following par- 
ticulars in relation to the history of the Jews in this State. 
Upon their authenticity every reliance can be placed, as they 
were derived from manuscripts prepared by the grandfather of 
Mr. Sheftall. On the 11th of July, 1733, the following per- 
sons belonging to the Hebrew nation arrived in Savannah: — 
Dr. Nunis and liis mother, Mrs. Nunis ; Daniel Moses and 
Sipra Nunis, and Shem Noah their servant ; Mr. Henriques 
and wife, and Shem their servant ; Mr, and Mrs. Bornal ; 
David Olivera ; Jacob Olivera and wife and three children, 
David, Isaac, and Leah ; Aaron Depivea ; Benjamin Gideon ; 
Jacob Costa ; David Depass and wife ; Yene Real, Molena, 
David Moranda; Jacob Moranda; David Cohen, wife and 
four children, Isaac, Abigail, Hannah, and Grace ; Abraham 
Minis and wife, with their two daughters, Leah and Esther ; 
Simeon Minis ; Jacob Yowall ; Benjamin Sheftall and wife, 
and Abraham De Lyon. 

The above-named persons sailed from London in the 
second ship which left that port for Savannah, and arrived four 
days after the wards and tithings were named. They brought 
with them the Safer Torn and the Hechal, which are still used 
in the synagogue of Savannah. Many of the first settlers 
lived to an advanced age. A. Minis lived 63 years, Benjamin 
Sheftall 73 years, Daniel Nunis 85 years, Moses Nunis 82 
years. The descendants of only three of the first settlers are 
now living in Savannah, viz., Sheftall's, Minis's, and De Lyon's. 
Shortly after their arrival, they rented a house in Market 
Square, on a lot now belonging to A. Champion, Esq., for the 
purpose of divine worship. The synagogue was called " K. 
K. Mickva Israel." Here for many years they continued to 
observe the forms of their religion, until 1740 or 1741, when 
the congregation was dissolved on account of the many re- 
movals to Charleston. In the year 1774, it was determined 



102 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS 

that new efforts should be made to resuscitate their congre- 
gation ; and accordingly Mr. Mordecai Sheftall, a gentleman 
strongly attached to his religion, fitted up, at his own expense, 
a room in his house for the accommodation of the people, and 
worship was regularly observed until the American Revolu- 
tion, when again the congregation was temporarily dissolved. 

In 1786 the Jews met, and resolved to re-establish their 
congregation of K. K. Mickva Israel. A house was hired in 
St. James's Square, and the heads of the congregation chosen. 
For many years, service was performed regularly on the Sab- 
bath and holydays, but a combination of causes again produced 
a suspension of public worship. 

For a long period there was no place for religious worship; 
but in 1820 a neat synagogue was consecrated, and which was 
accidentally destroyed by fire in 1829. 

After this event, Dr. Moses Sheftall, who was then Presi- 
dent of the congregation, was very active in devising plans by 
which money could be raised to build another synagogue. 
Subscriptions were liberally made not only by the Jews, but 
by Christians of every denomination ; and in a short time 
another synagogue of brick was erected, and afterwards conse- 
crated. 

At present no services are performed, but it is expected that 
the period will not be long before a gentleman of ability will 
be engaged to perform the duties of minister. The Syna- 
gogue in Savannah is the only one in Georgia. 

Disciples of Christ, or Christians. — There are nume- 
rous congregations in Georgia, particularly in Chatham, 
Cass, Richmond, Walton, Fayette, Merriwether, and Walker. 
The distinguishing peculiarities of the disciples are, " that 
they acknowledge no ecclesiastical authority but that of 
Christ, and hold that the instructions He has given us, are full, 
perfect, and complete. The Bible, therefore, is their sole guide 
in discipline and piety. Guided by it, they require sinners to 
know God, and obey the gospel of Jesus Christ, in order to 
their introduction into the knowledge of God's grace and faith. 
Repentance, confession of the Lord, and burial with him in 
baptism, are the evidences of this knowledge and obedience. 
The saints are expected, and required, to add to the faith, 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 103 

through which they have had this access to the favour of God 
and the participation of the Divine nature, virtue, knowledge, 
temperance, &c. They are taught, too, to continue stead- 
fastly in the apostles' doctrine, the fellowship, the breaking of 
bread, and prayers — praising the Lord. This is the worship 
on the first day of the week. It is held by the disciples, that 
the whole duty of Christian ministers is set forth in the com- 
mission of the Loral, Matt, xxviii. 19, 20; Mark, xvi. 15, 16 — 
and that they endanger their own salvation by departing from 
this great command — 2 Tim. iv. 1, 2. The Acts of the Apos- 
tles and their epistles to the churches and brethren constitute 
the development of that commission." In the city of Augusta 
the disciples have a convenient brick meeting-house, the gift of 
Mrs. Tubman. 

Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. — During the 
year 1770, under the auspices of George III., a colony of Irish 
emigrants embarked for America. Upon their arrival in this 
country, they took up their residence at a place known at 
that time by the name of Queensborough, These people 
sustained an ecclesiastical connection, with the Associate 
Reformed Presbyterian Church. Some time after their settle- 
ment, they were visited successively by the Rev. William 
Ronaldson, Wm. McCamah, Josiah Lewis, Thomas Clarke, < 
and Mr. Paddy. In the year 1790, the Rev. David Bothwell 
was regularly installed as their pastor, the duties of which he 
continued to exercise until the time of his decease, which 
took place in 1801. After his demise, the Church received 
occasional ministerial supplies from the Rev. Alexander 
Porter and Rev. Mr. McMullen of South Carolina. On his 
way to the city of Savannah the Rev. Mr. Kerr spent a short 
time with the congregation. During the autumn of 1814, the 
Rev. Joseph Lowry, of South Carolina, having received a 
call from Bethel Congregation in Burke, was regularly install- 
ed as pastor of the same. He continued to labour here until 
July 1840, being then called by death to give an account of his 
stewardship. Their present pastor is Rev. John S. Pressly, 
of South Carolina. There are two places of worship ; one 
in Jefferson, the other in Burke. The Presbytery of Georgia 
embraces ten congregations. The most of them are small, 



104 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

a majority of them destitute at this time of settled pastors. 
Arrangements are making, however, for the settlement of at 
least a portion of them. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian 
Church is very nearly assimilated to the General Assembly 
(old school) Presbyterians. The most prominent features of 
distinction are in reference to psalmody and communion. 
The Associate Reformed Church, not being able to discover 
any divine warrant for using in the praise of God songs of 
human composition, restrict themselves in praise exclusively 
to a version of the Scripture. " In sacramental communion 
they deem intercommunion inexpedient, and therefore practise 
that." 

Roman Catholics. — We have been unable to procure 
a history of this denomination. There are churches in 
Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Locust Grove in 
Taliafero county, Atlanta, and Washington. 

Protestant Methodists. — These probably have about 
25 ministers, and 30 congregations. 

Mormons or Latter Day Saints. — A church has re- 
cently been organized in Fayette county. 

In addition to the above there, are in different sections of 
the State, Universalists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Unita- 
rians, &c., &c. The people of Georgia generally are a church- 
going people. Numerous camp-meetings are held in the middle 
and upper part of the State. The owners of slaves, in many 
parts, are taking active measures to have them instructed in 
the principles of Christianity. 



COUNTIES. 



APPLING. 



Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Alatamaha, which sepa- 
rates it from Montgomery and Tattnall; N E. by a part of 
Liberty, E. by Wayne, S. by Ware, and W. by Irwin and 
Telfair. Laid out in 1818. Part added to Telfair in 1819, 
to Ware in 1824, and to Telfair in 1825. Medium length 55 
miles, breadth 35, square miles 1925. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The head waters of the Great and Little 
St. Ilia are in this county. The creeks are. Ten-mile creek. 
Five-mile creek, Big Goose, Little Goose, Dougherty's, Car- 
ter's, and others. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Appling is sparsely 
inhabited. In 1845, the population was 2033 whites, 357 blacks; 
total, 2390. Amount of tax for 1848, i674 74. Sends one 
representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Holmesville, Willis's Store. 

Towns. — Holmesville is the county site, having a court- 
house and one or two st(*res. Population about 20. Distant 
from Milledgeville 115 miles, and 45 miles from Jacksonville. It 
is a healthy place. Made the county site in 1828. 

Town Bluff, a small place on the Alatamaha. 

Face of the Country, Soil, Productions. — The face of 
the country is level. The soil is generally poor. The produc- 
tions are cotton, sugar cane, corn, and rice, and the average 
products are about the same as in the adjacent counties 
Quantities of lumber are sent to the Savannah market. 



106 APPLING COUNTY. 

Climate, Diseases. — The climate is moderate, and may 
be regarded healthy, although fevers and agues occur in some 
places. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists 
are the prevailing sects. Education is much neglected. 

Roads. — The roads are very good. 

Early^ Settlers, — The Mobbleys, Moodys, Overstreets, 
Halls, and Wilcoxes. 

Character, Amusements. — The people are remarkably 
kind and hospitable. As far as intelligence and morality are 
concerned, they are on a par with many other counties. The 
country abounds w^ith game, and hunting is a favourite amuse- 
ment. 

Name. — Colonel Daniel Appling, after w^hom this county 
was named, was born in Columbia county, Georgia, on the 25th 
of August, 1787. His father was a prominent man in his time, 
and was a member of the Convention which met at Louisville, 
in 1795, to revise our State Constitution. The capital of Co- 
lumbia bears the name of Appling. At the age of 18, Appling 
entered the army of the United States as a lieutenant, and was 
stationed at Fort Hawkins. From this place he accompanied 
his regiment to Point Peter, on the St. Mary's, and acquitted 
himself like a soldier. In the war of 1812, he received orders 
to repair to Sacketl's Harbour, in New- York. At the battle 
of Sandy Creek, 30th May, 1814, he established his military 
fame- History records no exploit that is surpassed by the bril- 
liant achievements of that occasion. " Captain Woolsey left 
j:he port of Oswego, 28th May, with 18 boats with naval stores, 
designed for Sackett's Harbour. He was accompanied by 
Major Appling, with 130 of the rifle regiment and about the same 
number of Indians. They reached §andy Creek on the next 
day, where they were discovered by the British gun-boats, and 
in consequence entered the creek. The riflemen were imme- 
diately landed, and, with the Indians, posted in an ambuscade. 
The enemy ascended the creek and landed a party, which en- 
deavoured to ascend the bank. The riflemen arose from their 
concealment and poured so destructive a fire upon them, that 
in ten minutes they surrendered, to the number of 200, inclu- 
ding two post captains and six lieutenants. On the part of the 



APPLING COUNTY. 107 

Americans, but one man was lost. Three gun-boats were cap- 
tured, besides several small vessels and equipments. After this 
affair, Appling was breveted lieutenant colonel. In the attack 
on Plattsburg, Colonel Appling, with 100 riflemen, rendered 
important service. After the termination of the war, he re- 
turned to Georgia and received the congratulations of his 
countrymen. The Legislature of Georgia, to show the high 
sense of his gallantry, passed the following resolution, 22d 
October, 1814 : ' While the Legislature of Georgia view, with 
the liveliest sensations, the glorious achievements of the Ame- 
rican arms generally, they cannot but felicitate themselves par- 
ticularly on the recollection of the heroic exploits of the brave 
and gallant Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling, whom the State 
is proud to acknowledge her native son ; and, as a tribute of 
applause fi'om the State which gave him birth — a tribute due 
to the lustre of his actions — be it unanimously resolved, by 
the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly 
met, that his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby 
requested to have purchased and presented to him, an elegant 
sword, suitable for an officer of his grade.' Colonel Appling 
died before this resolution was carried into effect, 18th March, 
1818, at Fort Montgomery, of an attack of pleurisy, after three 
days illness; and, at the next session of the Legislature, the 
Committee upon the State of the Republic reported, ' That, as 
Lieutenant Colonel Appling was removed by death, before 
the laudable design of the Legislature of 1814 could be car- 
ried into execution, and as there was no male heir either to the 
fortune or honours of this deserving young soldier, into whose 
hands the State could commit this sacred pledge of its affection 
and respect — Resolved, that the State will assume to itself the 
guardianship of the fame and military reputation of her distin- 
guished son, the late Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling ; and 
that the sword intended by her, as the just reward of his mili- 
tary achievements, be deposited in the executive chamber, 
there to be preserved and exhibited as a lasting memorial of 
his fame, and a grateful proof of the sensibility with which 
Georgia cherishes the recollection of the patriotic services of 
her citizens.' " The sword may be seen in the executive 
office, at the seat of government, with the resolutions relating 
to it. 



108 BIBB COUNTY. 

BIBB. 

Bounded N. by Monroe, N. E. by Jones, E. by Twiggs, 
S. by Houstoun, and W. by Crawford. Laid out in 1822. 
Length 19 miles, breadth 16 miles, 304 square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Ocmulgee river is in the 
eastern part of the county. The creeks are : Tobesofkee, 
Rocky, Savage, Echaconnee, Coleparchee, Stone, Swift, 
and Walnut. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- 
lation was 5957 whites, 4791 black; total, 10,749. Amount 
of State tax for 1848, $9,742 09. Sends two representatives 
to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Macon and Echaconna. 

Original Settlers. — Charles Bulloch, N, W, Wells, Geo. 
B. Wardlaw, Timothy Matthews, H. G. Ross, E. McCall, 
R. McCall, C. McCardill, Thomas House, Joseph Willet, 
David Flanders, A. Merriwether, J. Stone, Robert Colman, 
S. Rose, &c. 

Towns. — Macon, named after the Hon. Nathaniel Macon of 
North Carolina, is the seat of justice. Few places have advanc- 
ed with more rapidity. The first lots were sold in 1823. It is 
situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee river, 30 miles from 
Milledgeville, 12 from Clinton, and 25 from Forsyth. The 
municipal government consists of a Mayor and eight Aldermen, 
who are known under the name and style of "The Mayor and 
Council of the City of Macon," elected annually on the first 
Saturday in January. The city officers are : Clerk and 
Treasurer ; Marshal, who is styled Captain of the City Guard ; 
a first and second Deputy Marshal, Bridge Keeper, Clerk of the 
Market, Sexton, City Surveyor, and Keeper of the Magazine, 
and Board of Health. We have not been able to learn 
exactly the population of Macon, but according to the best 
sources of information, we think we are safe in putting it 
down at 5,200. The Court House is a commodious brick 
building, three stories high, 93 by 47 feet, with a cupola. The 
M;arket House is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 40. In the 
second story is the Council Chamber, besides room for the city 



BIBB COUNTY. 109 

officers. The Jail is of brick, situated near the Court House. 
The Georgia Female College is situated upon an eminence, 
commanding a fine view of the city. It is constructed of 
brick, 160 feet by 60, four stories high, including the basement. 
The Academy is a fine brick building, situated in a beautiful 
and retired part of the city. The churches are, the Presby- 
terian, constructed of brick ; Episcopal, a small, but neat build- 
ing ; Baptist, Methodist, and Catholic ; besides two or three 
churches for coloured persons. The Hotels are commodious 
and ably conducted. A new Hotel has recently been com- 
menced ; probable cost $26,000. Many of the private resi- 
dences, on the " Hill," are beautiful, enclosed by grounds, or- 
namented with flowers, trees, &c. A. bridge connects both 
parts of the town. This was built by the State and purchased 
by the City for $25,000. Among the many things of which 
the citizens of Macon may justly boast, is their Cemetery. It 
is called "the Rose Cemetery," after S. Rose, Esq., a gentle- 
man distinguished for his public spirit, and who, we believe, 
originated the plan. We are indebted to Mr. Rose for the fol- 
lowing description of this interesting spot. 

" It is situated about half a mile above the city on the 
banks of the Ocmulgee river, mostly on elevated ground, the 
highest point being 142 feet above its bed. Its entrance is 
through a lofty arched gate, constructed after the Doric order 
of architecture. The area of ground comprised within the 
enclosure is about 50 acres. Another spot could scarcely be 
found in any section of our country so much diversified, and 
comprising so many distinct objects and combinations going 
to form a perfect picture of rural beauty. Many who have 
visited the Cemeteries of the North, and even the far famed 
Mount Auburn, think it far inferior in natural beauty and 
location to Rose Hill, A prominent feature in its scenery is 
the Ocmulgee river, along which it extends nearly half of a 
mile. The banks are from thirty to sixty feet high, and gene- 
rally rocky and precipitous, and form an impenetrable barrier 
to its approaches. The higher parts of the ground are nearly 
level, and laid out as places of interment ; other places have 
been selected by many in the wildest parts, almost overhang- 
ing the deep valleys. From the river deep and narrow dells 
8 



110 BIBB COUNTY. 

penetrate the ground from fifty to two hundred yards ; one of 
them divides it entirely near its centre, through which a 
rivulet murmurs over a steep and rocky bed to the river. 
This is supplied by four springs, one at the head, outside the 
ground, and three within it. The water of one is reputed to 
be the coolest and purest in this vicinity. It is most beauti- 
fully located, and is the most attractive spot for visitors. 
The banks around it are high and steep, and thickly wooded. 
Above it, tower giant poplars and the shady beech, and the 
sun can scarcely penetrate a beam to enlighten this quiet and 
solemn solitude. Seats are provided here for visitors, as well 
as in many other parts of the ground. Two rustic bridges of 
rock and earth cross this valley ; and in it a pond of about 80 
yards in length, by 20 in breadth, has been excavated, supplied 
by pure water from the springs, and its banks neatly sodded 
with grass. Around it, are several cypresses and weeping 
willows, and one rises from a mound in its centre. A variety 
of fine roses are also near it, and in perpetual bloom. These 
are also scattered over the ground, and along the walks and 
roads, in great profusion. The ridges between the dells are 
steep, and generally terminate abruptly in rocky clifls at or 
near the river. On their summits are most beautiful sites 
for burial lots, most of which are occupied. A broad avenue 
from the gate terminates on a rocky bluff at the river. Car- 
riage ways are laid out wherever necessary. One makes 
the entire circuit of the ground ; another winds along the 
heads of the valleys, and presents most picturesque views. 
The entire length of the roads and foot- walks is about 5 miles. 
Many of them have been constructed with great labour, being 
cut into the steep sides of the river bank and hills, wind- 
ing through every place that presents any object of attraction. 
The lots of families are of different dimensions, from 20 to 40 
feet square, and at prices varying from 10 to 30 dollars. About 
150 have been allotted for strangers. A record is kept of all 
the interments, by which the occupant of every grave can be 
designated. Many of the lots are enclosed with iron and 
handsomely improved with monuments, and the most choice 
shrubbery, making it emphatically a " Garden of Graves." 
The first object that strikes a visitor on entering the gate, is 



BIBB COUNTY. HI 

a lot belonging to Macon Lodge, No. 96, handsomely en- 
closed, and planted with evergreen trees and shrubs, many 
of which are from far-off lands. The oriental cypress, from 
Asia, raises its graceful spire ; the balm of Gilead, Norway 
and silver firs, the hemlock, arbor vitae, cedar, juniper, and 
wild olive, the broom and furze, and even the humble 
thorn, from whose branches was plaited the crown worn on 
Mount Calvary. This sacred ground is appropriated as the 
resting place to strangers belonging to the Masonic order. 
The Odd Fellows have also their enclosure, and beside.it " that 
ancient and peculiar people," the Jews, have also their resting 
place. Most of the Cemetery is thickly wooded by a young 
and thrifty growth, interspersed with the towering poplar, 
giant oaks, beech and sycamore ; and it is worthy of remark 
that there is scarcely a tree, shrub, or wild flower, that is 
known in our country, that may not be found within this area 
of 50 acres. Among those that most adorn it are the wild 
honey-suckle in abundance, woodbine, golden hypericum, &c. 
These, with its improvements and diversified landscape, 
cannot fail to attract the attention and leave deep impressions 
on every visitor. The river, murmuring over its rocky bed, 
wheeling around immovable cliffs of granite and flint, rolling 
on and on for ever, like the tide of human life, to mingle in 
the unfathomed and undefined abyss of eternity, imparts an 
instructive lesson, while the beauties of the scene disarm 
death of half its terrors." 

Being in the centre of a thickly settled and fertile part of 
the State, Macon enjoys many advantages for business. 

The value of real estate, according to the report of the 
assessors, is $1,098,760. The amount of goods sold is over 
2,000,000 dollars. 

The societies in Macon are the Masonic Lodge, Odd Fel- 
lows' Lodge, Medical Society, Mechanics' Society, Benevo- 
lent Society, &c. 

In point of health, Macon will compare favourably with 
any place in our country. According to statistics prepared 
by the editors of the Georgia Journal and Messenger, it appears 
that the mortality in 1848 was only one to every 76 inhabi- 
tants, or one and one-third per cent, of the entire population. 



112 BIBB COUNTY. 

The water of Macon is very good ; better than any between 
Savannah and Atlanta. 

Vineville is about a mile from Macon. Population between 
300 and 400. A delightful retreat from the noise and heat of 
the city. 

Climate, Diseases, and Longevity. — The climate is as 
pleasant and as favourable to health as most places in Georgia. 
Bilious fevers, chills and pneumonia are the most prevalent 
diseases. The instances of longevity are the following : Mr. 
Richard Bullock died at 95, John Dalton at 80, Mrs. Cleve- 
land at 90, Mrs. Mary Bullock at 84, Mrs. Fluening, 82. A 
negro man, belonging to Mrs. Williamson, died at the age of 
100. There are now living Mr. David Gurganus, aged 80 ; 
Mr. Caleb Maiden, 80 ; Mr. Johnson, 86 ; Mrs. Hightower, 
over 85. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads, generally, are in good 
order. There are fourteen bridges in the county. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Flour mills, two ; grist mills, 
seventeen ; saw mills, eighteen. Efforts are now making to 
raise a sum sufficient to establish a cotton factory ; and it is 
the general opinion that they will be successful. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
face of the country is hilly. The larger portion of the land is 
poor. The lands on the Ocmulgee, below and above Macon, 
are very productive, as well as the lands on some of the creeks. 
Land is worth about f 4 per acre. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, &c. Cotton averages 
400 pounds per acre ; corn from ten to twelve bushels. Bushels 
of corn for 1848, 177,416 ; ditto of wheat, 3,902 ; ditto of sweet 
potatoes, 5,905 ; bales of cotton, 3,050 ; pounds of pork, 
703,262 ; number of calves, 862 ; ditto of lambs, 826. 

Religious Sects. — Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, 
Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and a few Lutherans. 

Character of the People. — In the character of the peo- 
ple there is much variety. In the country the citizens are 
industrious, frugal, and kind. The inhabitants of Macon are 
devoted to business. 

Education. — Schools are numerous. It speaks well for 
Macon that it has three bookstores. The newspapers are well 



BIBB COUNTY. 113 

supported. The names of gentlemen might be inserted who 
pay much attention to Hterature. 

Minerals. — Gold, granite, geodes, mica, quartz, &.c. 

Mineral Springs. — Two chalybeate springs in the vicinity 
of the Cemetery, and one ten miles north of Macon, near the 
Ocmulgee. 

Antiquities. — Abut nine miles from Macon, on the eastern 
side of the Ocmulgee river, there is an isolated eminence, 
known as Lamar's, usually called Brown's Mount, its base 
covering an area of 300 acres ; and on its summit there is a 
level area of perhaps fifty acres. Its size and conformation 
distinguish it from the artificial mounds in the vicinity. It is 
evidently the work of nature, and remarkable for being just 
on the verge of the flat river bottoms, and presenting all the 
rugged appearance of mountain precipices on its western front. 
Upon its summit there is an old fortification, the stone walls 
of which embrace a space of about thirty acres. The walls 
of limestone are yet perfect, to the height of two and a half 
feet ; and the fosse, on the outside, is yet knee-deep around 
the whole enclosure. The walls were evidently built by a 
civilized race acquainted with military science, as, at intervals 
of sixty or eighty feet along the wall, there are buttresses and 
salient angles, not differing materially from those in use at the 
present day. Near the centre of the fortified area is an exca- 
vation, floored with limestone, and the remains of an enclo- 
sure of the same material around it. Its situation, size and 
appearance, point it out as a reservoir to contain water for the 
troops. The lands on the river, for several miles, are remark- 
ably fertile, and were cultivated at the earliest period by the 
Ocmulgee tribe of Indians, and were known as the Ocmulgee 
Fields. The extent and fertility of these fields may have 
tempted some race of discoverers to wrest them from the 
natives ; and it may be that this fort was built to protect them 
in their usurpation. These fields yet retain their character 
for fertility, as they receive annually a deposit from the waters 
of the Ocmulgee, when it overflows its banks, to the depth of 
eighteen inches, or two feel. About three miles above Lamar's 
Mount commences a chain of five artificial mounds. The two 
first are on the plantation of John B. Lamar, Esq. The re- 



114 BIBB COUNTY. 

maining three are at regular intervals, the last one situated near 
the old block-house at Fort Hawkins. * On one of them are the 
traces of a garden laid out and cultivated by Col. Hawkins- 
The two on Mr. Lamar's plantation have had the forest growth 
but recently cleared from around them, and present a very 
distinct outline of the circumvallations and other works con- 
necting them. Near each of these mounds are protuberances 
of earth, as if the design had been to begin other mounds and 
the idea abandoned. 

About one mile south of Macon, there are two conical 
mounds. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — In 1817 and 18, Mr. Roger 
McCall went down the river with 500 bags of cotton, the first 
that went from this point. 

In 1825, first bank located at Macon. 

In January, 1833, the first steamboat arrived at Macon 

The first court for Bibb county was held on the 20th of 
March, 1823, in a small log building which stood near the depot 
of the Macon and Western Railroad. Judge Shorter presided. 

The first presentment was against a free man of colour, for 
retailing liquor. The first indictment was for stabbing. 

Name. — This county was named in honour of Dr. William 
Wyatt Bibb, a gentleman who, in the various positions that he 
occupied, acquired great popularity. He was the son of Wil- 
liam Bibb and Sarah Wyatt, and was born in Charlotte county, 
Virginia. His parents came to Georgia in 179-, and settled 
in Elbert county, on the Savannah river, several miles above 
the Cherokee ford. After the death of Dr. Bibb, his wife ma- 
naged the estate which came into her hands with great pru- 
dence, so that she was able to educate her children and give 
to each a competency. Dr. Bibb commenced his public career 
about 1803. His skill and attention as a physician secured 
him an extensive practice ; and, after serving in the Legisla- 
ture at a very early age, was transferred to the Congress of 
the United States by a vote so large that it was evident he 
was a favourite of the people. During Mr. Madison's adminis- 

* Fort Hawkins, east side of the Ocmulgee. Col. Hawkins for many 
years resided here. 



BULLOCH COUNTY. 115 

tration, he was a leading member of the House of Representa- 
tives. The compensation law, passed by Congress in 1814, 
was so unpopular in Georgia, that all of her representatives 
who voted for it, except Mr. Forsyth, lost their seats. Mr. 
Madison offered Dr. Bibb the appointment of Governor of 
Alabama Territory, which he accepted, and continued to dis- 
charge its duties until his death. He married the daughter of 
Col. Freeman, of revolutionary memory. Dr. Bibb was a 
spare man, with but little muscular power, his features good, 
hair light and thin, face handsome, with an expression kind 
and conciliatory. No man of the same grade of qualifications 
exercised a greater influence. He governed by seeming to 
obey. 



BULLOCH. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Emanuel and 
Scriven, E. by the Ogeechee river, dividing it from Scriven 
and Effingham, S. by Bryan, and W. by Tattnall. Laid out in 
1796, and a part set off to Emanuel, in 1812. Length about 
40 miles ; breadth 30. Square miles 1200. 

Rivers, Creeks, Lakes. — The rivers are the Ogeechee 
and Cannouchee. The streams of minor importance are Ne- 
vills. Big Lotts, Little Lotts, Ten Mile, Mill and Black Creeks. 
Near the Ogeechee is a lake 10 miles long. 

Post Offices. — Statesborough and Mill Ray. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to 
the census of 1845, the population was 2145 whites, and 1160 
blacks. Total, 3305. Amount of State tax for 1848, $1270 
30 cents. Sends one member to the Legislature. 

Early Settlers. — The families of the Hodges, Cones, 
Everetts, Measles, Nevills, Oliffs, Williams, Burnetts, Jones, 
Waters, Hagans, 6tc. 

Towns. — Statesborough is the county site ; a small place, 
having a court-house, jail, two stores, &c. From Milledge- 
ville it is 120 miles ; from Savannah 53 miles, and 15 from 
the Central Railroad. It is a healthy place. 



116 BULLOCH COUNTY. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
country is level. The soil is generally poor. Hammock 
lands are the best. The lands on the river are productive. 

Productions, Value of Land. — Cotton, long and short 
staple, corn, wheat, rice, and sugar cane. Many of the farm- 
ers make their own syrup and sugar. Five barrels of sugar 
have been made from three-quarters of an acre. Fruits of the 
best kind are raised, and large quantities carried to the 
Savannah market. The forests abound with excellent lum- 
ber, and are destined to be the source of great revenue to 
their owners. In the low grounds, the magnolia and bay are 
found in all their beauty. Cotton averages 400 pounds per 
acre ; corn, from 8 to 10 bushels. Wheat does not succeed 
so well, and probably averages about five bushels per acre. 
2000 bales of cotton are annually produced and sent to Savan- 
nah. Land may he bought at almost any price. The price 
ranges from 25 cents to one dollar per acre. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy 
and pleasant. The appearance of the inhabitants speaks fa- 
vourably for the health of the climate. There are few dis- 
eases ; and we know of no section of Georgia in which there 
are more chances for health than among the pine forests of 
Bulloch county. The cases of longevity which have come to 
our knowlege are the following : Joseph Hodges, who died 
at the age of 80. Mrs. Everett is said to be 100 years of 
age. 

Mills. — Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 12. 

Roads and Bridges. — Roads and bridges are kept in good 
order. 

Religious Sects. — The most numerous are the Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary Baptists and 
Methodists. About 14 churches in the county. 

Education. — Education is much neglected. The school 
fund was once sufficient to educate many poor children, but 
owing to bad management, it has become exhausted. Few 
newspapers are taken, and few books read. 

Character of the People. — The county is inhabited by 
an industrious and kind people. Although the lands which most 
of the citizens cultivate are poor, yet, by dint of industry and 



BULLOCH COUNTY. 117 

economy, they manage to supply their wants, which, however, 
are very few. Many rely, in a great degree, upon game, with 
which the county abounds, and the productions of their or- 
chards. The Bulloch county farmer would get rich, while 
others would starve. Much to the credit of the people, it is 
said that indisposition to contract debtsis a peculiartrait in their 
character; and debts, when contracted, are honourably and 
punctually met. Whilst awarding praise to the inhabitants of 
this section of the State for many good qualities, it is our duty 
to say, that as far as temperance is concerned, they are behind 
the times. Whisky has its votaries. The temperance effort is 
opposed. Those who have attempted to show the citizens the 
folly and ill consequences of intemperance, have been insulted 
and threatened. Even ministers of our holy religion have pub- 
licly denounced the motives and efforts of those who have en- 
deavoured to form temperance societies. We hope, for the 
honour of Bulloch county, that this will no longer be the case. 
Name. — This county was named after the Hon. Archibald 
Bulloch, who was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and 
came to Georgia in 1790, and purchased a plantation on the 
Savannah river, where he resided until the commencement of 
our revolutionary struggle. He then removed to Savannah, 
and became one among the most active of that illustrious 
band of patriots who opposed the arbitrary measures of the 
British Parliament. His name is signed to a call made in the 
Georgia Gazette, of July 14, 1774, to the inhabitants of Sa- 
vannah, to take into consideration the propriety of resisting 
the oppressions of Great Britain, and he was placed upon a 
committee appointed to confer with the committees from the 
distant parishes. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appointed 
a delegate to represent Georgia in the Congress at Philadel- 
phia. On the 20th of January, 1776, he was elected President 
of the Executive Council of Georgia. At this trying period, 
he displayed great decision of character, and evidenced an 
attachment to the cause of freedom scarcely to be expected in 
a colony so weak as Georgia. The friends of liberty in Geor- 
gia were few, but Mr. Bulloch was not to be intimidated. 
Undismayed by difficulties, he employed his time in confirming 
the hopes of the desponding. In a letter addressed to Col. 



118 BULLOCH COUNTY. 

Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, dated February 15, 1776, 
the stern patriot says, " there are few righteous souls among 
them ; a panic seems to have run among the people ; assist- 
ance is wanted from Carolina to overawe such men as would 
sell their birthright for a mess of pottage." This letter in- 
duced Carolina to determine upon aiding the Georgia patriots. 
On the 2d of February, 1776, he was again elected to Con- 
gress, but his duties as President of the Executive Council 
detained him at home. At the time when Mr. Bulloch was 
elected President of the Executive Council, he delivered a 
speech, every sentence of which proves him to have been a 
firm champion of his country's rights. That speech is now 
before us, and we give the following extracts, that the people 
of Georgia may have an example of the spirit of their fore- 
fathers : 

" The people of this province, in opposing the designs of a 
cruel and corrupt ministry, have surmounted what appeared 
insuperable difficulties, and notwithstanding the artifice and 
address that for a long time were employed to divert their at- 
tention from the common cause, they at length by impercepti- 
ble degrees, succeeded, and declared their resolution to assert 
their liberties, and to maintain them at all events in concur- 
rence with the other associated colonies. For my part, I most 
candidly declare, that from the origin of the unhappy disputes, 
I heartily approved of the conduct of the Americans. My ap- 
probation was not the result of prejudice or partiality, but 
proceeded from a firm persuasion of their having acted 
agreeably to constitutional principles and the dictates of an 
upright disinterested conscience. This is no time to talk of 
moderation; in the present instance it ceases to be a virtue. 
An apfeal, an awful appeal is made to Heaven, and thousands 
of lives are in jeopardy every hour. Our northern brethren 
point to their wounds and call for our most vigorous exertions ; 
and God forbid, that so noble a contest should end in an infa- 
mous conclusion. Remember in all your deliberations that 
you are engaged in a most arduous undertaking ; generations 
yet unborn may owe their freedom and happiness to your de- 
termination." 

When intelligence of the glorious events of the 4th of July, 



BULLOCH County. 119 

1776, reached Savannah, Mr. Bulloch read the Declaration of 
American Independence to a crowded assembly, being the first 
man who read this precious document in Georgia. How must 
his noble soul have glowed with proud emotions upon this oc- 
casion ! This good man did not live to see the issue of the strug- 
gle for liberty, for in less than one year after the Declaration of 
Independence, his country had to mourn his death. Mr. Bulloch 
was of a commanding carriage, and regarded one of the best 
looking men of his day. He had received a liberal education, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Charleston, S. C, 
but upon his removal to Georgia devoted himself to agricul- 
tural pursuits. He was one among the most popular men of 
his day, and deservedly so. Col. Lachlan Mcintosh, com- 
mander of the Continental troops in Savannah, in honour of 
the high office which Mr. Bulloch held as President of the 
Executive Council, had ordered a sentinel* to be posted at his 
door. This did not suit his notions, as a republican, and he 
accordingly requested the removal of the sentinel, saying, " I 
act for a free people, in whom I have the most entire confi- 
dence, and I wish to avoid on all occasions the appearance of 
ostentation." Mr. Bulloch, whilst in Congress, had acquired 
great distinction for his uncompromising and firm conduct, for 
in a letter addressed to him by John Adams, dated July I, 
1776, now before us, are the following lines : 

" I was greatly disappointed, sir, in the information you 
gave me that you would be prevented from revisiting Phila- 
delphia. I had flattered myself with hopes of your joining us 
soon, and not only affording us the additional strength of your 
abilities and fortitude, but enjoying the satisfaction of seeing 
a temper and conduct here somewhat more agreeable to your 
wishes than those which prevailed when you were here be- 
fore. But I have since been informed that your countrymen 
have done themselves the justice to place you at the head of 
their affairs, a station in which you may perhaps render more 
essential service to them and to America, than you could 
here." 



* This sentinel was Mr. Belshazzar Shaffer, father of Jacob Shaffer, Esq. 
of Savannah. 



120 BAKER COUNTY. 

Georgians ! let the memory of Archibald Bulloch Uve in 
your breasts. " Tell your children of him, and let their chil- 
dren tell another generation." 



BAKER. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county was laid out from 
Early, in 1825, and is bounded N. by Lee, and a part of Ran- 
dolph ; E. by Thomas and Irwin ; S. by Decatur and Tho- 
mas ; and W. by Early. It is about 37^ miles in length, and 
the same in breadth. 

Post Offices. — Newton, Albany, Concord, Fishtrap, Oak 
Lawn, Gillions. 

Rivers, Creeks, &c. — The Flint river runs almost diagon- 
ally through the county. The Cooleewahee, Ichawaynocha- 
way, Chickasawhachee, are large streams, discharging them- 
selves into the Flint. Turkey, Toms, and Walden, streams 
which help to form the Ochlockonee river, rise in this county. 
Pine Woods, Dry, &c., empty into the Flint from the east. 
There are many singular ponds in the county, strongly im- 
pregnated with lime. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — When the cen- 
sus of 1845 was taken, the population stood thus : 2729 whites, 
1924 blacks. Total, 4653. State tax for 1848, $2539 49 
cents. Entitled to one representative in the Legislature. 

Towns. — Newton is the capital, situated on the west bank 
of Fhnt river, 45 miles E. of Blakely, 22 from Bainbridge. It 
contains a court-house, jail, and two or three stores. Population 
about 30. Made the county site in 1831. 

Albany, on the Flint river. It contains two churches, one 
hotel, five stores, one drug store, ten lawyers, eight doctors, 
and a number of mechanics. Population about 7 or 800. It 
is a place of some business, but considered unhealthy. The 
water is bad, and many of the citizens use cistern water. 
From 10 to 12000 bales of cotton are annually shipped from 
Albany. 



BAKER COUNTY. 121 

Byron is a small place.in the north part of the county, for- 
merly the seat of justice. 

Early Settlers. — The Howards, the Dennards, Jordens, 
Catons, and others. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are much 
neglected. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is un- 
healthy. Chills, fevers, &:c., prevail, and often prove fatal. 
There may be some localities where health is enjoyed ; but 
these are few. There is a lady now living in this county, 82 
years of age, who has had 21 children. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists 
are most numerous. There are a few good schools in the 
county ; but generally, education is neglected. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
face of the country is level. The soil is uncommonly fertile, 
perhaps more so than any other portion of Georgia. The 
pine lands have the reputation of being very productive ; 
almost every thing grows well. Cotton averages from 800 to 
1200 pounds per acre; corn, from 10 to 40 bushels per acre. 
Wheat does not appear to succeed, and little is sown. Sugar 
cane flourishes, and many of the citizens make sugar and 
syrup. 6000 bales of cotton are annually produced. 

Mills. — One steam saw-mill, and one about to be built. 
There are several saw and grist-mills. 

Minerals. — Very superior burr stone on Flint river. 
Shell rock abounds, filled with fossils. 

Character of the People. — The people are hospitable, 
and are improving in habits of industry and temperance. 

Name. — This county was named after Colonel John Baker. 
In the year 1752, three families of high respectability emi- 
grated from Dorchester, South Carolina, and formed a settle- 
ment in St. John's Parish, now Liberty county, which they 
named Medway. Among these, was the father of Col. John 
Baker, a gentleman who had been a soldier under Oglethorpe, 
in the expedition against St. Augustine, and who, in the early 
annals of Liberty county, is represented as having acquired 
much distinction for strength of intellect, kindness of temper, 
and steadiness of conduct, as well as for his patient endurance 



122 BAKER COUNTY. 

of the sufferings which were heaped upon him on account of 
espousing the cause of his country. We, who are now happy 
in the enjoyment of the blessings of civil and religious freedom, 
are incapable of fully appreciating the immense sacrifices, the 
incomparable hardships, and the dangerous struggles which 
accompanied the revolutionary conflict. That portion of the 
State in which Col. Baker resided had, from the very begin- 
ning of the rupture between England and her colonies, evinced 
open and unreserved opposition to the former, and was doomed 
to experience a full measure of unmitigated severities from the 
hands of our unfeeling invaders. John Baker was one among 
the first objects of British vengeance. He beheld his house 
robbed, his bed and clothing destroyed, the temple of his God 
profaned, its minister thrown into a prison ship, and de- 
nied the rights of a common burial when the enemy had caused 
his death ; and worst of all, he saw the tombs in the church-yard 
broken open, and their contents scattered to the winds. Is it 
any wonder, therefore, that his son, Col. John Baker, should 
always have been distinguished for his implacable hatred to 
tyrants? In 1774, we find Mr. Baker associated with others 
of a kindred spirit, in devising a plan to produce a concert of 
feeling and action, throughout the parishes of the province. In 
1776, Capt. Baker collected a body of men, and made an attack 
upon Wright's Fort, on the St. Mary's river, but owing princi- 
pally to the treachery of a part of his force, he was compelled 
to retreat. Among those who deserted the standard of free- 
dom at this time, were the McGirths, members of Baker's com- 
pany, and who afterwards obtained great celebrity as leaders 
of the tories, and whose progress was always marked by cru- 
elties that would have made savages blush. Soon after this af- 
fair he was engaged as commander of a body of observation, 
stationed between the posts of Fort Howe, Beard's Bluff, and 
Fort Mcintosh ; and throughout the whole war he contributed 
his utmost efforts in favour of independence. He first entered 
the army as a captain. In a skirmish at Bull Town swamp, 
he was wounded. After the war he resided in Liberty 
county, where he died. 



BRYAN COUNTY. 123 



BRYAN. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Bulloch on the N., 
Chatham on the N. E., Atlantic on the E., and Liberty on the S. 
Laid out in 1793. It is 31 miles long, and from 5 to 8 wide. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Ogeechee, Cannou- 
chee, St. Catherine's. The creeks are Taylor's, Black, Bird's, 
Mill, &c. Collins's creek is a branch of the Medway. 

Post Office. — Eden. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- 
lation of the county vv^as 971 whites, and 2,387 blacks. Total, 
3,358. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, i 1,398 84 cts. 
Sends one representative to the State Legislature. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is very similar to that of the adjoining counties. 
The lower part is known as Bryan Neck and lies between the 
Great Ogeechee and Medway rivers. This part is settled by 
wealthy planters. The upper portion is inhabited by farmers, 
who own a few slaves. The lands of the Ogeechee are of 
good quality, adapted particularly to rice. The inland swamps 
are small and few in number. The quantity of high land 
adapted to cotton and corn, is limited. 

Productions, Value of Land. — Rice and cotton are the 
chief products. During the two last years sugar and syrup 
have been made. Rice land has averaged when reduced to 
cultivation about $50 per acre, though at present it would sell 
for $75 or $100 per acre. Uncleared river lands have generally 
sold for $10 per acre. High land of mixed quality uncleared 
and without a settlement sells from $1 to $2 per acre. Negro 
men hire at $60 per annum, women at $50. The average pro- 
duce of rice annually, is 46,000 bushels, of Sea Island cotton 
500 bags. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are good. The bridges 
stand in need of repair. There is a bridge over the Ogeechee, 
on the road leadins to Darien, 14^^ miles from Savannah. 

Average Product per Acre. — The average product of 
Sea Island cotton is about 100 pounds per acre ; rice from 



124 BRYAN COUNTY. 

40 to 50 bushels, corn 15 bushels. When the rice lands 
on the Ogeechee were first cultivated, 92 bushels per acre 
have been harvested from selected land, and 82 bushels the 
average of an entire crop. But the soil deteriorates under the 
present system of culture, and cannot without rest and manure 
be made to yield much more than one-half as much as when 
new. 

Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. 

Education. — There is no academy, and no schools except 
those supported by the Poor School Fund. The children of the 
wealthy are either educated by private teachers or sent to 
school in the more favoured portion of the country. The popu- 
lation is too sparse to furnish pupils enough to sustain a regu- 
lar school. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. 
In the fall chills and fevers prevail. The only instance of lon- 
gevity which has come to our knowledge is Mrs. Christiana 
Smith, who reached 88 years. This county has generally been 
healthy. The average number of deaths for a series of 20 
years on Bryan Neck has been about 1 in 75. 

Remarkable Places. — Fort Argyle, so called by Ogle- 
thorpe, after John, Duke of Argyle, stood upon the west 
bank of the Ogeechee river, built in 1733 as a defence against 
the Spaniards. 

Hardwick, so called from the Earl of Hardwick, Lord High 
Chancellor of England, situated on the south side of the Ogee- 
chee river, 15 miles from the ocean. 

Name. — This county bears the honoured name of Jonathan 
Bryan, one of the founders of the State of Georgia. He was 
born on the 12th of September, 1708, and was the youngest son 
of Joseph Bryan, an early colonist of South Carolina, and who 
rendered General Oglethrope very important aid upon his first 
landing in Georgia. Mr. Jonathan Bryan, after settling vari- 
ous places in South Carolina, came to Georgia in 1752, the 
year in whic. the trustees resigned their charter. His know- 
ledge of the country fully qualified him to impart useful in- 
formation to those who desired to settle in the province, and 
the benevolence of his disposition was often displayed in ad- 
vising and aiding the new settler. Three years after his ar- 



BRYAN COUNTY. 125 

rival in Georgia he became a prominent man, for upon the 
appointment of Mr. Reynolds as the royal governor, he was 
commissioned by the King a Judge of the General Court' 
This was a highly responsible office, and Mr. Bryan's ap- 
pointment to it, is an evidence of the high stand he had so early 
acquired. In addition to this office, he was appointed one of 
the royal counsellors of the colony. As long as the Crown 
respected the rights of the province, Mr. Bryan was disposed 
to recognize its authority, but when these rights were violated 
his independence would not suffer him to submit. According- 
ly, when the friends of liberty convened in Savannah to give 
expression to their feelings, although Mr. Bryan at this time 
was 66 years old, he was placed upon the committee of cor- 
respondence. Governor Wright learning the proceedings of 
this meeting, called the Executive Council together, at which a 
motion was made to expel Mr. Bryan from the Council, be- 
cause he had allowed his name to appear on the above-named 
committee. Mr. Bryan said, " that he would save them the 
trouble," and handed his resignation to Governor Wright. 
There is now in the possession of his family a silver vase pre- 
sented to him with the following inscription : " To Jonathan 
Bryan, who, for publicly appearing in favour of the rights and lib- 
erties of the people, was expelled from His Majesty's Council of 
this province. This piece of plate, as a mark of their esteem, is 
presented by the Union Society of Georgia. Ita cuique eve- 
niat de Republica meruit." The depredations committed on 
the frontiers of Georgia, had awakened many apprehensions 
in the minds of the friends of America, lest the cause for 
which they were struggling might be injured in Georgia, unless 
a sufficient force could be obtained to prevent their repetition. 
Mr. Bryan exerted himself to remedy this very serious diffi- 
culty, and repaired to Charleston and conferred with General 
Lee on the subject. He succeeded in convincing the Gene- 
ral how much would be gained by an expedition to Florida, and 
it was determined to undertake it ; troops were sent to Savan- 
nah, but the necessary arrangements for the expedition not 
having been made, it was relinquished. At the commence 
ment of the Revolution he was particularly active. He ha^ 
been in the Council of Safety, the Convention, and State Con 
9 



126 BURKE COUNTY. 

gress. To have such a man in their possession, was an ob- 
ject with the British commanders, and accordingly, three nights 
after the reduction of Savannah, Lieut. Clark, of the Phoenix 
or Fowey man-of-war, and a party of armed men, were de- 
spatched up Union creek, to his plantation in South Carolina, 
took ^im and his son James prisoners, and placed them on 
board one of the prison-ships. Mrs. Morel, afterwards Mrs. 
Wyley, waited upon Commodore Hyde Parker, and upon her 
knees solicited the release of her aged father. The unfeeling 
Commodore denied her supplication. The venerable patriot 
and his son James were sent to New- York, and after remain- 
ing a considerable time on board a prison-ship, were placed on 
Long Island with the American prisoners. He was finally 
exchanged, repaired to Georgia, and continued to the end of 
the war an active and determined patriot. In Wayne's en- 
gagement with Brown, Mr. Bryan, although 80 years of age, 
took a conspicuous part. In 1778, fears were entertained for the 
safety of the public records, and such confidence was placed in 
Mr. Bryan, that they were removed to his house at the Union. 
He closed his mortal career, March 12th, 1788. He was a 
tall and large man, of wonderful strength and hardihood, and 
of imposing appearance. He was the friend of the Wesleys, 
and Whitefield. His heart was the seat of kindness. To his 
neighbours he was obliging, to his servants remarkably in- 
dulgent ; and to his praise be it said, that he took active mea- 
sures to supply them with the ministrations of the Gospel. 
An old and favourite servant of Mr. Bryan, named Andrew, 
was the founder of the first coloured church in Savannah. 



BURKE. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded North 
by Richmond, East by the Savannah river, South by Scriven, 
Southwest by Emanuel, and West by Jefferson. This divi- 
sion of the State was laid out as St. George's Parish in 1758, 
and the name and designation changed to Burke county in 



BURKE COUNTY. 127 

1777. In 1793 a part was added lo Scriven, and in 1798 a 
part to Jefterson. It is 32 J miles long, and 32 miles wide, 
containing 1040 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah separates this county 
from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee from Emanuel. Briar 
creek flows through the whole length of the county, and is 
celebrated for the rich lands upon its borders. The following 
streams empty into the Savannah river : — McBeans, Boggy 
Gut, Jobler's, Telfair's Mill, Sweet Water, Rocky, Beaver 
Dam, Walnut, Mcintosh, and some others, into Briar creek ; 
and Bark Camp, Jones's Mill, Baker's and Buck Head into 
the Ogeechee. 

Post Offices. — Waynesborough, Brinsonville, Fryar's 
Ponds, Holcombe, Lester's District, Midville, Alexander, Sardis, 
Gerard. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population in 
1845 was 13,636, of which 4,787 were whites, and 8,849 
blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, #6,111 60 cents. 
Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Waynesborough is the seat of justice, having a 
court-house, jail, two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist, 
one academy, market-house, &c. Number of inhabitants, 
250. It is 80 miles East of Milledgeville, 25 from Louisville, 
30 from Augusta, and 22 from the Central Railroad. Incorpo- 
rated in 1812. 

Alexander is a village of recent date, on the road from 
Waynesborough to Savannah, having a church, school, one 
store, blacksmith, one wheelwright, and one carriage-maker. 

Climate, Diseases, and Longevity. — The climate is mild. 
Formerly the county had the reputation of being sickly, but it 
is now the belief of many who have investigated the subject, 
that the health of the inhabitants has greatly improved ; and 
this is attributed, in a considerable degree, to the draining of 
the lands. The climate of Burke is peculiarly favourable tO" 
persons labouring under pulmonary complaints. There are 
some cases of longevity. Mr. James Allen died at 95 years 
of age ; Mr. John Sutton, aged 97 ; Mrs. Fletcher 108 ; Mr. 
Lowery, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 79. 

Early Settlers. — Col. John Clements, Messrs. William 



128 BURKE COUNTY. 

A. Burton, Absalom Pryor, John Whitehead, Capt. X^ett,' M. 
Marshall, Hugh Alexander, Wm. Greene, Clark Key, John 
Emanuel, David Emanuel, Capt. Whitaker, Daniel Evans, 
Lark Robinson, Wm. Paramore, John Fryar, James Rawles, 
Basil Grey, Samuel Lassiter, and Wiles Davies. 

Minerals. — Dr. John Ruggles Cotting, in his report of a 
Geological and Agricultural Survey of Burke and Richmond 
counties, has given to the public much interesting information, 
and the compiler of this work acknowledges himself indebted 
to this gentleman for the most of what is here said in regard 
to the rocks and minerals of Burke. 

Beds of marl at Shell Bluff, Brushy creek, Briar creek, 
and calcareous marl in many of the springs, and in the banks 
of creeks, and forms much of the sub-soil of this region — 
abundant at Shell Bluff, at the south end of Harris's and Ben- 
noch's Mill and Buck Head creek. 

Limestone, making good lime, is inexhaustible at Shell Bluff. 

Gypsum near Stone Bluff. 

Burr stone in almost every part of the county. 

Brown oxyde of iron, 16 miles northwest of Waynes- 
borough. 

Chalcedony at Stone Bluff. 

Agates " " 

Pitch Stone " 

Jasper " " 

Fossils are abundant, among which are ammonites, encre- 
nites, spantangus, area, buccinum, oliva, lucina, pecten, ba- 
lanus, and cardita cytheria. 

Nature op the Soil. — The soil is fertile, and is constantly 
improving ; peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn, &c. 

Remarkable Places. — Burke Jail is noted for a battle 
which took place in 17^9 between the British, commanded by 
Cols. Brown and McGirth, and the Americans, under the com- 
mand of Cols. Twiggs and Few, in which the latter were vic- 
torious. In this engagement Capt. Joshua Inman, of the 
Americans, killed three of the enemy with his own hand. 

Shell Bluff, on the Savannah river, is about 80 feet high. 

Productions. — Cotton and corn are the chief productions. 
Rye, oats, and potatoes are successfully cultivated. Orchards 



BURKE COUNTY. 129 

would do well if attention were paid to them. The peaches 
which we have seen in Burke, would compare with any in 
Georgia. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians 
are the most numerous. 

Education. — Due attention is paid to education, particu- 
larly among the wealthier classes. Provision is made for the 
instruction of poor children, although there is a large number 
who do not attend school. Some years back there was a 
library, known as the Burke County Social Library Company. 

Character of the People. — The citizens generally of this 
county are in good circumstances, many of them wealthy, and 
are distinguished for benevolence and hospitality. 

Name. — This division of the State was named after Ed- 
mund Burke, a distinguished champion of American liberty. 
He was born in Dublin, Ireland, on the 1st of January, 1730. 
He finished his education at Trinity College, from whence he 
went to London, and entered himself at the Temple. Whilst 
here, he wrote several essays on subjects of general literature, 
which were published in the periodicals of the day ; for it does 
not appear that he studied law with any intention of making 
it a profession. His productions gave evidence of uncommon 
powers of intellect, and drew towards him the most learned men 
of the day, among whom was the famous Dr. Johnson ; and as 
proof of the high estimation which the Doctor had for the talents 
of Burke, it is affirmed that he would not tolerate contradiction 
from any one but Burke. His essay on the Sublime and 
Beautiful established his reputation as a writer, and will always 
stand as a monument of his extraordinary genius. Talents 
like those of Burke could not fail to pave the way to dis- 
tinction, and he was chosen member of Parliament under the 
Rockingham administration. The subject of his first speech 
was the aflfairs of America, in which he exerted himself to 
defeat the projects of a misguided ministry. During his par- 
liamentary career, he embraced every occasion to speak in 
glowing terms of injured America. He opposed with firm- 
ness the proposition to appoint in England a commission for 
the trial of treason beyond seas, the Boston Port Bill, the 
act for employing the Indians against the colonies, and indeed 



130 BUTTS COUNTY. 

every proposition having in view the slavery of America. On 
one occasion in Parliament he said: " It is inconsistent with 
the constitution of Britain that any subject should be taxed, 
but by himself or representatives." When Franklin and his 
associates requested to be heard on the subject of the Ameri- 
can Congress, by the king, Mr. Burke exerted all his eloquence 
to procure them a hearing, but to no purpose. It was not only 
as a member of the British Parliament that he exerted himself 
in behalf of the colonies, but in various pamphlets did he show 
the folly of attempting to subjugate them. He died on the 8th 
of July, 1797, in the 68th year of his age, and left a reputation 
behind him for being a man of extraordinary understanding. 
He was noted for his benevolence and magnanimity, and to 
crown the whole, was a believer in religion. He was a mem- 
ber of the Church of England. 



BUTTS. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by the 
Ocmulgee, which separates it from Newton ; E. by the Ocmul- 
gee, which separates it from Jasper ; S. by Monroe ; and W. 
by Henry. Laid out in 1825 from Monroe and Henry. It is, 
on an average, 17 miles in length, 13 in width, and contains 
221 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocumlgee flows along its eastern 
and northern boundary. The small streams are, the Tussahaw, 
Yellow Water, and Sandy creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 
gave the population thus: 3,341 whites, 2,292 blacks ; total, 
5,633. Amount of tax returned for 1848, is $2,017 91. Sends 
one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Jackson, Cook, Indian Springs, Lofton's 
Store. 

Towns. — Jackson is the county site, situated on the waters 
of Yellow Water creek, 55 miles N. W. Milledgeville, 5 N. In- 
dian Springs, 20 W. Monticello, 28 E. Zebulon, 18 from 



BUTTS COUNTY. 131 

McDonough, 20 from Griffin, 28 from Covington, and 8 from 
the Ocmulgee. Besides a court-house and jail, it contains two 
churches, one academy for males and one for females, one ta- 
vern, three stores, &c. Population about 300. Amount of goods 
sold per annum, about $40,000. The situation of the town is 
pleasant. Incorporated and made the county site in 1826. 

Dublin, a small place, eight miles from Jackson. 

Lofton's Store, seven miles from Jackson. 

Mineral Springs. — The Indian Springs stand high among 
the fashionable resorts in Georgia ; they are situated in the 
fork of Sandy creek. The waters are highly impregnated with 
sulphur. 

Iron Spring is four miles E. of Jackson. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The prevailing sects are 
Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are about 12 
churches in the county. Much attention is paid to education. 
The schools in Jackson and in other portions of the county are 
said to be excellent. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are in fine condition, and 
the bridges kept in good repair. 

Minerals. — Most of the minerals found in Jasper are in 
this county. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, &c. — The face 
of the country is level. The gray lands prevail, and are admira- 
bly suited for cotton. The different grains do well. The va- 
lue of land is from 3 to i7 per acre. Cotton averages 400 lbs. 
per acre ; corn from two to four barrels ; wheat about six 
bushels. About 5,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. 
The cotton produced in this county is said to be of a very 
superior description. 

Character of fhe People, Amusements. — The people are 
industrious and honest. The amusements are such as prevail 
in middle Georgia. 

Manufactories, Mills. — Planters' Factory, capital 
850,000, owned principally by citizens of Jasper county, 
situated at the Seven Islands, on the Ocmulgee river. Water 
power unsurpassed by any in Georgia. Spindles, 3,200 ; looms, 
5^; yards of cloth made per day, 800; bunches of yarns, 100; 
75 hands are employed, all whites. There are in the county 
three flour mills, seven saw-mills, and six grist-mills. 



132 BALDWIN COUNTY. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is similar to 
that of Jasper. The diseases are few, and confined to the 
water-courses. Among the instances of longevity are the fol- 
lowing; Mrs. McMichael died at the age of 100, Mr. Butril 
over 80, E. Price, a revolutionary soldier, 79; Mr. Robert Grier, 
well known as the author of an almanac, died at the age of 80. 

Early Settlers. — Mr. McCord, James Harkness, Mr. 
Foster, Abner Bankston, Mr. Thaxtom, A. Robinson, Mr. Giles, 
John McMichael, Mr. Hendricks, Mr. Lindsley. 

ANTiauiTiEs. — On Major Ward's plantation there are three 
mounds with embankments running to the river Ocmulgee. 
Dr. Tolefree, of Monticello, a few years ago, excavated some 
of these mounds, and found a variety of Indian implements. 

Name. — This county was named after Captain Samuel 
Butts, who lost his life in the battle of Chalibbee, on the 27th 
of January, 1814^ He was a native of Southampton county, 
Virginia, and came to Georgia when very young, and settled 
in Hancock county, and then removed to Monticello, Jas- 
per county. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits. When 
it was determined by the citizens of Jasper to raise a com- 
pany, to aid in punishing the Indians for their cruelties upon 
our frontier settlements, Mr. Butts joined it as a common sol- 
dier, but was elected captain before its arrival at the seat of 
war. For bravery no officer stood higher. He was shot while 
he was leading on his men. We would have been pleased to 
have given a more detailed account of this gentleman, but have 
been unable to get information upon which reliance could be 
placed. 



BALDWIN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded by Putnam and Han- 
cock ; E. by Hancock and a part of Washington ; S. by Wil- 
kinson; and W. by Jones. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 
1803. Medium length 16 miles; breadth 15^; 244 square 
miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Oconee runs through the middle 
of the county, into which Fishing, Black, Camp, and Tobler's 
creeks discharge their waters. 



BALDWIN COUNTY. 133 

Post Office. — Milledgeville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The popula- 
tion in 1845, was 7450 ; of these, 2579 were whites, and 
4871 blacks. Amount of State tax re!urned for 1848, $3959 
90 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Milledgeville is the seat of justice for the county, 
and the capital of the State of Georgia ; situated on the west 
side of the Oconee river, in lat. 33° 4' 10^''. West Lon. from 
Washington, 6° 19'. It is distant 659 miles S. W. of Wash- 
ington City; 158 N. W. of Savannah; 89 W. S. W. of Au- 
gusta; 193 N. of Darien ; 32 E. of Macon, and 125 E. N. E. 
of Columbus. The town was named after Governor Milledge, 
a soldier of the Revolution, and a gentleman who rendered im- 
portant services to Georgia. 

The court-house- is constructed of brick, and the jail of 
stone, found in the vicinity of the town. There are four 
churches, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist. 
The other public buildings are a market-house, academy, and 
Masonic Hall. There are numerous stores and shops, five or six 
hotels, and several societies, such as the Masonic Lodge, Divi- 
sion of the Sons of Temperance, &c. Milledgeville is considered 
healthy. In 1848 the population was 2000. Many of the pri- 
vate residences are beautiful. Amount of business is over 
^200,000 per annum. It was made a city in 1836. The Le- 
gislature held its first session here in 1807. 

Midway, one mile and a half from Milledgeville, is the seat 
of Oglethorpe University. Population between 2 and 300. 
The schools have a high reputation. 

Scottsborough, named after General John Scott, four miles 
south of Milledgeville. It is a pleasant summer residence, and 
the schools are said to be very superior. 

Mineral Springs. — On land belonging to Col. Carter, just 
below Scottsborough, is a spring supposed to be possessed of 
the properties of sulphur. Jarratt's springs in Milledgeville, 
furnish excellent water. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
northern part is hilly. The lands generally are much worn, 
but susceptible of improvement. Some lands on the Oconee 
river are fertile. The southern part is sandy. The produc- 



134 BALDWIN COUNTY. 

tions are cotton, corn, wheat, sugar cane, &c. Cotton aver- 
ages about 400 pounds per acre ; corn from 8 to 12 bushels 
per acre. Between 5 and 6000 bags of cotton are annually 
produced. 

Roads and Bridges. — Sufficient attention is not given to 
the roads and bridges. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Episcopalians, Metho- 
dists, Baptists, Presbyterians, The schools of this county were 
formerly considered equal to any in Georgia. Those in Mil- 
ledgeville, Midway, and Scottsborough, are now under the su- 
pervision of able teachers ; and public report speaks highly of 
the improvement of the pupils. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Milledgeville Manufacturing Co., 
situated in Milledgeville. Capital, $83,000. Main building 
four stories high, built of brick. Engine 45 horse power ; cost 
$4000 ; made at Novelty Works, New- York. 
3136 spindles. 

53 looms. 
1000 yards of cloth made per day (osnaburghs). 
1000 do. No. 14 sheetings, per day. 
135 bundles of yarns, do. 

110 operatives (whites). 
4 bales of cotton used per day, 
* 500 mattresses made per year. 

Wages of operatives from $3 to $26 per month. 

Great efforts made to secure the good conduct of the ope- 
ratives. Their condition greatly improved. 

Goods sent to New- York, New-Orleans, Charleston, and 
Savannah. Demand greater than ability to respond. This 
factory took three honours at the fair at the Stone Mountain. 

There are also three or four saw-mills, four or five grist- 
mills, and one flour-mill on the Oconee. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were S. Holt, 
A. Greene, R. White, Thomas Napier, David Fluker, and others. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is decided- 
ly healthy. Dr. Fort, an eminent physician of Milledgeville, 
considers the county more healthy at this time than at any 
former period. At one time, the deaths by bilious fever were 
as high as five per cent. ; but the doctor says, the terrors of bi- 
lious fever have been much diminished. The instances of 



BALDWIN COUNTY. 135 

longevity are the following : Mrs. Huson, a lady now nearly 
80, and presides at the table of one of the best hotels in Geor- 
gia, with great dignity. Mrs. Tompkins and Mrs. Robinson, 
both living, over 80. Mr. Abner Hammond died at an ad- 
vanced age. Mr. John Dismukes was 93 years old at his 
death. 

Minerals. — Granite, felspar, &c. In the vicinity of Mil- 
ledgeville the geologist may find much to interest him. Sir Charles 
Lyell, President of the London Geological Society, visited Geor- 
gia in 1846, and in a volume containing a history of his travels, 
recently published, thus speaks of the country around Milledge- 
ville : 

" It is striking, around Milledgeville, to see so many large 
detached and rounded boulders of granite lying on the surface 
of the soil, and all strictly confined within the limits of the 
granitic region. One of these, on the slope of a hill, three 
miles from the town, resting on gneiss, measured twelve feet 
in its longest diameter, and was four feet high. I presume that 
these boulders are nearly in situ ; they may have constituted 
" tors" of granite, like those in Cornwall, fragments of masses, 
once more extensive, left by denudation at a period when the 
country was rising out of the sea, and fragments may have 
been occasionally thrown down by the waves, and swept to 
a small distance from their original sites. 

" Another most singular phenomenon in the environs of Mil- 
ledgeville is the depth to which the gneiss and mica schist 
have decomposed in situ. Some very instructive sections of 
the disintegrated rocks have been laid open in the precipices 
of recently formed ravines. Were it not that the original 
intersecting veins of white quartz remain unaltered, to show 
that the layers of sand, clay, and loam are mere laminae of gneiss 
and mica schist, resolved into their elements, a geologist would 
suppose that they were ordinary alternations of sandy and 
clayey beds with occasional cross stratification, the whole 
just in the state in which they were first deposited. Now 
and then, as if to confirm the deception, a large crystal of 
felspar, eight or ten inches long, is seen to retain its angles, 
although converted into kaolin. Similar crystals, almost as 
perfect, may be seen washed into the tertiary strata south of 
the granitic region, where white porcelain clays, quartzose gra- 



136 BALDWIN COUNTY. 

vel, sand, and micaceous loam are found, evidently derived 
from the waste of decomposed crystalline rocks. I am not 
surprised, therefore, that some geologists should have con- 
founded the ancient gneiss of this district, thus decomposed 
in situ, with the tertiary deposits. Their close resemblance 
confirms me in the opinion, that the arrangement of the gneiss 
and mica schist in beds with subordinate layers, both hori- 
zontal and oblique, was originally determined, in most cases 
at least, by aqueous deposition, although often modified by 
subsequent crystalline action. 

" The surprising depth of some of the modern ravines, in 
the neighbourhood of Milledgeville, suggests matter of curious 
speculation. At the distance of three miles and a half west of 
the town, on the direct road to Macon, on the farm of Pomona, 
is a ravine. Twenty years ago it had no existence ; but 
when the trees of the forest were cut down, cracks three feet 
deep were caused by the sun's heat in the clay ; and, during 
the rains, a sudden rush of water through these cracks, caused 
them to deepen at their lower extremities, from whence the 
excavating power worked backward, till, in the course of twenty 
years, a chasm, measuring no less than 55 feet in depth, 300 
yards in length, and varying in width from 20 to 180 feet was 
the result. The high road has been several times turned to 
avoid this cavity, the enlargement of which is still proceeding, 
and the old line of road may be seen to have held its course 
directly over what is now the widest part of the ravine. In 
the perpendicular walls of this great chasm appear beds of clay 
and sand, red, white, yellow, and green, produced by the de- 
composition in situ of hornblendic gneiss, with layers and veins 
of quartz, as before-mentioned, and of a rock consisting of 
quartz and felspar, which remain entire to prove that the whole 
mass was once crystalline." 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — The first court was held in 
Baldwin, July 21, 1806, Judge Tait presiding. 

Name. — The Hon. Abraham Baldwin was born in the 
State of Connecticut, in 1754. He graduated at Yale, in 
1772, with the reputation of one of the best classical and 
mathematical scholars of his time. During the Revolutionary 
war, he was several years a professor of that institution, and, 



BALDWIN COUNTY. 137 

for a part of the war, a chaplain in the Continental army. 
At its close, he studied law. Georgia, then a frontier State, 
offered inducements to emigrants. Mr. Baldwin arrived at 
Savannah, in 1784 ; was immediately admitted a counsellor at 
the Georgia bar, and fixed his residence in Columbia county. 
In three months he had gained so greatly the confidence of 
the people of that county, that they elected him a member of 
the Legislature. It is believed, generally, that he originated 
the plan of the University of Georgia, drew up its charter, 
and persuaded the Legislature to adopt it. We do not find 
that the merit of this work has been assigned to any other. 
Mr. Baldwin was a man of decided literary and scientific 
mind, and it is very certain that he was one of the most ac- 
tive supporters of the University. Let him be deemed, then, 
its father. 

Two years had not transpired before Mr. Baldwin was 
elected to Congress. In 1786, he took his seat. From that 
year, until his death in 1807, he was a member at every ses- 
sion, either of the House or of the Senate. In the Federal 
Convention that framed the Constitution, he was a delegate 
from Georgia, taking an active part in the deliberations of that 
illustrious body. With his previous legislative experience and 
his knowledge of the Constitution, from being one of its au- 
thors, the people of the middle district of Georgia considered 
his services necessary to setting the government in motion. 
We accordingly find Mr. Baldwin a representative under the 
new Constitution in 1789. He was one of the wisest and one 
of the most respected debaters in the new Congress. Upon 
many important topics, the journals of debates show Mr. 
Baldwin to have taken a prominent part. The venerable Na- 
thaniel Macon assured the late Col. Tattnall, in 182G, review- 
ing in conversation the members who had served from Geor- 
gia, that the eloquence of Mr. Baldwin was of the highest 
order, and his reasoning powers equal to those of any other 
statesman in Congress. In 1802, Mr. Baldwin was one of 
the Commissioners of Georgia, who negotiated and signed the 
treaty of cession of our western territory to the United States. 
He was president pro tempore of the Senate of the United 
States, from April to December, 1802. Preferring the floor 



138 ■ BALDWIN COUNTY. 

to the presiding officer's chair, he decHned a re-election in the 
winter of 1803. 

During the violent agitation of parties, he was always 
moderate but firm — decided in his republican principles, but 
not denunciatory of those who differed from him. His gentle 
manners, his pure morals, his well-balanced mind, his argu- 
mentative powers, his persuasive eloquence, his classical 
education, brought him nearer perhaps to the standard of his 
compatriot, James Madison, with whom he served in the old 
Congress, in the Convention, and in the new Congress, than 
was any other statesman of the age in which they acted. He 
was most faithful in his attendance on his duties, having for 
twenty-two years of public service, up to the first moment of 
his last illness, been absent from his seat but one day. 

In his private life, we are told that he was distinguished 
for beneficent and charitable deeds. " Having never been 
married, he had no family of his own. His constant habits of 
economy and temperance left him the means of assisting 
many young men in their education and their establishment 
in business ; besides which, his father's family presented an 
ample field for his benevolence. Six orphans, his half-brothers 
and sisters, were left to his care by his father's death, in the 
year 1787. The estate that was to support them proved in- 
solvent. He paid the debts of the estate, quit-claimed his 
proportion to these children, and educated them all, in a great 
measure, at his own expense." 

He died very suddenly at Washington City, in March, 
1807, in the service of his adopted State. And it may be 
truly declared, that Georgia lost in him one of her greatest 
statesmen, and the Federal Union a public man whose capacity 
and past service indicated great future prominence in the an- 
nals of the republic. 



CAMDEN COUNTY. 139 

CAMDEN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Glynn and a por- 
tion of Wayne on the north, the Atlantic on the east, Florida 
and Atlantic on the south, and Ware on the west. The 
county was formed in 1777 from the parishes of St. Thomas 
and St. Mary's, and in 1808 a part was added to Wayne. It 
is forty-five miles long, and twenty-five miles wide, containing 
1125 square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The streams of most importance are 
the St. Ilia, St. Mary's, and Little St. Ilia. The creeks are 
the Hog Pen Branch, Spanish, Bullhead, Buffalo, White Oak, 
Todd's, Dover, and Big White Cap. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave this county a population of 5,482. Of these, 1,721 
were whites, and 3,761 blacks. Amount of tax returned for 
1848 is $4,464 97. Entitled to one representative. 

Post Offices. — Jefferson, St. Mary's, Langsbury, Cen- 
tre Village. 

Islands. — Several Islands are included in this county. 
Among them Cumberland and Jekyl are the most important. 
The Indian name of Cumberland Island was Missoe. The 
name was changed when Oglethorpe visited it at the request 
of an Indian chief who had received some kindness from the 
Duke of Cumberland, to that of Cumberland. It is eighteen 
miles long, and from half a mile to three miles wide. The 
soil is of a light sandy character, adapted to the culture 
of cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. Lemons, figs, pomegranates, 
olives, oranges and melons grow finely. The frost of 1835 
destroyed the fine forests of orange trees. Three thousand 
oranges have been gathered from one tree on Mrs. Shaw's 
plantation, formerly General Greene's. Cotton averages two 
hundred pounds per acre, corn twelve bushels per acre, sweet 
potatoes seventy bushels per acre. Live oak, cedars, and a 
few pines, are the forest trees. A portion of the timber with 
which the frigate Constitution was built was furnished by this 
island. Deer, raccoons and opossums are abundant, and fish 
of every variety. More than half of the island is worthless as 



140 CAMDEN COUNTY. 

far as cultivation is concerned ; the other half is worth eight dol- 
lars per acre. The climate is temperate and healthy. Many of 
the negroes live to a great age. On the north end of the island, 
or rather on Little Cumberland, is a lighthouse sixty feet high, 
with a revolving light, and can be seen at sea twenty miles. 
Dungeness, formerly Gen. Greene's property, is on this island. 
There was formerly a fine house on the estate, but it is now 
going to ruin. Population, 24th of October, 1846, thirteen 
white men, eight white boys, seven girls, eight women, negroes 
four hundred. In the war of 1812 the island was taken by 
Admiral Cockburne, and although motives were offered to the 
slaves to desert their masters, but one accepted the offer. 
There is no church, the inhabitants attending service in St. 
Mary's. On the southwest side of the island are the remains 
of fort St. Andrews, built by Gen. Oglethorpe. 

Jekyl Island received its name from Gen. Oglethorpe in 
honour of Sir Joseph Jekyl, his particular friend. 

Towns. — Jefferson, the seat of justice, situated on the 
south side of St. Ilia river, has a court house, jail, three stores, &c. 
It is considered unhealthy, being surrounded by rice planta- 
tions. It is twenty-five miles from St. Mary's, twenty-eight 
from Brunswick, and fifty from Darien. Small sloops come up 
to the town. 

St. Mary's is beautifully situated on the north side of the 
St. Mary's river, nine miles from, and in sight of the ocean. 
It has a fine harbour, being accessible to the largest vessels. 
Population, 359 whites, and 268 blacks; total 627. There 
are five churches. Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian> 
Methodist and African ; court-house, market-house, and a 
spacious brick academy. There are nine dry goods and gro- 
cery stores, one drug store, three schools, three ministers, three 
lawyers, three physicians, and a due proportion of mechanics. 
The town is very healthy. The streets are broad and adorned 
with shade-trees. For persons afflicted with pulmonary com- 
plaints, the climate is said to be peculiarly favourable. The 
inhabitants have a high reputation for morals and intelligence. 
Amount of business done is about $30,000 per annum. Orange 
groves until recently adorned nearly every garden, and flourish- 
ed with great luxuriance. An insect and the frost for a year or 



CAMDEN COUNTY. 141 

two past have' greatly marred their beauty, and in some in- 
stances nearly destroyed them ; yet they still form an interest- 
ing feature in the place. Lat. 30° 50^ Lon. 4° 51'. 

Centreville, six miles from Coleraine, and three from St. Ma- 
ry's river. Hides, 6z;c., are brought here in large quantities 
from the contiguous counties. 

Coleraine, forty- five miles above St. Mary's. It was once 
in a flourishing condition, but is now almost deserted. 

Burnt Fort, on the St. Ilia, forty-eight miles from its 
mouth. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. 
The diseases are such as prevail in the lower sections of the 
State. Lewis Welford died at the age of 95 or 100. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The lands upon the 
St. Ilia are celebrated for their fertility. Productions are rice 
and cotton. ♦ 

Name. — Of the illustrious members of the British Parlia- 
ment, there were many who zealously advocated the cause of 
the injured colonies, but none with the activity and perseve- 
rance of the Earl of Camden, after whom this county was 
named. In every debate upon America he spoke at great 
length, and many of his speeches are still preserved. In his 
place in the House of Lords, opposing a bill respecting the Brit- 
ish forces in America, this fearless champion of American Lib- 
erty said : " I 'was against this unnatural war from the begin- 
ning. I contend that America has been driven by cruel neces- 
sity to defend her rights from the united attacks of violence, 
oppression, and injustice." By the friends of the ministry 
this language was denounced as violent, and in reply he 
said : " I do assure your lordships that I am heartily tired of 
the ineffectual struggle in which I am engaged. I would thank 
any of your lordships that would procure a vote for silencing 
me ; but until that vote has received your lordships' sanction, 
1 must still think, and as often as occasion may require continue 
to assert, that Great Britain was the aggressor; that our acts 
with respect to America were oppressive, and that if I were 
an American I should resist to the last, such manifest exertions 
of tyranny, violence, and injustice." On another occasion he 
said : " My position is this ; I repeat it, I will maintain it to my 
10 



142 CAMDEN COUNTY. 

last hour, taxation and representation are inseparable. The 
position is founded on the laws of nature. For whatever is a 
man's own, it is absolutely his own. No man has a right to 
take it away from him without his consent. Whoever attempts 
to do it, attempts an injury. Whoever does it commits a rob- 
bery." Sentiments like these delivered by a legislator of Great 
Britain, were calculated to inspire the struggling colonies 
with confidence ; and the Earl of Camden was regarded by the 
friends of liberty as their most able champion. The colony of 
Massachusetts sent to him an address, acknowledging in grate- 
ful terms their profound sense of his patriotic and intrepid de- 
fence of the rights of His Majesty's subjects. America rung 
with his praises. Counties, towns, and villages were named 
after him. Georgia, to perpetuate the remembrance of his ser- 
vices, attached his name to one of her divisions. We will 
give a short memoir of this distinguished friend of American 
liberty. 

Charles Pratt, afterwards Lord Chancellor and Earl of Cam- 
den, was born in 1713, and was descended from an ancient and 
respectable family that had been settled at Careswell Priory, 
near CoUumpton in Devonshire. His father was an eminent 
barrister in the reign of William III. and Queen Anne, and 
in the reign of George I. Lord Chief Justice of England. Af- 
ter having received his education at Eton and Cambridge, he 
entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 
1738. Many obstacles prevented his rapid advancement. For 
years he was without a single client, and he was about to aban- 
don his profession, but was dissuaded from doing so by his friend 
Lord Northington. Having conducted a case with great abil- 
ity in one of the western circuits of England, he soon became 
known, and business crowded upon him. In parliamentary law 
he was well read, and was a favourite in all cases of political 
aspect. In July, 1757, through the influence of Mr. Pitt, he 
was made Attorney General, and soon after was elected to 
Parliament from the borough of Downton, which he continued 
to represent until he became Chief Justice of the Court of 
Common Pleas, which office he took January 23, 1762. Whilst 
holding this high dignity, the celebrated John Wilkes was com- 
mitted to prison upon the charge of making severe animadver- 
sions upon the government, through the columns of a paper call- 



CAMPBELL COUNTY. 143 

ed the " North Briton." By virtue of a writ of Habeas Cor- 
pus, he was brought into Westminster Hall. Three days were 
spent in the consideration of his case ; after which Chief Jus- 
tice Pratt declared the warrant by which Wilkes was appre- 
hended to be illegal, and ordered him to be discharged. His 
intrepidity and independence on this occasion made him the 
idol of the people. Busts and prints of him were sold. A 
fine portrait of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds was placed in the 
Guild Hall of the city of London, which city also presented 
him with the freedom of its corporation in a gold box, and the 
example was followed by other large towns in the United King- 
dom. One of the sights which foreigners went to see in Lon- 
don, .was the Great Lord Chief Justice Pratt. In 1765, he was 
raised to a Peerage. The first speech which he made in the 
House of Lords was against the bill for taxing the colonies. — 
We have already alluded to some of his speeches in favour of 
America. He never ceased to advocate their cause, and sec- 
onded Lord Chatham in all his efforts to bring about a recon- 
ciliation between the mother country and the colonies. The 
Earl of Camden invariably showed himself to be the friend of 
constitutional liberty, and embraced every opportunity of 
defending the rights of the people. Upon all the great ques- 
tions brought before Parliament, he displayed the most pro- 
found knowledge. In 1766 he was made Keeper of the Seal, 
and on the 30th of July, 1766, Lord Chancellor, which office 
he held for three and a half years. In 1782 he was ap- 
pointed President of the Council, and in 1786 was raised to 
the Peerage under the title of Viscount Bayham of Bayham 
Abbey, in the County of Kent, and Earl of Camden. He died 
the 13th of April, J 794, aged 81 years. His remains were 
deposited in the Parish Church of Seal, in Kent.* 



CAMPBELL. 



Boundaries, Extent.— This county has Cobb on the N., 
De Kalb and Fayette E., Coweta and Carroll S., and Carroll W. 

* Walpole's Memoirs of George HI. ; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors 
of England ; Parliamentary Debates. 



144 CAMPBELL COUNTY. 

Laid out in 1828, from Coweta, Carroll, De Kalb, and Fayette. 
Length 16 miles, breadth 12, square miles 192. 

County Town. — Campbellton is the seat of justice. It 
occupies an elevated position on the southeast side of the 
Chattahoochee river, distant from Milledgeville 151 miles, 
from Atlanta 22, from Newnan 25, from Marietta 26, from 
Fayetteville 20, and from Villa Rica 22. It has a very large 
court-house, built of brick, far too large for the county; a jail, 
an hotel, two churches, an academy, &c. Population 175. 
The water is only tolerable. Amount of goods annually sold is 
25,000 dollars. The merchants buy in Charleston and New- 
York. The town was settled and incorporated in 1829. 

Sand Town, is a small village on the Chattahoochee river, 
two miles from Campbellton. 

Post-Offices. — Campbellton, Cedar Branch, County Line, 
Dark Corner, Rivertown, Sand Town, Rasselas. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation of the county was 4,705 whites, and 1,051 blacks;* 
total, 5756. Amount of State tax, for 1848, $1,367 73 cts. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Religious Denominations. — Methodists, Baptists, Presby- 
terians, and Universalists. 

Education. — Education is neglected. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Sweet Water Factory, situated 
on Sweet Water creek, 16 miles S. of Marietta; building five 
stories high, 48 by 120 feet. Designed for 6,000 spindles, 90 
looms. Capital, $50,000. Water power good, 23 feet fall. 
Owners, Gov. McDonald and Col. Ro2;ers. 11 saw-mills. 
14 grist-mills, 2 flour-mills, 4 distilleries in the county. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is broken and undulating. The lands on the 
rivers and creeks have a black and loamy soil, finely adapted 
to cotton, wheat, and corn. These are valued at $25 per 
acre. The red lands produce well, valued at $10 per acre. 
The gray hickory lands are worth from 5 to $10, and pro- 
duce fine crops of corn. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, &c. Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre, 
corn 18 bushels, wheat 10 bushels. Three thousand bags of 
cotton are raised annually. 



CAMPBELL COUNTY. 145 

Minerals. — Gold, iron, quartz, granite, soap-stone, fel- 
spar, &c. 

Animals. — Deer, foxes, rabbits, &c. 

Amusements. — Hunting, fishing, dancing and horse-racing. 

CiiAiiACTER OF THE People. — The people are industrious 
and hospitable. Newspapers are well patronized, and a spirit 
of inquiry has been aroused among the people. 

Original Settlers. — Joseph Beaver, James Black, Thom- 
as Black, James Davis. 

Market. — Atlanta is the market for most of the produce. 

Roads and Bridges, Ferries. — Some of the roads are in 
fine order, others in a bad condition. The bridges are in good 
repair. Eleven ferries in the county. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. 
The diseases are mostly those of an inflammatory nature. 
The following are the instances of longevity which have come 
to our knowledge. William Wood, over 80 ; Hugh Rowan, 
80 ; Mr. Winn, 80 ; Mr. McClarty, over 80. 

Name. — Col. Duncan G. Campbell, in honour of whom this 
county is named, was born in North Carolina, on the 17th of 
February, 1787, received his education at Chapel Hill, 
and graduated in 1806. He came to Wilkes county in 1807, 
and studied law with Judge Griffin, and at the same time took 
charge of a female seminary. The ill health of Judge Griffin 
rendering it necessary for him to give up the law, Mr. Campbell 
soon succeeded to his practice. In 1820, 21, 2, 3, he represent- 
ed Wilkes county in the State Legislature, where he com- 
manded much respect for his talents and liberality. Whilst a 
member of the Legislature he introduced a bill for the educa- 
tion of females, but it met with great opposition and was not 
passed. In 1 823, he was appointed a commissioner to nego- 
tiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians for land : he was also 
a commissioner to form a treaty with the Creek Indians at the 
Indian Springs. The integrity of Mr. Campbell, together with 
that of Mr. Merriwether, in the negotiation of the treaty at the 
Indian Springs, was called into question, and the Legislature 
of Georgia, at their session in 1825, feeling themselves bound 
to protect their most worthy and distinguished fellow citizens, 
passed the following resolution : " That they feel deeply and 



146 CARROLL COUNTY. 

gratefully impressed with the important services of the Hon. 
Duncan G. Campbell and James Merriwether in obtaining the 
late cession of lands from the Creek nation of Indians, and that 
their confidence remains unimpaired in the honour, upright- 
ness, and integrity of those gentlemen. That the General As- 
sembly, representing the feelings and wishes of the good citi- 
zens of this State, do not hesitate in saying, that they conceive 
that the treaty contains in itself intrinsic evidence of its own 
fairness, in the liberal and extended provisions which it con- 
tains for the removal, preservation, and perpetuity of the Creek 
nation. Such treaty, so beneficial to the United States, the 
State of Georgia, and the Indians themselves, having been ne- 
gotiated under circumstances requiring the most devoted zeal, 
persevering industry and firmness, we pronounce upon the 
conduct of the commissioners our most cordial approbation, 
and that a copy thereof be transmitted to each of said commis- 
sioners, and also a copy to our senators and representa- 
tives in Congress." Mr. Campbell was of middle height, 
thick stature, and light complexion. He died on the 31st of 
July, 1828. 



CARROLL. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Paulding on the 
north, Campbell and Coweta on the east. Heard on the south, 
and Alabama on the west. Laid out in 1826, and a part add- 
ed to Campbell in 1828, and a part to Heard in 1830. Length 
26 miles, breadth 22, containing 572 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The principal streams are the Chatta- 
hoochee, and Little Tallapoosa rivers, and Turkey, Yellow 
Dirt, Whooping and Snake creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the pop- 
ulation was 6,482 whites, 529 blacks. Total, 7,011. Amount 
of State tax returned for 1848, f 1,400 13. Sends one repre- 
sentative to the Legislature. 



CARROLL COUNTY. 147 

Post Offices. — Carrollton, Hickory Level, Laurel Hill, 
Rotherwood, Tallapoosa, Villa Rica, Burret Stand, Cerro 
Gordo. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Hinche 
P. Mabry, W. G. Springer, Joseph Chambers, John Robinson, 
and Giles S. Boggess. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Bowen's factory on Snake creek, 
ten miles from Carrollton, recently established, five hundred 
spindles, but calculated for more. One wool card establish- 
ment near Carrollton. Several mills for pounding gold ore, 
nine saw-mills, ten grist-mills, one merchant mill, two distil- 
leries. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Methodists and Bap- 
tists are the most numerous. Near Carrollton are a few Pres- 
byterians. Sufficient attention is not given to the subject of 
education. 

Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — Several 
ridges run through the county. These ridges give origin to 
many springs. The soil is various. Some of the land is gray, 
and a large portion is productive red land. On the creeks the 
lands are fertile. The glades in this county might, under judi- 
cious management, be rendered productive. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre, Value of 
Land. — Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c. The culture of 
cotton has been but recently commenced, and has proved suc- 
cessful. The staple is of a superior quality. Fruits, such as 
apples, pears, plums, and grapes, are very fine. Vegetables 
succeed well. The product of corn is from four to five bar- 
rels per acre. Wheat from seven to forty bushels per acre. 
Cotton about seven hundred pounds per acre. Improved lands 
are worth from four to five dollars per acre. Wild lands sell 
low. 

Towns. — Carrollton is the county seat, situated on an emi- 
nence upon the waters of Little Tallapoosa, 151 miles northwest 
of Milledgeville, 26 miles from Newnan, 24 from Franklin, 26 
from Campbellton, 34 from Van Wert, 46 from Marietta, and 
18 from Alabama. It has a court-house, jail, two academies, 
two hotels, and one church. Population 250. Incorporated 
in 1829. 



148 CARROLL COUNTY. 

Villa Rica is a pleasant village, situated in the centre of 
the gold region, on the ridge dividing the waters of the Talla- 
poosa and Sweet Water Creeks. It has one church, one hotel, 
two schools, masonic lodge, division of the Sons of Tem- 
perance. Population 200. Amount of business done in a 
year exceeds 8100,000. It was settled in 1830 by persons 
interested in the mining operations. It is a healthy village, 
and the character of the population has much improved. Dis- 
tant from Carrollton 16 miles northeast, 22 from Campbell- 
ton, 30 from Marietta, and from Cassville, Rome, Fayetteville, 
Franklin, Decatur, and Abacoochee Mine, in Alabama, 42 
miles. 

Gold Mines, Minerals. — Gold is abundant, and is said 
to be finer than any found in Georgia. Near Villa Rica there 
is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide, in 
which there are numerous mines known as the "Carroll Mines." 
Many of them have proved to be profitable. The amount of 
gold obtained from these mines cannot be stated with accu- 
racy. The general average is one pennyweight per hand. 

West of Villa Rica 22 miles is a valuable mine, owned by 
Holland, Bonner, and others. 

Bonner's mine, five miles southwest of Carrollton, is also 
very rich. Some iron is found ; also mica, quartz, granite, &c. 

Mineral Springs. — In Villa Rica there is a spring slightly 
impregnated with sulphur, and in different parts of the county 
there are chalybeate springs. 

Character of the People. — In the early settlement of this 
county, many irregularities were committed ; but the popula- 
tion at this time, in point of morality and good order, are equal 
to that of many of the older counties. 

Climate, Diseases. — No country on earth has a more 
salubrious climate. The diseases are very few. 

Name. — This county is named after Charles Carroll. This 
venerable man, a signer of the Declaration of American Inde- 
pendence, was born at Annapolis, Sept. 8, 1737. When very 
young, he was sent to France to receive his education. He 
remained there until 1757, when he visited London, and 
commenced the study of the law. He returned to the 
United States in 1764, with a mind very highly cultivated. 



CASS COUNTY. 149 

About this period, the respective rights of the colonies occu- 
pied much of the public attention ; and among those who 
boldly advocated their rights, was Mr. Carroll. In 17 70 Mr. 
Carroll was appointed, in conjunction with four other dis- 
tinguished gentlemen, to visit Canada, and persuade the in- 
habitants to unite with the colonies in the cause of liberty ; 
but various circumstances rendered his mission abortive. 
Mr. Carroll came to Philadelphia just as Congress was 
discussing the question of declaring the colonies free and 
independent. He was in favour of this ; but the delegates 
from Maryland were instructed to vote against it. Mr. 
Carroll, hearing this, left Philadelphia immediately for Anna- 
polis, where the convention was then sitting, and suc- 
ceeded by his efforts in inducing that body to give their dele- 
gates instructions to vote for independence. On the same day 
he was appointed a delegate to Congress. Mr. Carroll had 
not voted on this subject, not being a member of Congress at 
the time the votes were taken. Mr. Hancock asked him if he 
would sign it. Most willingly, he replied, and immediately affixed 
his name to that immortal document ; upon which one of the 
members remarked, " There goes half a million at the dash of 
a pen." Mr. Carroll aided in the formation of the constitution 
of Maryland in 1776, and continued in Congress until 1778. 
In the Senate of Maryland he served for several years, and 
was a member of the United States Senate for a long pe- 
riod. In 1810 he quitted public life, and passed the remainder 
of his days in tranquillity. He died at Baltimore, Nov. 14, 
1832, in his 96th year. 



CASS. 

Situation, Boundaries. — This county lies partly in 
the primitive and partly in the transition formation. 
Bounded N. by Murray, E. by Gilmer and Cherokee, W. by 
Floyd, S. by Cobb and Paulding. Laid out from Cherokee 
in 1832. 

Post Offices. — Cassville, Adairsville, Allatoona, Carters- 



t50 CASS COUNTY. 

ville, Free Bridge, Iron Works, Kingston, Oothcaloga, Pine 
Log, Saliquoy, Stilesborough, Little Prairie, Fair Mount, 
Cold Run. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population of 
this county has increased with amazing rapidity. In 1845, 
the population was 10,229 whites, 2,295 blacks ; total, 
12,524. The next census will undoubtedly show a larger 
number. Amount of State tax for 1848, $3,414 30 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Etowah, Oostenaula,Coose wattee, 
and Conesauga rivers. Innumerable creeks water the county. 
Among them are : the Raccoon, Pettis, Euharlee, Pine Log, 
Salacoa, Two Run, Barnsley, Oothcaloga, and Stamp creek. 

Nature of the Soil. — There is a large quantity of rich 
land in this county. The red chocolate soil lying along the 
Etowah river, and in the Oothcaloga valley is mostly preferred. 
From its growth it is sometimes called " Hickory Sapling 
land." It is deep, and of a warmer nature than others. 
Lands of this kind have sold for i30 per acre, and it is doubt- 
ful whether they can now be purchased for much below this 
sum. Where the land is worn it answers for cotton very 
well ; if fresh it forces the plant too much into weed. This 
description of land produces from 25 to 50 bushels of corn to 
the acre. Rye, oats, barley, and indeed every thing does well 
on this soil. There is another class of fertile land, but appa- 
rently too cold to produce finely, during such short sea- 
sons as prevail in Cherokee Georgia. These are principally 
upon Raccoon creek. There is a sort of land of a higher 
colour than either of the above, preferred by some, but old 
farmers do not consider it as productive as the chocolate 
lands. The remaining soils partake of the above qualities, and 
are reduced in value and fertility according to the quantity of 
rocks and gravel. 

Minerals. — No part of Georgia is richer in valuable rocks 
and minerals. A volume would hardly contain what might be 
said on this subject. Iron ore, equal to any in the world, is 
abundantly diffused. Fine marble, limestone in any quantity, 
from which lime is made and sent to different parts of the 
State, elastic sandstone, amythistine quartz, asbestos, soap- 



CASS COUNTY. I5l 

Stone, gold, slate, plumbago, lead, copper, manganese, titanium, 
shale, graphite, tripoli, fluor spar, calcareous spar, sulphate of 
barytes, chalcedony, and many varieties of flint. He who is 
fond of mineralogy has in this county a wide field before him. 

Towns. — Cassville is the seat of justice, having a brick 
court-house, jail, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and 
Presbyterian, two hotels, two schools, seven stores, &c. 
It is situated on the waters of Two Run creek, two miles from 
the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 32 from Marietta, 40 
from Dalton, and 150 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In 
the vicinity are several fine springs. Population between 800 
and 900. The town was laid out in July, 1833. Mr. Jones 
built the first house. 

Cartersville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, two 
miles from the Etowah river, surrounded by a rich country. 
Named after Col. F. Carter, of Milledgeville. Considerable 
business is done here. Population about 150. Four or five 
stores and hotel. 

Kingston, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad. Here 
the Memphis branch road commences. This place is cele- 
brated for the excellency of the water. Three stoi'es, three 
groceries, two blacksmiths, and tavern. Population 100. 
Named after J. P. King, Esq., of Augusta. 

Adairsville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 12 
miles from Cassville. 

Dawsonville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 5 miles 
from the Oostenaula river. 

New Echota, situated at the confluence of Coosewattee 
and Connseauga rivers. This was formerly the capital of the 
Cherokee Nation, and the residence of several celebrated in- 
fluential Indians. The treaty ceding the Cherokee lands to 
the United States, was made at this place. 

Mineral Springs. — Rowland's springs, situated about 6 
miles from Cartersville, are too well known to need a particu- 
lar description. They are becoming every season the centre 
of fashion. Multitudes from every part of the State resort here 
to partake of the excellent water, as well as the liberal 
fare of the worthy proprietor. In other parts of the county 
are many fine springs ; some are impregnated with mineral 
qualities. 



152 CASS COUNTY. 

Forest Trees, Fruits. — Hickory, poplar, pine, black gum, 
walnut, elm, sycamore, &c. The fruit trees are the peach, 
apple, pear, quince, apricot. Peaches and grapes are very 
fine. 

Fish. — Red-horse, catfish, sometimes weighing from 50 to 
60 pounds, buffalo, soft-shell turtle, in great abundance. In 
many places are to be seen the remains of the Indian fish-traps, 
formed by piling stones in a circle, the upper part being left 
lower for the purpose of admitting the fish. Muscle shells of 
exquisite beauty, and of rare species are found in the rivers 
and creeks. 

Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, 
Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics. 

Education. — The people are not indifferent to the cause of 
education. Exertions are making to establish good schools in 
every neighbourhood. 

Character of the People. — There is a mixture of all 
classes in this county, and like every newly settled country, 
Cass has its full share of immoral citizens. The lands are so 
fertile that little labour is required to obtain the necessaries of 
life, and consequently there is a great lack of industry among 
some classes. Too much time is spent at the grocery. More 
attention ought to be paid to domestic comforts. Gardens 
should be attended to, orchards should be planted, and efforts 
made to render the general appearance of the farm-houses and 
outbuildings more comfortable. Many of the best and most 
intelligent people in Georgia and South Carolina have re- 
moved to this section, and we are happy to state are using 
their influence in favour of religion and education. 

Manufactures, Mills. — The water power of Cass is im- 
mense. The streams abound with valuable shoals, and pro- 
bably there is no part of the State where manufactories can 
be conducted with greater success. Cooper & Wyley's iron 
works would do honour to any country. Their establishment 
is situated four or five miles from Cartersville, in a beautiful 
and healthy country, giving employment to three or four 
hundred persons. All kinds of hollow-ware, machinery and 
gearing are manufactured ; and it ought to be mentioned that 
Railroad ^.iron, the first made in Georgia, has been manufac- 



CASS COUNTY. 153 

tured at this place for the Georgia Raih'oad Company, and pro- 
nounced by able judges to be very superior. Connected with 
this establishment is aflour-mill four stories high, built of granite, 
having four run of stones, and can turn out per day 250 barrels 
of flour. The iron ore is procured about three or four miles 
from the works. 

AUatoona iron works, on the south side of Etowah river, 
owned by Lother & Stovall. 

Earle's iron works on Stamp creek. 

Mounds. — On the plantation of Capt. Tumblin, on the 
north side of the Etowah river, is a very remarkable mound, 
the height of which is 75 feet, and the circumference at the 
base 1114 feet. A large quantity of pottery and other re- 
mains of antiquity have been found here, differing very much 
from those commonly found in other mounds. 

Original Settlers. — Among the early settlers are Mr. 
McAdams, Mr. Lowrie, Capt. Tumblin, and Mr. Johnson. 

Name. — Few men now living have rendered more valuable 
semces to their country, than the distinguished gentleman after 
whom this county received its name. Lewis Cass was born in 
Exeter, New Hampshire, Oct. 9, 1782, and received his educa- 
tion at Exeter Academy. He went to Ohio, then the northwest- 
ern territory, in 1799, and settled in Marietta, where he studied 
law, and after the usual period was admitted to the bar, and com- 
menced practice amidst the difficulties and privations of a new 
country. In 1806 he was elected a member of the Ohio Legisla- 
ture, and in 1807 was appointed Marshal of Ohio. In 1812 he 
volunteered under a requisition from the President, and was 
elected Colonel of one of the regiments of Ohio volunteers. Gen- 
eral Hull assumed the command of the army of which Cass's 
regiment made a part, at Dayton, and from thence he marched 
to Detroit. The incidents of that campaign make a part of the 
history of the country. Col. Cass was surrendered a prisoner 
of war with the rest of the army, and returned to Ohio, where 
after a short time he was released from his parole, and in the 
spring of 1813 was appointed a Brigadier General in the army 
of the United States. He served with Gen. Harrison during 
the whole of his northwestern campaign, and was at the battle 
of the Thames. In October, 1813, he was appointed Govern- 



154 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

or of the Territory of Michigan, and so continued until 1831 
having been seven times nominated, and never having a vote 
against him in the Senate, nor a memorial against him from 
the territory over which he was placed. During this period 
of more than 18 years, he was occupied in the administration 
of the affairs of the country, and in conducting the extensive 
Indian relations upon the frontier. Mr. Cass has held 18 
treaties with the Indians as a commissioner on the part of the 
United States, and acquired the cession of many millions of 
acres of land. In 1831 Gen, Jackson called Gov. Cass to the 
War Department, where he remained until 1836, at which 
time he was appointed Minister to France. Here he con- 
tinued until November, 1842, when he returned to the United 
States. In February 1845 he was elected a member of the Senate 
of the United States. This hasty sketch will show that Mr. Cass's 
life has been an active one. As a writer, he has acquir- 
ed great reputation. In the 50th and 55th numbers of the 
North American Review, the reader may have an opportunity 
of reading two articles on the Indians, which cannot fail to 
convince him that Mr. Cass is perfect master of his subject. 
Whatever may be the feelings of party, all will acknowledge 
that Mr. Cass is a man of whom any country may be justly 
proud. 

Mr. Cass was a candidate for the Presidency in 1849, but 
was defeated by Gen. Taylor. He is now a senator in Con- 
gress from the State of Michigan. 



CHATHAM. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county forms the South- 
east corner of the State, and is bounded Northeast by South 
Carolina, Southeast by the Atlantic, South and West by Bryan, 
and North by Effingham. Medium length, 28 miles; medium 
breadth, 15 miles, containing 420 square miles, equal to 
268,800 acres. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The chief streams are the Savannah, 
Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are St. Augustine's 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 155 

or Wilmington, Vernon river, Pipemaker's and Hainer's 
creeks, &c. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840 the popu- 
lation was 18,801 ; in 1845, 20,046. Amount of tax returned 
for 1848, $24,715 14 cents. Sends a senator and two repre- 
sentatives to the Legislature. 

Islands. — Tybee island, at the mouth of Savannah river, 
five miles long, three broad, upon which there are two light- 
houses. Wilmington island, eight miles southeast of Savan- 
nah, six miles long, four broad. Whitemarsh island, two miles 
long and two miles broad. Isle of Hope, Skidaway, Liberty 
island, Green, Oakland, Great and Little Warsaw, Elba, Bear, 
Burnsides, Little Tybee, &c. The soil generally on the sea 
islands is sandy, and produces cotton, corn, sweet potatoes in 
great perfection, and oranges, figs, melons, &;c. The trees 
are, the oak, pine, gum, magnolia, cedar, wild cherry, wahoo, 
&:c. The islanders are noted for their hospitality. Oysters, 
fish of every description, and wild ducks abound. The islands 
are generally healthy, and afford pleasant retreats for the citi- 
zens of Savannah during the summer months. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are unsurpassed by any 
in Georgia, and the bridges are kept in fine order. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is flat, interspersed with many swamps. The 
county has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah 
river the rice lands have long been celebrated for their fertility. 
The lands on the Ogeechee are very rich, and are mostly culti- 
vated in rice. The inland swamp lands are productive, as 
well as the oak and hickory lands. The pine lands are poor, 
but will yield very well if manure is applied. In addition to 
rice and cotton, the soil produces corn, peas, besides almost 
every variety of fruits and vegetables. 

Towns. — Savannah is the seat of justice, and the largest 
city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the 
Savannah river, on a high bluff 40 feet above low water mark 
12 miles in a direct line from the ocean, and 18 miles by the 
course of the river. 

It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 5G seconds ; 
west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds, from Green- 



156 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

wich ; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude 
from Washington City ; 158 miles ESE. from the capital of 
the State, Milledgeville ; 120 SSE. from Augusta; 190 ESE. 
from Macon ; 90 WSW. from Charleston, and 662 from Wash- 
ington. 

Government of the City. — The government of the city 
consists of a Mayor and 12 Aldermen, who together are de- 
nominated the City Council. They are chosen annually, on 
the 1st Monday in December, from the people at large. 

The Police consists, besides the above, of one marshal, 5 
constables, and the city watch, composed of 64 members, 
with a captain and other officers. 

A Board of Health, composed of two persons from each 
ward and district, is appointed by the Mayor in May, every year. 

All subordinate officers are chosen by the City Council. 

Banks. — Bank of the State of Georgia — capital, $1,500,- 
000 — appropriated to Savannah, $800,000. 

Planters' Bank — capital paid in $535,400. 

Marine and Fire Insurance Bank — capital $400,000 — priv- 
ileged to increase the same to $800,000. 

Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia — cap- 
ital, $2,549,165, all of which has been paid in — appropriated 
for banking purposes, $205,000. 

Savannah Institution for Savings — instituted in 1844. 

Insurance Offices. — There are several Agencies where 
Marine, Fire, and Life Insurances can be effected. 

Foreign Consuls resident in Savannah, 10. 

Vessel Packet Lines. — There are always regular lines of 
packets from Boston, New- York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, 
and other ports. 

Steamboat Companies. — Daily United States Mail Steam- 
packet line between Savannah and Charleston. 

Semi-weekly United States Mail Steam-packet line, be- 
tween Savannah and Palatka, Florida. 

Semi-weekly Steam-packet line between Savannah and 
Augusta. 

Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Savan- 
nah and Augusta, capital $100,000. The Company has three 
steamers, and 14 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 157 

carrying 750 bales of cotton each. Upwards of 100 persons 
are employed during the working season. 

Iron Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Sa- 
vannah and Augusta. Capital, $100,000. Has three steamers, 
with 15 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of carrying 
750 bales of cotton each. The company has a boat yard and 
engine shop in Savannah, and employs 100 persons. 

There are five or six steamers employed, not belonging to 
any regular line. 

The steamer Isabel, of 1100 tons burthen, touches at Sa- 
vannah on the 1st and 15th of every month, for Key West and 
Havana ; returning, touches at Savannah about the 12th and 
26th of every month. 

Under an arrangement of the Government, steamers will 
touch at Savannah, with the United States mail, on their way 
to California and Oregon, via Havana, New Orleans, Chagres, 
and Panama. 

Steamship Line between Savannah and New- York. — In 
this line there are two new superior ocean steamers, the Chero- 
kee and one building, each upwards of 1200 tons burthen, unsur- 
passed in strength, beauty of model, and solidity of machinery, 
and with all the latest improvements in them which experience 
has suggested. 

Washington and New Orleans Magnetic Telegraph 
Company. — Communicates with the following places: Augusta, 
Macon, Columbus, Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans, Washing- 
ton, New- York, Boston. 

Savannah Fire Company. — Formed in 1824, consisting of 
35 members, and existing under the auspices of the City Coun- 
cil. It has under its control seven suction receiving and dis- 
charging engines, two receiving and discharging engines, and 
two suctron and discharging engines, each with its complement 
of hose ; two hose carts with 2,000 feet of hose ; hook, axe, 
and ladder company, and bucket company. 

Savannah and Ogeechee Canal Company. — Capital, 
$160,000 in shares of $50 each. This company was formerly 
the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal Company — ca- 
pital, $199,225. It expended $246,693 on the work, and suf- 
fered it to go down. In January, 1846, the present company 
11 



158 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

purchased the concern, and have since that time put the canal 
in thorough repair, built a new lock near the city, in Stiles's 
field, and one near the Ogeechee river, and constructed a 
wasteway at the Little Ogeechee river, to vent off the surplus 
water. Amount of expenditures of the new company on the 
work, about $16,000. 

Steam Mills, Mills, &c. — Shippers' cotton press, capital 
$25,000 ; hydraulic cotton press, cost $25,000 ; Savannah 
"Tyler" cotton press, cost $15,000; Steamboat Company of 
Georgia cotton press, cost $20,000 ; Upper steam rice-mills, 
Blake & Habersham's ; Savannah steam rice-mill ; Savannah 
steam saw-mill ; steam saw-mill ; Oglethorpe steam saw-mill ; 
New Eagle steam saw-mill, capital $12,000 ; Vale Royal steam 
saw and planing-mill, capital $70,000 ; Col. Starke's steam 
saw-mill, capital $8,000 ; steam works for planing, &c. ; C. Van 
Horn's steam works; E. Jenck's steam mill, capital $20,000; 
iron foundry of Millar & Currie ; iron foundry of R. and J. 
Lachlison. 

In addition to the above, there are seven rice-mills and four 
; aw-mills in the county. About three miles from the city, on the 
j lantation of H. McCalpin, Esq., there is a brick yard at which 
ihere have been made more than 60,000,000 of bricks — an 
amount greater, it is believed, than has been made in any one 
establishment in the southern country ; on the same plantation 
are a steam saw-mill, a rice barrel manufactory, and a planing 
and grooving machine. 
Population. — 

White Males, . . . 3,729 

" Females, . . . 3,521 

Coloured Males, Slaves, . 2,31 6 

Females, " . . 3,370 

Males, Free, . 241 

Females, " . . 396 



Grand Total, City, . . 13,573 
Health. — The statistics of the health of Savannah will 
compare favourably with those of any city in the United States. 
The most sickly part of the year is during the winter months. 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 



159 



Exports from Savannah, of Cotton, Rice, and Lumber, /or 

ten years. 



Years. 


Total bags Cotton. 


Total lbs. Cotton. 


Total Trcs. Rice. 


Total feet of Lumber 


1825 


137,695 


49,570,200 


7,231 




1826 


190,578 


68,608,080 


11,455 




1839 


199,176 


71,703,360 


21,332 




1840 


284,249 


102,329,640 


24,392 




1841 


147,280 


53,020,800 


23,587 


14,295,200 


1842 


222,254 


81,011,444 


22,064 


8,390,400 


1843 


280,826 


101,097,360 


26,281 


7,518,750 


1844 


244,575 


90,492,750 


28,543 


5,933,251 


1845 


304,544 


115,726,720 


29,217 


8,270,582 


1846 


186,306 


74,522,400 


32,147 


18,585,644 


1847 


234,151 


98,343,420 


31,739 


10,083,449 


1848 


243,233 


104,590,190 


30,136 


16,449,558 



Receipts of Cotton at Savannah, per year, for ten years. 





I. X 


1838, to 




I. J., 


1839, 196,618 


it (t 




, 1839, to 


<( 




1840, 295,156 


tt is 




1840, to 


li 




1841, 146,273 


(i « 




1841, to 


(( 




1842, 228,396 


« (( 




1842, to 


cc 




1843, 299,173 


(( « 




1843, to 


<( 




1844, 243,420 


<C <( 


•*■) 


1844, to 


« 




1845, 305,742 


(( (( 


• 1) 


1845, to 


i< 




1846, 189,076 


(( ii 




1846, to 


(( 




1847, 236,029 


C( « 


A> 


1848, to 


(( 




1849, 391,372 



Value of Real Estate in Savannah, as taxed by the City Au- 
thorities since 1843. 



1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 



va 



ue 



$2,853,900 
3,245,827 
3,279,988 
3,306,734 
3,462,073 
3,600,000 



160 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

Churches. — Christ Church, Episcopal ; Lutheran Church, 
Independent Presbyterian Church, cost $120,000 ; First Bap- 
tist Church, Methodist Church, Roman Cathohc Church, First 
Presbyterian Church, St. John's Church, Episcopal ; Second 
Baptist Church, Penfield's Mariner's Church, Second Metho- 
dist Church, Hebrew Synagogue, Methodist Church for col- 
oured persons. First African (Baptist) Church, Second African 
(Baptist) Church, Third African (Baptist) Church. 

Charitable Societies. — The city is remarkably distin- 
guished for the number of its charitable societies. 

Union Society; object, support and education of male 
orphans. 

Savannah Female Asylum ; thirty orphans under its care. 
Savannah Free School, Savannah Poor House and Hos- 
pital, Georgia Infirmary, Widows' Society, Clothing and Fuel 
Association, Hibernian Society, Irish Union Society, St. An- 
drew's Society, German Friendly Society, Mechanics' Benev- 
olent Society, Seamen's Port Society, The Female Seamen's 
Friend Society, The Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of 
Mercy. In addition to these, there are about 20 societies con- 
nected with the different churches. 

There are five Masonic Lodges, four Odd Fellows' 
Lodges, and two Divisions of the Sons of Temperance. 

Other Societies. — Georgia Historical Society, Georgia 
Medical Society^ Savannah Library Society. 

Schools. — Chatham Academy, eight schools for instruc- 
tion in the higher branches. Savannah Free Sghool, Savannah 
Female Asylum, Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mer- 
cy, and fourteen primary schools. 

Public Buildings in addition to those already named. 
— Exchange, Artillery Armory, State Arsenal, Guard "House, 
Market House, Oglethorpe Hall, Lyceum, Hall of the Georgia 
Historical Society, Odd Fellows' Hall, Solomon's Lodge Hall, 
Court House, Jail, Theatre, Gymnasium, Powder Magazine. 
Many of the private dwellings are beautiful, and the num- 
ber is constantly increasing. 

United States Fortifications in Savannah River. — 
Fort Pulaski, named after Brigadier Count Pulaski, is situated 
upon Cockspur Island, 14 miles from the city. The site was 
selected by Maj. Babcock, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, about 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 161 

20 years ago, but it was not until 1831 that the work was 
commenced in earnest. In that year, Captain Mansfield (now 
Col. Mansfield, of the U. S. Engineer Corps,) took charge of 
its erection. It is a massive structure of brick, of which about 
13,000,000 were consumed. The entire cost of the work has 
been near a million of dollars, and was nearly 16 years in con- 
struction. It has been pronounced by competent judges to be 
one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the con- 
tinent. 

Fort Pulaski is situated on the exterior or first line of de- 
fence, and calls for an armament of 140 guns, mostly long 32 
pounders, and requires a garrison of one company in time of 
peace, two in time of war, and six in time of siege. The num- 
ber of guns already mounted is 20, though every thing is in 
readiness, and the works could be manned, the guns mounted, 
and the whole place made impregnable, in a very short time. 

Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is sit- 
uated on the south side of the river, about three miles from 
the city. It was projected some forty years ago, and a fortifi- 
cation of moderate pretensions constructed which remained 
through the war of 1812. Since that period several appropri- 
ations for the work have been made by Congress, and the 
structure has been much improved, still it is an unfinished for- 
tress. Congress at its last session appropriated $20,000 to- 
wards its completion, and the work on it will soon be resumed. — 
Fort Jackson is situated at an important point for the defence 
of Savannah ; and there is no doubt but that it will receive a 
further and adequate appropriation from Government. 

Greene and Pulaski Monuments. — In March, 1825, the 
citizens of Savannah, conceiving that the visit of Gen. La- 
fayette to the city would afford a very favourable opportunity 
for paying a tribute of gratitude which had been too long with- 
held, determined to avail themselves of the occasion to lay the 
corner stones of two monuments to be hereafter erected, the 
one to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene, and the other 
to the memory of Brigadier Count Pulaski. A committee 
was appointed, and under their arrangements the corner stone 
of a monument to " Greene" was laid in Johnson Square, and 
one to " Pulaski" in Chippewa Square, on the 21st day of March, 
1825, by General Lafayette and the Masonic Lodges. 



162 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

Subsequently, donations were received from the citizens 
and others, by the committee, for their erection, and in Novem- 
ber, 1826, a lottery was granted by the Legislature, for the 
purpose of raising the sum of $35,000, to be appropriated to 
the object. After a few years, the funds not having reached 
an amount adequate for the erection of both, it was determined 
to erect one only for the present ; that was placed in Johnson's 
Square in 1829, and is called the "Greene and Pulaski Monu- 
ment." 

The lottery is still in operation, and has produced, since 
the payment for the first monument, the sum of about il2,000. 

New Custom House on the corner of Bull and Bay 
Streets. — This building is going forward in its erection as 
rapidly as a due regard to the stability and permanence of the 
structure will admit. The basement is nearly finished. It is 
in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pave- 
ment to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet. 

The basement story will be devoted to the use of the Post 
Office* and the Appraiser's department. 

The first or principal floor for custom house purposes. 

The third, or upper story, for United States court rooms. 

Original Settlers. — We could give a long list of the ori- 
ginal settlers, but space will not allow. Among the earliest, 
were General Oglethorpe, Captain Horton, Henry Parker, 
John Fallowfield, Colonel William Stephens, Patrick Tailfer, 
Thomas Jones, ^Thomas Chriestie, Richard Turner, Paul Ama- 
tis, James Burnsides, Peter Morel, Hugh Anderson, Anthony 
Camuse, P. Delegal, Walter Fox, Peter Gordon, James Hous- 
toun, Samuel Lacy, John Pye, Joseph Wardrope, Thomas 
Young, the Messrs. Sheftalls, D'Lyons, Noble Jones, James 
Habersham, John Milledge, Dr. Nunis. 

Education, Literature. — This subject has always com- 
manded due attention. The Chatham Academy is well en- 
dowed, and many of the most distinguished men in Georgia 
were once pupils in this institution. Private schools are nu- 
merous, and ample provision is made for the education of the 
poor. The Savannah Library has between 5 and 6000 vo- 
lumes. The Georgia Historical Society is an institution that 
does honour to the State. Tt has already succeeded in collect- 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 163 

ing a large number of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, &c., con- 
nected with the history of Georgia, and has published two vo- 
lumes of Collections. There are libraries connected with 
some of the churches and Odd Fellows' Lodges. There are two 
reading-rooms and three newspapers. A taste for reading 
is extending itself. The autographs belonging to J. K. Tefft, 
Esq., and the library of A. A. Smets, Esq., are deserving of 
notice. 

Eminent Men. — The list of Chatham's eminent men is a 
lengthy one. Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, General 
James Jackson, Dr. N. W. Jones, Jonathan Bryan, and many 
others, who distinguished themselves in the revolutionary con- 
flict ; and in later times. Dr. George Jones, James Jones, and 
others now living, who are well known to possess talents of a 
high order, and invincible attachment to the interests of 
Georgia. Hon. James M. Wayne, Judge of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, is a native of Savannah. 

Savannah has produced a number of authors. Major 
Hugh McCall published the first History of Georgia ; and, not- 
withstanding its imperfections, we will venture to say that 
without it, the people of Georgia would have been ignorant of 
much of the history of their State. Considering the circum- 
stances under which Major McCall wrote his history, we are 
free to confess that few could have done so well ; and in our 
judgment he is deserving great praise. 

In 1802, Dr. Holcombe, of Savannah, commenced a peri- 
odical entitled " The Georgia Analytical Repository." In 
1808, Judge Charlton, father of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, pub- 
lished the Life of General James Jackson. In 1825, Dr. Da- 
niell published a valuable work, entitled " Observations upon 
the Autumnal Fevers of Savannah." Rev. Henry Kollock's 
Sermons were published not long after his decease. Many 
smaller works have been written by residents of Chatham. 
The poetry of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, and Henry R. Jack- 
son, Esq., have earned for these gentlemen a high reputation. 
Dr. Caruthers was an able writer. The Hon. Mr. Berrian, 
Judge Law, Mr. Mcintosh, Dr. Arnold, and others, have done 
much to advance the literary character of Chatham county. 

CoL. John WnitE. — During the siege of Savannah, one of 



164 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

the most extraordinary captures took place, that the annals of 
warfare ever recorded. When Gen. Prevost called in his de- 
tachments, he ordered the commandant at Sunbury, on the 
Georgia coast, upon evacuating that post to put the invalids 
on board of the small armed vessels, and to send them by the 
inland navigation to Savannah under the care of (Japt. Trench, 
of the British Regulars. In consequence of head winds, Capt. 
Trench and his command were detained until some of D'Es- 
taing's fleet were in possession of the pass, and he was induced 
to sail up the Ogeechee river until he reached a point about 25 
miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he 
learned that the passage over land was also blocked up by the 
allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, 
and finally took post with his party about 15 or 20 miles from 
Savannah, Col. John White, of the Georgia line, having as- 
certained that Capt. Trench's force consisted of 111 soldiers 
possessing 130 stand of arms, and that he also had under his 
charge, in the river Ogeechee adjacent to his camp, five ves- 
sels, four of them fully armed, and one of them mounting 14 
guns, and manned by 40 seamen, formed the resolution of cap- 
turing the detachment. He disclosed his plan to those who 
were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that 
the party consisted of Col. White, Capts. Geo. Melvin and A. 
E. Elholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other 
historians make no mention of Capt. Melvin, or of a sergeant, 
but give the whole praise to White, Elholm, and three soldiers, 
reducing the number to five. White built many watch-fires 
around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such 
intervals as to induce Capt. Trench and his soldiers to believe 
that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The de- 
ception was kept up through the night by White and his com- 
panions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread 
and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from the east 
of the British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position 
and challenging from the extreme west. Nor was this the only 
stratagem ; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in di- 
vers directions, imitating the manner of the staff', and giving 
orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Capt. 
Trench suffered himself to be completely trapped. White car- 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 165 

ried his daring plan forward by dashing boldly and alone to 
the camp of the British, and demanding a conference with 
Trench. " I am the commander, sir," he said, " of the Amer- 
ican soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once 
to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or 
your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly 
inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed 
against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any con- 
sequences that may ensue." Trench thanked him for his hu- 
manity, and said, despondingly, that it was useless to contend 
with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, 
and announced his willingness to surrender his vessels, his 
arms, his men and himself to Col. White. At this instant Capt. 
Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting 
White, inquired of him where he should place the artillery- 
" Keep them back, keep them back, sir," answered White, " the 
British have surrendered. Move your men off, and send me 
three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sun- 
bury." The three guides arrived. The five vessels were 
burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his men, 
and to hasten their departure from the enraged and formidable 
Americans, pushed on with great celerity, whilst White re- 
tired with one or two of his associates, stating that he would 
go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now em- 
ployed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with 
which he overtook his guides, and conducted them in safety to 
the Sunbury post. This took place on the 1st of October, 1779. 
Lee, in his memoirs, winds up his narration with the following 
sentence. " The extraordinary address of White was con- 
trasted by the extraordinary folly of Trench, and both were 
necessary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair ap- 
proaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into 
these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniform- 
ly accredited, and never contradicted. Capt. Elholm was an 
officer of Pulaski's Legion. Capt. JVIelvin, it is believed, lived 
and died in Savannah." 

Col. White was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, 
and was at one time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving 
the naval service, he embarked with his family for America, 
and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. When 



166 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit 
the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the 
latter, saying "that he had fought for the King as long as he ate 
his bread, but that now America was his home, and for Amer- 
ica he would now fight." He entered the American army as a 
captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regi- 
ment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His 
exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of 
which he died in Virginia.* 

Religious Sects. — It is probable that the Baptists are the 
most numerous. Besides these there, are Episcopalians, Me- 
thodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, Unitarians, Pro- 
testant Methodists, Jews, Disciples of Christ, Anti-Missionary 
Baptists, Swedenborgians, Including those in the city there are 
about 30 churches in the county. The coloured people are 
mostly Baptists. Some of the planters on the Savannah river 
and other places, encourage preaching to their slaves, and 
have erected suitable buildings for their accommodation. 

Character of the People. — For inteUigence, hospitality 
and benevolence, the citizens of Chatham are not to be sur- 
passed by any people in the United States; but upon this sub- 
ject we prefer to use the language of another. " The records 
of the Legislature bear testimony," says Dr. Church, the able 
President of our University, " to the liberal and patriotic views 
which the representatives of your city and county have ever 
entertained upon this important subject. In all the conflicts 
of political parties, the representatives of Chatham have known 
no party feelings upon the subject of education. They have 
ever rallied to the rescue, when any of the institutions of 
learning needed their aid ; and it has long since become an 
axiom with the friends of the State University, when inquiring 
to whom that institution might look for support, that the re- 
presentatives of Chatham need not be doubted. And often, 
in the hour of need, has that seminary been indebted, in no 
small degree, to your representatives for, if not its existence, 
at least for much of that assistance which it has received from 
the Legislature, and by means of which it has been enabled 
to accomplish much of what it has thus far effected. 

* Extracts from MSS. furnished by tlie Hon. R. M. Charlton of Savannah. 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 167 

" The people of Savannah may rejoice at the triumphs of her 
citizens in opening to the interior of the State a great highway, 
over which are brought to her wharves the various products 
of industry and of art, and upon which are daily returned to 
the doors of our people the necessaries, conveniences, and 
luxuries of life, which have been received in exchange for the 
fruits of their own labour." 

Timber Trees, Fruit Trees.— In this county are found 
most of the trees, shrubs, and vines, mentioned in our botani- 
cal catalogue. The season of flowering is very early. Con- 
siderable attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits, but ap- 
ples and peaches do not succeed so well. 

Longevity.— Instances of longevity are not rare. Mrs. 
Judy Minis died in 1826, at the age of 87. She and her 
mother were great whigs in the revolutionary war. After 
Savannah was taken, they were confined to their dwelling by 
the enemy, and were finally ordered to leave the town. Mrs. 
McGlauken died at the age of 99 ; Mrs. Maria Allard at 90 ; 
Peter Pourria at 97 ; John Cabos at 99 ; Richard Dowdy at 
84 ; Mrs. Rhoda Stevens at 84 ; Johnathan Bryan over 80 ; 
Mrs. Elizabeth Box at 79 ; Peter Devaux, a revolutionary sol- 
dier, at 74; Pierre Constantine at 75; Dr. N.W. Jones over 80; 
Dr. George Jones over 80 ; Sheftall Sheftall, Esq., was over 80. 

ANTiauiTiEs. — In the vicinity of Hainer's bridge there is 
an Indian mound, also on the plantation of Mr. Nungazer at 
White Bluff', and in various places on the Savannah river. 
The one near Hainer's bridge is the largest. 

Minerals. — Bog iron ore is the only mineral found in 
Chatham. At Fairlawn it is abundant, as well as in some 
other places. The foundation of the old Guard House is said 
to be constructed of this material. Porcelain clay, it is prob- 
able is found near the Bluff" of Savannah, for in 1741 China 
cups were made by Mr. Duchet from clay in the city, and the 
Trustees of Georgia gave the manufacturer £50 to encourage 
him in his enterprise. 

Fossils. — Fossils have been found in several places. In 
1823, Drs. Habersham and Scriven found upon Skidaway 
Island a number of bones of large size. At Hainer's bridge, 
several years after the above discovery, a large quantity of 



168 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

bones, supposed to belong to the Mastodon Giganteum, were 
found by Dr. Habersham and other gentlemen. In 1842, 
Major Williams also found a number of fossil bones near his 
plantation on Skidaway. 

Remarkable Places. — The remains of Whitefield's Or- 
phan House are about 9 miles from Savannah. In 1740, the 
Orphan House was erected, with funds collected in England 
and America by the Rev. Geo. Whitefield. For some years 
it flourished, but owing to several causes it declined, and was 
finally destroyed by fire in 1770. The Countess of Hunting- 
don, an eminently benevolent lady, aided Mr. Whitefield in 
founding the Orphan House. In 1808, the property was sold 
by order of the Legislature of Georgia, and the proceeds 
applied to the Hospital, the Chatham Academy and the Union 
Society. Several relics of by-gone days have been found 
amidst the ruins of the Orphan House, among them a sun-dial 
of beautiful workmanship, and a medal struck in memory of 
Whitefield, now in the possession of the author of this work. 
Among the archives of the Georgia Historical Society is a 
document containing a list of the orphans at this establish- 
ment, which aflbrds evidence that the ancestors of some of 
the most respectable families in Chatham, and other places in 
Georgia, were educated at this establishment. 

Thunderbolt, 5 miles southeast of Savannah. According 
to Gen. Oglethorpe's account of Carolina and Georgia, this 
place received its name "from the fall of a thunderbolt, and a 
spring thereupon arose in that place, which still smells of the 
boh." 

Beaulieu, about 12 miles from Savannah, was formerly the 
residence of Col. William Stephens, celebrated in the early 
history of the State. , 

Bonaventure is 4 miles from Savannah, known as the 
seat of Gov. Tattnall, one among the most lovely spots in 
the world. At the session of the Legislature in 1848, " The 
Evergreen Cemetery Company of Bonaventure " was incor- 
porated, the object of which is to establish a decent and suit- 
able place for the burial of the dead. An area of 70 acres 
has been enclosed and partially improved, with the hope that 
the citizens of Savannah will make it their burial ground. 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 169 

Jasper Spring, about 2 or 3 miles from Savannah, near 
the Augusta road, is memorable for the rescue of some 
American prisoners, by Sergeants Jasper and Newton. 

At Gibbon's Plantation, 7 or 8 miles from Savannah, a 
battle occurred in 1782, between Gen. Wayne and a body of 
Creek Indians, commanded by Guristersigo. The Indians 
fought with much spirit, but finally were compelled to fly, 
leaving Guristersigo and 17 of his warriors dead upon the 
field. 

Brewton's Hill, now the property of Dr. Scriven, was the 
place where a portion of the British landed preparatory to 
their attack upon Savannah in 1778. 

Cherokee Hill, 8 miles from Savannah, Hutcheson's 
Island, opposite to the city, and many other places in this 
county, are associated with revolutionary incidents. 

In this work we have described many events that occurred 
in Chatham, and we deem it unnecessary again to refer to 
them. We shall conclude our sketch of this interesting por- 
tion of Georgia with a few historical notices collected from 
various sources. 

In the MS. account of benefactions made to Georgia, now 
in the executive department at Milledgeville, are the following 
entries : 

"Mr. Hume gave a silver bowl and spoon for the first 
child born in Georgia, which being born of Mrs. Close, were 
given accordingly." 

" Col. Bull came to Savannah with four labourers, and as- 
sisted the colony for a month." 

In 1733, on Skidaway there were a village, guard-house, and 
battery of cannon. 

The same year, Mr. Oglethorpe, to take on the terror 
which the people had for alligators, having wounded and 
caught one twelve feet long, had him brought up to the 
town, and set the boys to beat him with sticks until he was 
beat to death. 

Mr. Oglethorpe agreed with Mr. Jonathan Bryan to furnish 
him with eighteen hands to assist him in cutting roads from 
the Savannah to the Ogeechee river. 

In 1735, the courts in Savannah were held in a hut, thirty 



170 CHATHAM COUNTY. 

feet long and twelve feet wide, made of split boards. In this 
hut also, divine service was performed. 

Dec. 10, 1735, the trustees ordered Plato's Works, in 
Greek and Latin, to be bought for the use of the colony. 

King Tomachichi died October 5, 1739, four miles from 
Savannah, aged 97. His corpse was brought to the city and 
buried in Percival Square with appropriate honours. 

The following ecclesiastical returns of Savannah were 
sent to England by the Rev. Mr. Frink, in 1771 : 

Church of England, . . . 1185 

Lutherans, . ... 193 

Presbyterians and Independents, . 499 

Jews, ...... 49 

Negroes, ...... 40 

Infidels, 30 



1996 

In November, 1796, the first destructive fire occurred in 
Savannah. It broke out in a bake-house in Market Square, 
and destroyed 229 houses, besides out-houses, &c. Estimated 
loss of property, one million of dollars. 

In May, 1814, arrived in the waters of Savannah, the U. 
S. sloop of war Peacock, Lewis Warrington commander, (now 
Commodore Warrington, the 5th on the present list of post- 
captains,) bringing in as a prize H. B. M. brig of war Eper- 
vier, Captain Wales, of eighteen guns. The Epervier had 
on board $110,000 in specie, which was condemned and dis- 
tributed according to law. She was built in 1812, and was 
one of the finest vessels of her class in the British navy. 

In April, 1819, arrived the steamship Savannah, from New- 
York. This steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, 
and was the first steamship built in the United States, and 
the first that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah 
in May, for Liverpool, and afterwards proceeded to St. Peters- 
burg. 

In May of this year, James Monroe, the fifth President of 
the United States, visited Savannah, accompanied by Mr. 
Calhoun, Secretary of War, General Gaines, and others. He 
was received with a southern welcome. 



CHATHAM COUNTY. 171 

In December of this year, 1819, departed this Ufe, in the 
fourteenth year of his ministry, and in the midst of his useful- 
ness, Henry Kollock, D.D., the esteemed and eloquent pastor 
of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah. Dr. 
Kollock was indeed " a burning and a shining light," and faith- 
fully fulfilled the arduous duties of pastor and teacher to his 
large congregation. 

In January, 1820, occurred the largest fire whichever rav- 
aged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old Franklin 
ward : 463 buildings were destroyed, besides out-buildings. 
Loss upwards of $4,000,000. 

In March, 1825, General Lafayette visited Savannah. He 
was received with every demonstration of regard as the na- 
tion's friend in the time of need, and as the nation's guest. 

Name. — The celebrated Earl of Chatham, after whom this 
county is named, was the son of Robert Pitt, Esq., of Boconnock, 
in Cornwall, and was born on the 15th of November, 1708. 
At the age of twenty-seven, he was chosen a member of Parlia- 
ment. His talents and eloquence soon opened his way to the 
highest distinction. In 1757 he became prime minister, and 
by his vigorous exertions raised his country to a higher degree 
of prosperity and glory than she had enjoyed at any former 
period. In the difficulties between Great Britain and her 
American colonies, he boldly advocated the rights of the lat- 
ter. His last efibrt in public was made on the 7th of April, 
1778, when the subject of American affairs was before the 
House of Peers. Bending under the weight of years, and en- 
feebled by disease, he entered the House supported by his son and 
Lord Viscount Mahon ; upon which every nobleman arose to 
manifest their respect for one who had contributed so much to 
the glory of Great Britain, His pale and emaciated counte- 
nance, his enfeebled limbs, wrapped in flannel, formed a melan- 
choly contrast to the fire which still lighted his eye, and which 
this day's exertions were doomed to quench for ever. As soon 
as the House was recovered from the emotions which his en- 
trance had excited, the Duke of Richmond rose to move an 
address to the King on the state of the nation. The Earl of 
Chatham, in reply to the Duke, exerted himself with so much 
energy, that he fell exhausted into the arms which were held 
out to support him ; and after lingering a few weeks he died 



172 CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 

on the 11th of May, in the seventieth year of his age. His re- 
mains were deposited with great solemnity in Westminster 
Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory, with the 
following inscription : 

Erected by the King and Parliament, 

as a testimony to 

The virtues and ability 

of 

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 

During whose Administration 

Divine Providence 

Exalted Great Britain 

To an height of Prosperity and Glory 

Unknown to any former age.* 

A statue of this great man formerly stood at the intersec- 
tion of Meeting and Broad-streets, in the city of Charleston, 
but has been removed to the middle of the court, fronting the 
Orphan House. 



CHATTOOGA. 



Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Walker, E. by 
Floyd, S. by Floyd, and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1838, 
from Walker and Floyd. 

Post Offices. — Summerville, Alpine, Dirt Town, Tryon 
Factory, Teloga Springs, Broomtown, Melville, Chattoogaville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
last census, the population was 2,237 whites, 732 blacks; total, 
2,969. The amount of State tax for 1848 was $1475 01. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The principal streams are Chattooga 
river ; Snake, Eukelanaquaw, John's, and Amuchee creeks. 

Towns. — Summerville is the capital, situated in Chattooga 
valley, in the centre of the county, 195 miles N. W. of Mil- 
ledgeville, 25 miles from Rome, and 16 from Lafayette. It 
has a handsome brick court-house, jail, two hotels, five dry 

* Allen's American Revolutian. Mills' Statistics of South Carolina. 



CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 173 

goods stores, two or three churches, one or two schools. Po- 
pulation, 275. It is a healthy and pleasant village. 

Face of the Country, Nature of Soil. — The face of the 
country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges running 
N. E. and S. W, Although a small county, it contains much 
good land. The bottoms are exceedingly fertile, with a very dark 
mulatto soil, covered with the largest trees. There is, upon the 
highlands, a soil called chestnut soil, which produces well for 
six or seven years ; and, if manured, will last much longer. 

Value op Land. — Land is worth from 5 to #25 per acre, 
and is increasing in value every day. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Corn, tobacco, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, cotton, and indeed almost every thing 
which is found in other portions of Cherokee Georgia. Cotton 
yields from 600 to 1000 lbs. per acre ; corn from 3 to 8 barrels 
per acre ; wheat from 10 to 18 bushels per acre. Hogs are 
raised in great numbers, and some mules and horses for 
market. 

Valleys and Mountains. — Chattooga is a beautiful county, 
interspersed with rich and delightful valleys and mountains, 
unfolding picturesque and highly interesting scenery. The 
names of the principal valleys are Broomtown, Chattooga, and 
Armucha. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge and John's moun- 
tain ; there is also a very high peak which stands by itself, 
called Dirtseller mountain ; the Indians called it Karte Kun- 
teesky. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Tryon factory manufactures cot- 
ton goods. Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 6 ; flour-mills, 4. 

Original Settlers. — Francis Kirby, Charles Price, John 
F. Beavers, Edmund Sturdivant, Nelson AUman, Hu2;h Mont- 
gomery. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-mis- 
sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbytei^ians. Good schools, 
well supported, are in almost every part of the county. Edu- 
cation generally is on the advance. 

Character of the People. — This county is filled with an 
industrious and hospitable people, whose whole object seems 
to be, to labour for the comforts of life, and afterwards to enjoy 
them. 

12 



174 CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 

Mineral Springs. — There are several fine mineral springs 
in the county, but none particularly celebrated. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy, 
and the diseases are similar in character to those which prevail 
in Upper Georgia. Joseph Pollard and Henry Laurence are 
over 80 years of age ; Mrs. Margaret Middleton is 90 years 
of age. , 

Minerals. — Limestone, iron, pyrites, marble, and various 
petrifactions of shells, encrenites, &c. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are good, but the bridges 
are in bad order. 

Market, Cotton. — Rome is the market. Between 2,000 
and 3,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Remarkable Places. — Alpine, a beautiful seat, now the 
property of Mr. Force, a merchant of Augusta, was formerly 
the residence of Mr. Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee 
alphabet. Mr. Guess was once asked what induced him to 
form an alphabet, and how he proceeded in doing it. His re- 
ply was as follows : — " He had observed that many things were 
found out hymen, and known in the world, but that this know- 
ledge escaped and was lost for want of some way to preserve 
it. He had also observed white people write things on paper, 
and he had seen books ; and he knew that what was written 
down remained and was not forgotten. He had attempted, 
therefore, to fix certain marks for sounds, and thought that if 
he could make things fast on paper, it would be like catching 
a wild animal and taming it. He had found great difliculty in 
proceeding with this alphabet, as he forgot the sounds which 
he had assigned to marks, and he was much puzzled about a 
character of the hissing sound ; but when this point was set- 
tled, he proceeded easily and rapidly. This alphabet cost him 
a month's study. He afterwards made an alphabet for the 
pen (that is, for speedy writing), the characters of which he 
wrote under the corresponding characters of the other." 

The following interesting particulars are taken from the 
Missionary Herald, October 1828: — Mr. Guess is, in appear- 
ance and habits, a full Cherokee, though his grandfather on his 
father's side was a white man. He has no knowledge of any 
language but the Cherokee, consequently, in his invention of 



CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 175 

the alphabet, he had to depend entirely on his own native re- 
sources. He was led to think on the subject of writing the 
Cherokee language, by a conversation which took place one 
evening at Sauta. Some young men were making remarks 
on the superior talents of the white people : one said that 
white men could put a talk on paper, and send it to any dis- 
tance, and it would be understood by those who received it. 
They all agreed that this was very strange, and they could not 
see how it could be done. Mr. Guess, after silently listening 
to their conversation for a while, raised himself, and putting on 
an air of importance, said : " You are all fools ; why the thing 
is very easy ; I can do it myself;" and picking up a flat stone, 
he commenced scratching on it with a pin, and after a few 
minutes read to them a sentence which he had written, by 
making a mark for each word. This produced a laugh, and 
the conversation on that subject ended. But the inventive 
powers of Guess's mind were now roused to action, and noth- 
ing short of being able to write the Cherokee language would 
satisfy him. He went home, purchased materials, and sat 
down to paint the Cherokee language on paper. He at first 
thought of no way but to make a character for each word. 
He pursued this plan for about a year, in which time he had 
made several thousand characters. He >vas then convinced 
that the object was not attainable in that way ; but he was 
not discouraged. He firmly believed that there was some way 
in which the Cherokee language could be expressed on paper, 
as well as the English ; and after trying several other methods, 
he at length conceived the idea of dividing the words into 
parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan, before he found, 
to his great satisfaction, that the same characters would apply 
in different words, and the number of characters would be 
comparatively few. After putting down and learning all the 
syllables that he could think of, he would listen to speeches, 
and the conversation of strangers, and whenever a word oc- 
curred which had a part or syllable in it which he had not 
before thought of, he would bear it on his mind until he had 
made a character for it. In this way he soon discovered all 
the syllables in the language. In forming his characters, he 
made some use of the English letters, as he found them in a 



176 CHEROKEE COUNTY. 

spelling-book which he had in his possession. After connmenc- 
ing upon the last-mentioned plan, I believe he completed his 
system in about a month. During the time he was occupied 
inventing the alphabet, he was strenuously opposed by all his 
friends and neighbours. He was frequently told that he was 
throwing away his time and labour, and that none but a de- 
lirious person, or idiot, would do as he did. But this did not 
discourage him. He would listen to the expostulations of his 
friends, and then deliberately light his pipe, pull his spectacles 
over his eyes, and sit down to his work, without attempting to 
vindicate his conduct. After completing his system, he found 
much difficulty in persuading the people to learn it : nor could 
he succeed, until he went to the Arkansas and taught a few 
persons there, one of whom wrote a letter to some friends in 
this nation, and sent it by Mr. Guess, who read it to the peo- 
ple. This letter excited much curiosity. Here was a talk in 
the Cherokee language, which had come all the way from the 
Arkansas sealed up in a paper, yet it was very plain. This 
convinced many that Mr. Guess's mode of writing would be 
of some use. {Several persons immediately determined to try 
to learn. They succeeded in a few days, and from this it 
quickly spread all over the nation, and the Cherokees (who, as 
a people, had always been illiterate) were, in the course of a 
few months, without school or expense of time or money, able 
to read and write in their own language. 

Name. — This county derives its name from its principal 
river, Chattooga. 



CHEROKEE. 



Boundaries. — Bounded north by Gilmer, east by Lumpkin 
and Forsyth, south by Cobb, and west by Cass. Organized in 
1832. 

Post Offices. — Canton, Boardtree, Ball Ground, Harnage- 
ville, Hickory Flat, Orange, Social Hill, Troy, Woodstock, 
and Varenees. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the pop- 



CHEROKEE COUNTY. 177 

ulation was 8753 whites, 806 blacks ; total, 9559. Since 
that period the population has increased 25 per cent. State 
tax returned for 1848, il;818 97. Entitled to two representa- 
tives. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Etowah river flows almost through 
the centre of the county. The Little river empties into the 
Etowah. The creeks are Cooper's, Sandy, Chicken, Ala- 
culsa, Mill, Cane, Long Swamp, Mountain, Shoal, &c. 

Towns. — Canton is the seat of justice, on the southeast 
bank of the Etowah river, 130 miles northwest of Milledge- 
ville, 25 miles from Cassville, 21 from Marietta, 25 from Cum- 
ming, and 43 from Ellijay. The public buildings were located 
in Canton, in 1834, and consist of a handsome brick court- 
house and jail. Population 250. Amount of goods sold per 
annum, $50,000. The climate is favourable to health. Two 
deaths only have occurred among adults since the first settle- 
ment of the place. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, &c. — The 
portion of the county west of the Etowah, and south of Long 
swamp, is very hilly. The part that is traversed by Little 
river and its tributaries, is undulating. The section of the 
county east of the Etowah is hilly, except some portions con- 
tiguous to Forsyth. Lands of the first quality are on Etowah 
river and Long swamp, adapted to corn and wheat, valued at 
#30 per acre. The second quality embrace the uplands, hav- 
ing a gray and red soil, adapted to cotton, wheat and corn, 
worth $10 per acre. The balance of the land is hardly fit for 
cultivation. Cotton averages 700 lbs. per acre. Corn 20 bush- 
els per acre, wheat 10 bushels per acre. Oats do well. 

Markets. — Charleston, Augusta, Marietta, and Etowah 
Iron Works. 

Mountains. — Sharp mountain in the northwest part of 
the county, is remarkable for its peak running up like a sugar 
loaf. 

Pine Log mountain, three miles north of Canton. 

Pole Cat mountain, three miles west of Canton. 

Gold Mines, Minerals. — Gold is found in several places. 
Pascoe's mines, on the Etowah river at the mouth of Sitting 
Down creek, 14 miles from Canton, are profitable. 



178 CHEROKEE COUNTY. 

Sixes' Mines, six miles southwest of Canton, on the road to 
Allatoona. The gold found here is regarded the finest of any in 
Georgia, that of Carroll county excepted. First operated upon 
by the whites in 1831, and have yielded $200,000. Owned by 
Gen. Allen Lawhorn. 

Williamson's Mines, on the waters of Little river, one mile 
from Sixes' mines, are regarded as rich. 

Franklin Mines, on Etowah river, five miles from Frog 
Town. 

The other minerals are iron, sulphate of iron, and sulphate 
of copper, titanium, quartz, granite and marble. Quicksilver 
and cobalt are said to exist. 

On Long Swamp there are large quarries of marble, which 
are beginning to be a source of profit to the owners. 

Early Settlers. — The early settlers were Reuben Dan- 
/\ iel. Col. Brook, Joseph Donaldson, Phillip Croft, George Brock, 
and others. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are fair. There are three 
public bridges over Little river, one of which is a toll bridge. 
One toll bridge over the Etowah, near Bell's Ferry. A bridge 
is in the course of construction over the Etowah, at the old 
Downing's Ferry, six miles southwest of Canton. 

Manufactures, Mills, &:c. — Cherokee county is favoured 
with great facilities for manufacturing purposes, but the citi- 
zens have not yet directed their attention to this subject. 
Grist-mills, 10 ; saw-mills, 14 ; flour-mills, 7 ; distilleries, 12. 

Climate and Diseases. — The climate is healthy. There 
are no local diseases except in the vicinity of the low grounds. 
There is some bilious fever, especially on Little river. Pneu- 
monia and pleurisies sometimes prevail. 

Longevity. — Mrs. Ruston died in 1847, over the age 
of 100. Mr. James Barren died over 100. Mr. Field is now 
living, aged 80. Mr. Dean is 80. Mr. James Leonard is 
over 80. Mr. Worthington died at the advanced age of 107 
years. 

Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, 
and Universalists. 

Education. — Recently the subject of education begins to 
engage the attention of the citizens. The people of Canton 



CLARKE COUNTY. X79 

are particularly noted for their liberality in supporting 
schools. 

Character, Amusements, — The people are industrious and 
hospitable. The amusements are hunting, dancing, and fishing. 

Name. — This county was named after the Cherokee tribe 
of Indians, who once occupied the northern part of Georgia. 



CLARKE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded north by Jackson and Madi- 
son, east by Oglethorpe, south by Greene, and west by Morgan 
and Walton. Laid out from Jackson in 1801, and parts set off 
to Madison in 1811, to Oglethorpe in 1813, and to Madison in 
1829. Length, 20 miles ; breadth, 14 miles; containing 280 
square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Oconee flows through the 
county, and the Appallachee forms a part of its western 
boundary. The streams of less importance are Green Briar, 
Rose, Wild Cat, Porter, Little Sandy, Big Sandy, Shoal and 
Cedar creeks, discharging themselves into the Oconee. Bar- 
ber's and McNatt's empty into the Middle Oconee, and Lane's 
and Freeman's into the Appallachee. 

Post Offices. — Athens, Farmington, Salem, and Watkins- 
ville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840, the pop- 
ulation was 10,552. In 1845, 10,343; of these 5364 were 
whites, and 4979 blacks. Emigration has been considerable. 
Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $6070 53. Sends 
two representatives to the Legislature. 

Mineral Springs. — Near Athens are chalybeate springs. 
Helicon Springs, some years ago, were the most celebrated. 

Towns. — Watkinsville, named after Col. Robert Watkins 
of Augusta, was made the county site in 1802. It has a good 
brick court-house, jail, two churches, two taverns, two schools^ 
two stores, three groceries, one billiard room, one carpenter, 
one tailor, two blacksmiths, two tan-yards, two wagonmakers, 
one saddler, two shoe shops, two lawyers, one doctor, and one 



180 CLARKE COUNTY. 

minister. Population, 240. Amount of goods sold per an- 
num, $25,090. Situated 3 miles west of the Oconee, 64 miles 
north-northwest of Milledgeville, 7 miles south of Athens, 25 
from Greenesborough, and 20 from Monroe. A very obliging 
and kind people reside in this village. 

Athens is on the west bank of the Oconee, 71 miles from 
Milledgeville, 92 from Augusta, 27 from Madison, 16 from 
Lexington, 33 from Greenesborough, and 40 from Washington. 
Few places have advanced with more rapidity than Athens. 
At this time it has a population of 3000. Amount of business 
done per annum, over $400,000. It is the market for Clarke, 
Jackson, Franklin, Habersham, Rabun, Elbert, Union, Madi- 
son, Oglethorpe, Lumpkin, a part of North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Tennessee. The public buildings, not including 
those connected with the University, are the Episcopal, 
Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and two churches for col- 
oured people, town hall with a bell, market, and two or three 
large hotels. The Newton House is capable of accommodating 
100 boarders. Franklin House is a spacious building, under 
the supervision of an obliging gentleman. The Planters' Ho- 
tel is conducted by a worthy man, whose attention to his 
guests is well known to travellers. The societies are branches 
of the Masonic Order, Odd Fellows' Lodge, Division of the 
Sons of Temperance, Bible Society, Mechanics' Mutual 
Aid Association, Lyceum, &c. The health of Athens is 
unsurpassed by that of any town of the same size in the 
United States. The citizens are noted for refinement and 
taste. Many of the private residences are beautiful, and are 
furnished in a costly manner. The gardens are laid out with 
much taste. The mansions of Col. Franklin, Judge Lumpkin, 
Gov. Lumpkin, Mrs. P. W. Thomas, Col. Lamar, and Mr. 
George Dent, are ornaments to the town. During Com- 
mencement, Athens is thronged with the beauty, fashion, and 
wealth of the State. Large parties are given nearly every eve- 
ning during Commencement. At the Legislature of 1847, a 
charter was granted to a company for the purpose of construct- 
ing a railroad from Clarkesville to Athens. 

Salem, 11 miles south of Watkinsville. Population, 100. 
Has a church, school, &c. Much to the praise of this village, 
it has always supported good schools. 



CLARKE COUNTY. 181 

Farmington, 6 miles S. of Watkinsville, is a healthy place, 
with a church, schools, &c. 

Face of the Country, Nature of Soil. — The face of the 
country is hilly. One-third of the land is worn out ; but, in 
the opinion of many, may be restored with proper care. The 
richest lands are on the different forks of the Oconee, of a 
gray colour, adapted to cotton and grain, value $6 per acre. 
The other lands, not embracing those that are worn out, may 
be worth from $2 to $4 per acre. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. 
During the months of July and August, it is warm in the day, 
but the nights are pleasant. It is a healthy county. The dis- 
eases are few and confined to certain localities. The opera- 
tives in the factories enjoy fine health. The instances of 
longevity are numerous. A few will be mentioned. Mrs. 
Esther Chesser died at the age of 100; Mr. Ned Bolan over 
100; John Oliver, 80; Daniel McDonald, 80; Solomon Ed- 
ward, 80 ; George Clifton, 80. Wm. Dani els lived in this 
county many years ; he was 96 years old when he died, and had 
27 children. Mrs. Catherine Newton, was over 90. There 
are now living in this county the following persons : Mrs. 
Gardner, 90 ; William Clark, 80 ; Mr. Levin Smith, 80 ; 
Thomas Wade, 80 ; Thomas Woozencraft, 80. A negro died a 
few years ago named America, at the advanced age of 120 years. 

Minerals. — Rocks, mostly of the granite kind, are abun- 
dant. 

Precious Garnets, . . College Campus, Athens. 

Gold, .... Athens. 

Black Tourmaline, . . Athens. 

Arragonite, . . Near Barber's spring. 

Kaolin, .... Trail creek. 

Fine limpid prisms of Quartz, Near Rock spring. 

Fine Pyrites, . . . Near the Helicon springs. 

Gneiss, .... Ditto. 

Hornblend Slate, . Road to Lexington. 

Sulphate of Barytes in tabular 

Crystals, . . Lower end of the county. 

Felspar, .... Asbury Hull's plantation. 

Mica, . . . ; Various places. 



182 CLARKE COUNTY. 

Early Settlers. — Robert Barber, Rev. Hope Hull, A. 
Boggs, Jesse White, Gen. Meriwether, Thomas Mitchell, 
Joseph and John Espey, and Esley. 
Manufactures — 

Athens Manufacturing Company, capital, $92,600 
Spindles, . . . 2,500 

Looms, .... 40 

Operatives, mostly females, 85 

Overseers, ... 3 

Expenses per month, . 8800 

Goods manufactured per day, 1500 yards. 
Bunches of yarn, . " 100 

- Machinery made in N. Jersey, cost $60,000 
Amount of goods sold in Jan. 1848, $7,589 86 
Aug. " $5,172 60 
Goods sold mostly in the surrounding country. Some sent 
to Augusta, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and New Orleans. 
Osnaburgs, stripes, bed-ticking, linsey-woolsey. Wages of 
operatives from five to twelve dollars per month. Situated 
within the limits of Athens. 

Princeton Manufacturing Company, capital $54,000, or- 
ganized in 1836, and purchased by the present company, in 
1845. Situated two miles S. W. of Athens, on the middle 
branch of the Oconee. 

Cotton spindles, ' . . . . 2184 

Wool do. .... 240 

Looms, . ..... 45 

Bales of cotton used per week, . . 21 

Yards of cloth made per day, . 1700 

Bundles of yarn " . . 90 

Mattresses made per year, . . 100 

The goods manufactured are shirtings, bed-ticking, linsey- 
woolsey, jeans, checks, quality very superior ; sent through 
Georgia, and to N. Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, New- York 
and Philadelphia. Operatives healthy. The company make ar- 
rangements to have divine service at the factory twice a month, 
and have provided a library for the operatives. This estab- 
ment reflects credit upon the spirited owners. 

Mars Hill factory, situated on Barber's creek, seven miles 



CLARKE COUNTY. 183 

S.W. of Athens. Capital $20,000 ; owned by Moses & Jen- 

kinson. Water power fine. 

Spindles, 350 

Looms, ..'... 12 

Machinery cost .... 8000 dols. 
Yards of cloth made per day, . 400 

Bags of cotton consumed per day, l^ 

Number of operatives, . . 25 

Wages of operatives per month, from 5 to 25 dols. 
Saw-mill, .... 1 

Grist-mill, ..... 1 

Georgia factory, owned by John White, Esq., situated 

four miles S. of Athens. Machinery cost $50,000. 
Spindles, .... 1704 

Bundles of yarn per day, . . 140 

Looms, ..... 20 

Yards of cloth per day, . . 800 

Operatives, .... 70 

Goods sent to North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, and 
New Orleans. New machinery has recently been erected. 

Pioneer Paper Mill, owned by Albon Chase, and J. S. 
Linton. Located on Barber's creek, three and a half miles 
S. W. of Athens. Building of wood upon a stone basement, 
two stories high. It is intended to manufacture writing, 
printing, and wrapping paper ; but at the time we visited this 
establishment, the machinery for writing paper had not yet 
been obtained. From 5 to 600 pounds of paper will be made 
per day.* 

Besides the factories just enumerated, there are in the 
county 

23 Saw-mills. 
17 Grist do. 
3 Merchant do. 
G Distilleries. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptists, Christians, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and 
a few Roman Catholics, Jews, and Universalists. In the 

county are — 

, * Now in operation. 



184 CLARKE COUNTY. 

11 Methodist Churches. 
7 Baptist do. 

2 Presbyterian do. 
1 Episcopal do. 
1 Christian do. 

Roads, Bridges. — Some of the roads are in good order, 
and others much neglected. Over the Appallachee are three 
bridges. Over the middle branch of the Oconee, four. Over 
the north branch, one. Over Barber's creek, one. Over San- 
dy creek, one. 

Name. — General Elijah Clarke, after whom this county 
was named, was a native of North Carolina ; came to Georgia 
in 1774, and settled in Wilkes county. He was among the 
first of our revolutionary worthies. Endowed with hardihood 
and decision of character, he was fitted for any enterprise. 
When Georgia and South Carolina were evacuated by their 
governments, and the forces of the United States were with- 
drawn from them, Clarke alone kept the field, and his name 
spread terror through the whole line of British posts, from the 
Catawba to the Creek nation. Justice has not been done to 
this meritorious officer. " The first action," says the late Ge- 
neral James Jackson in his manuscripts, " in which the militia 
were brought to disregard the bayonets of the British, was 
gained by him over a British detachment in South Carolina, at 
the Enoree : and yet the credit has been given to Colonel 
Williams, who left the ground." It is proper that Georgians 
should be made familiar with the history of those who, in " the 
times that tried men's souls," devoted themselves to the cause 
of freedom, and at the expense of their fortunes and lives, pur- 
chased the blessings which we now enjoy. In 1776, Clarke 
makes his first appearance in the history of Georgia, as captain 
of a company intrusted with the care of some wagons loaded 
with provisions for the army. Whilst crossing a small stream, 
he was attacked by a body of Indians, who, after a severe con- 
test, were put, to flight. In Howe's expedition against East 
Florida, he rendered important services, which were duly ap- 
preciated by his commander. In the battle of Ketttle creek, he 
increased his military fame. On the opposite side of the creek 



CLARKE COUNTY. 185 

there was a rising ground, in the rear of the enemy ; and with 
a foresight eminently characteristic of him, Clarke perceived 
that they would attempt to form upon it, and after some hours 
of severe fighting, he succeeded in gaining its summit. The 
enemy were beaten back, with a loss of 70 men killed and 
wounded, and 75 taken prisoners. Clarke's horse was shot 
under him, but he quickly mounted another, and rushed again 
into the fight. After the victory at Kettle Ci'eek, many of the 
citizens of Georgia who had gone into South Carolina for 
safety, returned with their families and properly to Wilkes 
county, but shortly afterwards were much alarmed by the ap- 
proach of a body of Indians ; and to Colonel Clarke was com- 
mitted the highly responsible duty of remaining on the fron- 
tiers to guard the forts. This was a trying period. The ene- 
my had devastated the fairest portion of Georgia. Cruelties 
which would have disgraced savages, marked their steps in 
every direction. Colonel Clarke's house was pillaged and 
burnt, and his family ordered to leave the State. Mrs. Clarke 
with her two daughters departed for the North, with no other 
means of conveyance than a small pony of little value ; but 
even this was taken away after they had proceeded but a short 
way on their journey. The love of freedom, a persuasion that 
Heaven would favour the righteous cause of the Americans, in- 
spired Clarke with hope ; and the loss of his property, and the 
indignities offered to the helpless females of his family, did not 
in the least intimidate him, but nerved him to renewed action. 
Accordingly, he succeeded in recruiting men for his regiment, 
and gave the enemy so much trouble, by cutting off their sup- 
plies, that it was determined to bring him to a general action. 
Colonel Innis pursued him to Wafford's iron works, where 
his ground had been judiciously chosen. Clarke waited the 
attack, and bravely defended his post. His constant annoy- 
ance of the foraging parties of the enemy became so provok- 
ing, that Colonel Innis resolved to augment his force, and 
drive him from the country. Having received reinforcements, 
Clarke met the enemy about four miles north of Musgrove's 
Mill, and defeated him. The loss of the British was 63 men 
killed, and 160 wounded and taken prisoners. In this battle 
Clarke received two wounds with a sabre on the back of his 



186 CLARKE COUNTY. 

head and neck ; his stock buckle saved his Hfe.* For a few- 
minutes he was a prisoner in charge of two men ; but taking 
advantage of his strength and activity, he knocked one of 
them down, and the other fled. In 1780, CornwalHs issued a 
proclamation, which instead of producing the effect which he 
confidently believed it would, only roused the patriots to 
greater exertions. Colonel Clarke about this time returned to 
Wilkes, for the purpose of raising a force to aid in the reduc- 
tion of Augusta, then in possession of the British, He suc- 
ceeded in obtaining 350 men, and reached Augusta unob- 
served by the enemy ; but owing to the loss of men in the 
siege, and to desertions, was compelled to retire, first to Little 
river, and then to Kentucky, having under his protection not 
only his troops, but nearly four hundred women and children. 
CornwalHs hearing of his retreat, despatched Captain Fergu- 
son with one hundred men to cut him oflT, supposing that he 
would be forced to return through South Carolina; but 
Clarke, with his wonted foresight, secured himself against a 
capture by recrossing the mountains. This led to the decisive 
battle of King's Mountain, which resulted in the death of Fer- 
guson, and the destruction of his whole force. On the 20th 
of October, 1780, Clarke returned to his former position, on 
the borders of South Carolina, ready again to battle with the 
foe. On the 9th of November, his gallant band joined General 
Sumter's camp, at the Fish Dam Fords on Broad river ; and 
on the 18th of the same month, Sumter took post at Black- 
stock's house, 35 miles from his former position, and in con- 
junction with Majors Jackson and Chandler, Clarke was posted 
on the left of the house. We have now before us a letter, writ- 
ten by one of the commanders at Blackstock's, in which he 
says : " At Blackstock's, at the head of his Wilkes rifle- 
men, Clarke charged and drove the British light infantry in 
an open field, where, although he did not command, he might 
be said to have insured the day, by turning the enemy's right 
flank. This also, as well as the merits of his compatriot. Ge- 
neral Twiggs, who commanded during two-thirds of that ac- 
tion, and gained it after General Sumter was wounded. Dr. 
Ramsey has accorded to South Carolina." 

* McCall. 



CLARKE COUNTY. 187 

In the battle of Long Cane Creek, Col. Clarke was severe- 
ly wounded, and was carried off the field. After his recovery 
he joined the command of General Pickens, and was sent by 
him against Major Dunlap whom he compelled to surrender. 
For a short time after this affair he was confined with the small- 
pox, but on the 15th of May he was so far recovered as to re- 
sume his command, and was present when Augusta surren- 
dered to the Americans. Indeed, he had gallantly confined the 
British garrison to their works, for weeks before Col. Lee ar- 
rived. His last opposition to the British arms was under Gen. 
Wayne before Savannah, which city he had the satisfaction to 
see evacuated, and his country altogether relieved from the 
British yoke. With the Indians, Col. Clarke was engaged in 
several battles, the principal of which was the battle of Jack's 
Creek, fought in 1787, in which he defeated the Creeks. 

In 17 — , Clarke made an attempt to settle on the Indian 
side of the Oconee river, and also crossed the St. Mary's to 
the Florida side and drove in the Spanish posts. For these acts 
he incurred the displeasure of the United States Government. 
His merits as a soldier maybe easily known, when it is remem- 
bered that he was solicited by two great European nations to 
engage in their service. That he had a commission of Major 
General, with a salary of $10,000 a year in the service of 
France, can be seen by reference to the documents of Blount's 
conspiracy and impeachment in the report of the committee 
of the House of Representatives of the United States ; page 
143. He signed the treaty with the Cherokees made at Augus- 
ta in 1783, the treaty of the Creeks in the same year, and that 
with the Creeks at Galphinton in 1785. He died in Wilkes 
county, December 15, 1799.* 



COBB. 

Boundaries. — This county is bounded north by Chero- 
kee and Cass, east by Forsyth and De Kalb, south by 

* Items furnished by Col. J. W. Jackson. 



188 COBB COUNTY. 

Campbell and a small portion of De Kalb, and west by Paulding. 
Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee is the main stream. 
The creeks are Sweet Water, Powder Spring, Pumpkin Vine, 
Nickajack, Olleys, Noses, Proctors, Allatoona, Vickery, Rot- 
ten Wood, Noonday, Reubs, Wylleo, Soap, and Mud. 

Post Offices. — Marietta, Powder Springs, Acworth, Gol- 
gotha, High Bridge, Lebanon, Mill Grove, and Roswell. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population is 
increasing. The census of 1845 gave to Cobb 10,518 inhabi- 
tants, of which 1,474 were slaves. 

Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,691 61. Sends two rep- 
resentatives to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Marietta is the seat of justice, and one among the 
most pleasant towns in Cherokee Georgia. It is situated on the 
highest point between the Atlantic ocean and Tennessee river, 
being 1132 feet above the level of the former. It was incor- 
porated and made the county seat in 1814. Distance from 
Milledgeville 113 miles northwest, from Augusta 190 miles, 
from Atlanta 20 by the railroad, from Dalton 80, from Cum- 
ming 35, from Canton 22. The first house was built by James 
Anderson, Esq. 

There are four churches — Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyte- 
rian, and Baptist; several schools, hotels, stores, &c. Population, 
1,500. Does considerable business, being the market for Cobb, 
Cherokee, part of Lumpkin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Paulding, and 
Carroll counties. 

The town is rapidly improving. Since the 1st of May, 1848, 
more than 60 houses have been built. Many persons from the 
low country of Georgia and South Carolina have recently re- 
moved here. The climate and water will compare with any 
in the world. Provisions are cheap. Marietta, from the ad- 
vantages it possesses in point of situation, accessibility, cli- 
mate, and water, is destined to be one amonc; the most 
attractive places in our State. 

Acworth is a small village on the Western and Atlantic 
Railroad, twelve miles N. W. of Marietta, in the midst of a 
thickly settled country. Population about 50. 



COBB COUNTY. 189 

Powder Springs, twelve miles S. W". of Marietta, on the 
road to Villa Uica, in Carroll, has two churches, Methodist and 
Baptist, and one school. Population 200. 

Roswell, a pretty village, so called from Roswell King, Esq., 
situated 13 miles from Marietta and one mile from the Chat- 
tahoochee. Settled by persons chiefly from the seaboard of 
Georgia and South Carolina, and is the seat of an extensive 
cotton factory. It has one store, one church, one male and 
female academy, &c. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land.— -The surface of the country is broken. The lands upon 
the Chattahoochee are rich, and will produce 800 pounds of 
cotton per acre, 8 barrels of corn, and from 20 to 30 bushels 
of wheat. The creek bottoms are also fertile, and well adapted 
to cotton, w^heat, and corn. 

The uplands are of a mulatto and gray colour, will produce 
600 pounds of cotton per acre, 5 barrels of corn, and about 15 
bushels of wheat. Best Chattahoochee lands are worth $20 
per acre ; creek bottoms, $8 ; uplands, from $1 to $8 per acre. 
Average Product per Acre. — Corn 5 barrels, wheat 6 
bushels, rye 5 bushels, cotton 500 pounds. 
Markets. — Marietta, Macon, and Augusta. 
Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — Roswell factory, at 
Roswell, on Vickery's creek, incoi-porated in 1840. Capital 
$80,000. 

Spindles, 3,500 

Looms, ...... 40 

Operatives, nearly all whites, . . 150 

Bales of cotton used per day, ... 5 
Yards of shirting made per day, . , 1,100 
Osnaburgs, " " . . 1,500 

Bundles of yarn made per week, . . 1,200 
Hours of work per day, ... 11 

The water-power fine. Wages of operatives dependent upon 
their industry. The temperance principle strictly enforced. 
Provision made for the instruction of the children. Goods ma- 
nufactured have a high character, and are sent to Tennessee,. 
Alabama, and to various parts of Georgia. 
Nickajack factory, on Nickajack creek. 
13 



190 COBB COUNTY. 

At Lebanon, the Roswell factory have an extensive mer- 
chant mill, capable of making from 1 to 300 barrels of flour per 
day. An extensive tannery, the property of Colonel Dunwoody, 
is located at this place. The leather made here is prono.unced 
equal to any in the United States. 

Grist-mills 21, saw-mills 21, besides several merchant mills 
op Soap creek. Seven miles east of Marietta is an extensive 
distillery, at which are made 120 gallons of whiskey per day. 

Mountains. — Kenesaw mountain, 2^ miles from Marietta, 
is 1828 feet above the level of the ocean ; so called from an 
Indian chief who was accidentally shot by a white man, whilst 
on a hunting excursion. The view from the top of the moun- 
tain is beautiful. Lost mountain. Brushy mountain, and Sweat 
mountain, are considerable elevations. 

Mineral Springs. — The Powder springs have acquired 
some celebrity, and will, in the course of time, attract the no- 
tice of persons seeking health and recreation. They are highly 
impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, and are efficacious in 
the cure of diseases, particularly those of a cutaneous cha- 
racter, and dyspepsia. 

Minerals. — Gold has been found on Proctor's creek, in the 
northern part of the county. At Allatoona, on Powder Spring 
creek, on Sweet Water creek, near Kenesaw mountain, and 
in Marietta. Granite is abundant. Silver, iron, lead, copper, 
talc, soap-stone, plumbago, quartz, &c. 

Roads. — The roads are as good as the nature of the coun- 
try will allow. The principal road crosses the Chattahoochee at 
the Standing Peach-tree, passes through Marietta and Allatoona 
to Cassville. Another main road passes through Sand Town in 
Campbell county to Allatoona, and is known as the Alabama 
road. Another road much travelled, is the one which crosses 
the Chattahoochee river at McAfee's bridge, and passes near 
Roswell to Vann's valley, and North Alabama. 

Religious Sects. — The religious sects are Baptists, Mis- 
sionary and Anti-Missionary, Presbyterians, Methodists, Epis- 
copalians, and a few Universalists. There are about 20 
churches in the county, and probably as many ministers. 

Education. — There are many respectable schools in various 
sections of the county, particularly at Marietta and Roswell. 



COBB COUNTY. 191 

Character of the People. — Considering the recent settle- 
ment of tiie county, the people generally may be said to be 
orderly and temperate. On public occasions irregularities are 
often committed, but upon the whole the population of Cobb 
will compare favourably with many of the older counties of 
the State. The tone of morals is improving every day. 

Amusements. — These chiefly consist in hunting, dancing 
and visiting. Parties occasionally go to the Powder Springs, 
and the Kenesaw mountain. Soirees are quite common in 
Marietta. 

Climate. — The climate, though variable, is as healthy as 
any portion of the United States. Exposure to the cold and 
rain is hardly ever attended by serious consequences. No 
case of consumption has ever occurred in the county. The 
summer diseases are bowel complaints, &c. The winter dis- 
eases are pleurisy and pneumonia. 

Instances of Longevity. — Mr. Fleming is now living, 
over 94 years of age. Mr. J. Collins, a revolutionary soldier, 
over 88. Mrs. Henry is over 80. Mrs. Dougherty is 85. Mr. 
Smith is 80. Mr. Edwards died a few months ago, aged 90. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the fol- 
lowing: Mr. James Anderson, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Massey, Wil- 
liam Crane, William Morris, Tho. Whitehead, J. D. IMullins, 
Jdmes Mohon, W. P. Maloney, James Powers, Edward Mays, 
Bradley Smith, and J. Collins. 

Indian Towns. — Sweet Water Town, once inhabited by Che- 
rokees, is on Sweet Water creek, 14 miles north of Marietta. 

Kenesaw Town, on Noonday creek, five miles northwest 
of Marietta. 

Buffalo Fish Town, 16 miles southwest of Marietta. 

Antiquities. — On Mud creek there are the remains of an 
ancient fortification, and on the Chattahoochee several small 
mounds. 

Name. — John Cobb emigrated from Virginia in 17 — , and 
settled in Columbia county, where his son Thomas W. Cobb 
was born, in honour of whom this county was named. 
For some time he went to school to Dr. Waddel near 
Applington, and made considerable proficiency in the lan- 
guases. He afterwards studied law in the office of the 



192 COLUMBIA COUNTY. 

Hon. Wm. H. Crawford, and settled in Lexington. In a short 
period he attained to a degree of eminence in his profession 
which probably has been seldom surpassed by any lawyer in 
Georgia. He was elected to Congress in 1816, and in 1823, 
and in 1824 was elected senator, which office he resigned in 
1828, and became a judge of the Superior Court for the Oc- 
mulgee circuit. He died in 1830 at Greenesborough, where he 
had removed from Lexington. Mr. Cobb was deeply versed 
in the knowledge of the law, eloquent and argumentative. In 
his intercourse with men, he was sprightly and entertaining. 
He held religion in the highest veneration, and his house was 
open to the ministers of the gospel. 



COLUMBIA. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Wilkes and Lin- 
coln on the North, Savannah river on the Northeast, Rich- 
mond and Jefferson on the South, and Warren on the West. 
Laid out from Richmond in 1790. It is 25 miles long and 20 
miles wide, containing 500 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Appling, Berzelia, Culbreath, Darby's, 
Eubank's, Lombardy, Raysville, Republican, Thomson, White 
Oak, Wrightsborough. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 3,888 whites, 7,382 blacks : 
total, 11,270. State tax for 1848, $5,197 and 70 cents. Sends 
two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah river separates this 
county from South Carolina, and Little river from Wilkes and 
Lincoln. Keg, Lloyd, Uchee, Green Briar, Kiokee and Little 
Kiokee, empty into the Savannah. Upton and Sullivan's 
creeks discharge themselves into Little river. Sweet Water 
and Head Stall creeks in the southern part, are branches of 
Briar creek. 

Towns. — Appling is the seat of justice, situated on Great 
Kiokee, 82 miles E. N. E. of Milledgeville, 23 from Augusta, 
and 30 from Washington. It has a court-house, jail, academy, 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 193 

Stores, &c. Population about 100. This place is upon the 
decline. Incorporated in 1826. 

Wrightsborough is on Town creek, 16 miles from Appling. 
It was settled before the Revolution by a colony of Quakers, 
under the direction of Joseph Mattock, who had obtained for 
himself and followers a tract of land embracing 40,000 acres. 
It was named after Sir James Wright, formerly Governor of 
Georgia. 

Raysville is on Little river, 10 miles from Appling. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- 
dists are the most numerous. Rev. Daniel Marshall, with 
other Baptist emigrants, settled on the Kiokee creek about 
1770. Mr. Marshall immediately commenced preaching, and 
in a short time a church was constituted, the first Baptist 
church formed in Georgia. There are a few Presbyterians, 
Universalists, and Roman Catholics in the county. There is 
not as much interest taken in the schools of the county as 
formerly. Common schools are in most of the settlements. 
Carmel academy, for some years under the supervision of the 
celebrated Dr. Waddel, was located about 2^ miles from Ap- 
pling. J. C. Calhoun, W. H. Crawford, and T. W. Cobb were 
pupils in this academy. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One wool-carding establishment, 
three or four merchant mills, one steam saw-mill, nine saw- 
mills, and ten grist-mills. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Va- 
lue OF Land. — The face of the country is broken. The lands 
formerly were very productive, but have been injured by im- 
prudent cultivation. The lands on the rivers and creeks are 
fertile, peculiarly adapted to corn and cotton. The lands bor- 
dering on Warren and Richmond are sandy. The average 
value of land is about $5. per acre. 

Productions. — The chief productions are cotton and corn. 

Early Settlers. — Rev. Mr. Marshall, Joel Cloud, Peter 
Crawford, Joseph Mattock, Thomas White, William Smith, 
Perry Wilson, John Appling, Nathan Jones, Jesse Bull, W. 
Maxbary, and the Few, Gibson, Evans, Jennings, Ramsey, 
and other families. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. In 



194 COLUMBIA COUNTY. 

some parts bilious fevers occur. Many instances of longevity 
have occurred. Mr. Henry Burnley was 80 when he died ; 
Wm. Marbary 93 ; Mr. Owens, Mr. Stanford, Mr. Smalley, 
Mr. Spalding, and many others, were over 80. Mr. David 
Hodge lived to a great age. At the age of 102 he married a 
lady of 40. 

Minerals. — A very rich gold mine is in the upper part of 
the county, near Little river, and has been operated upon to 
great advantage. Granite, sienite, talcose slate, felspar, smoky 
quartz, epidote, and hornblend. Porcelain clay is said to be 
abundant. 

Character of the People. — The people generally are well 
informed, and a large portion of them are wealthy. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads cannot be said to be good. 
The bridges are fair. 

Mineral Springs. — Russaw springs, near Raysville, im- 
pregnated with iron. 

Market. — Augusta is the market. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — Mr. Gibson, who resides in 
this county, has in his possession a remarkable stone, which it 
is affirmed has the property of curing the bite of a snake or 
mad dog. The compiler of this work has been assured by 
more than fifty respectable gentlemen, some of whom have 
been eye-witnesses to experiments made with this stone, that 
when applied to the wound it extracts the poison. Many 
instances have occurred in which persons were relieved who 
had been severely bitten by poisonous snakes and mad dogs. 
It is not our business to speculate on this subject. We only 
state the fact, and remark that it is too well authenticated to 
admit of any doubt. 

Eminent Men. — The Rev. Daniel Marshall, a zealous min- 
ister of the Baptist denomination, lived and died in this county. 
His grave is near the court-house in Appling. Columbia claims 
for her sons Col. Daniel Appling, Rev. I. A. Few, Hon. Peter 
Crawford, and many other eminent gentlemen, whose memo- 
ries will always live in the hearts of the people. Judge Wright 
and the Hon. George W. Crawford, the present Secretary of 
War, were born in this county. 

Name. — This county was named after Christopher Colum- 
bus, the discoverer of America, born in 1436 and died in 1506. 



COWETA COUNTY. 195 



COWETA. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Laid out in 1826, and is bounded 
N. by Carroll and Campbell, E. by Fayette, S. by Troup and 
Meriwether, and W. by Carroll and Heard. Length 27 
miles ; breadth 18. Area 486 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Newnan, Bexar, Palmetto, Haralson, 
Kedron, Location, Lodi, Rio, Paris, Willow Grove. 

Population, Taxes, Representation, — In 1845 the popu- 
lation of this county was 7,211 whites, 3,706 blacks; total, 
10,917. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,836 02. 
Entitled to two representatives. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Chattahoochee river ; Cedar, Wahoo, 
Sandy, Morgan, White Oak, Dead Oak, Keg and Little creeks. 
Towns. — Newnan, the seat of justice, is situated about the 
centre of the county, one hundred and twenty-six miles N. 
W. Milledgeville, thirty miles from La Grange, forty from 
Atlanta, twenty-five from Campbellton, twenty-five from Car- 
rollton, from Franklin twenty, and from Griffin thirty-five. It 
was incorporated and made the county site in 1828. The 
public buildings are a brick court house, which cost from eight 
to nine thousand dollars ; jail ; male and female academies ; a 
Methodist and Presbyterian church. There are seven or eight 
dry good stores, three taverns, twelve lawyers and three doc- 
tors. The town has good sidewalks, and is well shaded. The 
citizens have taken much interest in the temperance effort. 
More than $80,000 worth of goods sold per annum. 

Mills. — One wool carding mill, one steam saw-mill, six 
saw-mills, twelve grist-mills. 

Markets. — Atlanta and Griffin. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not in 
good order. z' 

Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are 
Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Lutherans. The most 
numerous are the two first named. Considerable attention is 
paid to the subject of education. Schools exist in most of the 
settlements. Among the most prominent of the institutions 
are the Rock Spring Academy, and Longstreet Institute. In 
Newnan they have good schools. 



196 COWETA COUNTY. 

Climate, Longevity. — The climate does not vary much 
from that of other counties surrounding it. "Compared with 
the whole climate of Georgia, it may be termed medium, par- 
ticipating largely of the advantages of the northern counties 
in growing grain, and of the southern in growing cotton." 
William Smith, John Neely, and Mr. Gray are the oldest per- 
sons in the county ; all over 90 years of age. 

Character of the People. — The people of this section 
are remarkable for sobriety and hospitality. 

Minerals. — Gold exists in some parts of the county. 
Some mines have been worked, but not to much advantage. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- 
ty is situated between the Chattahoochee river and Line creek. 
The soil is a loam, varied, however, into what are termed light 
and heavy, or what are called gray and red land, being more 
or less sandy, and generally fertile. There are strips and 
patches of pine land, interspersed throughout the county, 
which are valuable for furnishing lumber. The main body of 
the county, however, is oak and hickory. There is scarcely 
any land which is not capable of being successfully cultivated. 
The dividing ridge between the Chattahoochee river on the 
west, and Line creek on the east, passes through the centre of 
the county from northeast to southwest. This ridge varies 
but little in altitude from that of Atlanta, to which place it ex- 
tends. The land on it is generally very fertile, a fact not 
often connected with land of the same elevation. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, 
wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. The produce of cotton is from 400 
to 800 pounds per acre. Corn from four to six barrels per 
acre. 

Mineral Springs. — There are mineral springs six miles 
southeast of Newnan, with several varieties of water, sul- 
phur, chalybeate and limestone, and have proved efficacious in 
many cases. 

Early Settlers. — Col. Dickson, Mr. Henry R. Robinson, 
William M. Stokes, Bird Parks, J. M. Thomas, and A. J. Berry. 

Name. — This county received its name in 1826, to perpet- 
uate the memoi'y of General William Mcintosh, a half-blood 
Creek, and head chief of the Coweta Towns. He was a daring 



CRAWFORD COUNTY. 197 

soldier, and a useful ally during the late war with the British, 
who had excited many of the Creeks against us. Mcintosh, with 
some other chiefs, signed the treaty at the Indian Springs, by 
which the lands between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers 
were ceded. After this he was shot in his own house, by sev- 
eral of the Indians unfriendly to the treaty, and his body con- 
sumed with his dwelling. 

Mcintosh was between 50 and 60 when killed. He left 
five wives and several children, most of whom had received a 
pretty good English education,* 



CRAWFORD. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded north by 
Monroe, east by Bibb, south by Houstoun and Macon, and west 
by Talbot and a part of Upson. Laid out in 1822, and a part 
added to Upson in 1824. Length 17 miles, breadth 17 miles. 
Square miles 289. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river is the only stream of any 
magnitude. The smaller streams are the Ulcohachee, Spring, 
Walnut, Sweet Water and Deep creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population by 
the census of 1840, was 8493. Of these 4626 were whites, 
and 3867 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,977. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature of the State. 

Post Offices. — Knoxville, Francisville, Hammock Grove, 
Hickory Grove, Hopewell, and New Agency. 

Towns. — Knoxville, near the centre of the county, is the 
seat of justice. Distant from Milledgeville 52 miles, 25 from 
Macon, 12 from Culloden, and 6 from the Old Agency. — 
It has a court house, two hotels, four stores, two churches, 
Methodist and Baptist, and one academy. Population about 
250. Made the county site in 1823, and incorporated in 1825. 

Hopewell, six miles northeast of Knoxville, has a church, 
tavern, physician, &c. 

* Sherwood's Gazetteer. 



198 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 

Francisville, six miles west of Knoxville. 

Hickory Grove, twelve miles northwest of Knoxville. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The sur- 
face is uneven. The northern part is tolerably productive ; of 
a dark gray soil adapted to cotton. The bottom lands are ex- 
ceedingly fertile, but liable to inundations. In the southern 
part the land is poor, having a growth of pine. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are in fair order, and the 
bridges are said to be in a good condition. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodist, Baptists, and 
Presbyterians. Education is neglected. At Hopewell there 
is a good school. 

Productions, Market. — Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, &c. 
About 2000 bags of cotton made last year. Macon is the 
market. 

Mills, — Four saw-mills and two merchant-mills. 

Revolutionary Pensioners. — Phillip Mathews, aged 88 
years ; Jason Meador, 81 ; James Bailey, 80 ; Joel Ethridge, 
77 ; Thomas Turner, 89 ; Daniel Hartley, 97 ; Lewis Good- 
win, 74 ; Jacob Fudge, 82 ; 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleas- 
ant. The diseases are fevers, chills, &c. The instances of 
longevity are the following : — Mrs. Nancy Kates is now living, 
about 90 years of age. There is a negro woman also living 
in this county 125 years old. 

Distinguished Men. — It was in this county that Colonel 
Benjamin Hawkins died. This event took place June 6, 1816. 
He was one of the revolutionary patriots, than whom none 
was more devoted to his country. At an advanced age, and 
with a constitution greatly impaired, he continued to discharge 
with zeal the important and perplexing duties of Indian Agent, 
as well as Commissioner for making treaties. With a philan- 
thropy worthy of all praise, he had relinquished the enjoy- 
ments of polished society, in which he shone conspicuously, 
with the sanguine hope of civilizing the Indians. Partial as 
was his success in effecting this purpose, no other man could 
have done as much towards it. As a man of science he oc- 
cupied an elevated rank. He was appointed by Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Agent for Indian Affairs. He is buried at the Old 



CRAWFORD COUNTY. 199 

Agency, on the Flint river. Col. Hawkins left a number of 
manuscripts, containing valuable information in regard to the 
Indian country, &c. 

Name, — Among the names of Georgia's great men, that of the 
Hon. William Harris Crawford, after whom this county is called, 
should be placed in the first rank. His history shows how much 
may be done by study, industry, and honesty. He was born 
in Amherst county, Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1772. 
The part of the county in which Mr. Crawford was born, is 
said to have been famous for large men. A Mr. Spencer 
lived there, who had the reputation of being the largest man 
in the world. Mr. Crawford's family were from Scotland. 
His father came from Virginia in 1779, and settled in Edge- 
field District, South Carolina, and in 1783 he removed to Co- 
lumbia count)^ Georgia, where he died five years afterwards. 
W. H. Crawford was a lad during the Revolution, and was 
raised with the hardihood of those scuffling times. After the 
death of his father, Mr. Crawford, in order to aid in the sup- 
port of his mother's family, devoted himself to the business of 
instruction, for several years, until Dr. Moses Waddel opened 
a classical school in Columbia county ; when feeling the im- 
portance of a knowledge of the languages, he resolved to avail 
himself of this excellent opportunity of obtaining an acquaint- 
ance with the classics, and accordingly became a student in Dr. 
Waddel's academy, where his progress was so great, that he was 
soon employed as an assistant- After remaining in this academy 
two years, he came to Augusta, and formed a connection with 
Charles, afterwards Judge Tait, in the management of the 
Richmond Academy. In 1799 he removed to Lexington, and 
commenced the practice of the law ; and it was not long be- 
fore his talents and great attention to business placed him at 
the head of his profession. When Mr. Crawford first com- 
menced practice, the upper counties of Georgia were monopo- 
lized by a clique engaged in legislative speculations. Efforts 
were made to secure his co-operation in these iniquitous pro- 
ceedings, but with no success. For four years he represented 
Oglethorpe county in the Legislature of Georgia. In 1806 he 
was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1811 re-elect- 
ed without opposition. In this body he occupied a pre-eminent 



200 DECATUR COUNTY. 

station ; and upon many important and exciting questions, 
evinced a judgment unsurpassed by that of any member of the 
Senate. In 1813, President Madison offered him the appoint- 
ment of Secretary of War, which he dechned. He was then 
sent Minister to Paris, where he remained two years, during 
which time he not only showed himself to be a fearless advo- 
cate of his country's rights, but gained the favour of Parisian 
society by his open manners and instructive conversation. 
When he returned to the United States he was appointed to 
the War Department, but in which he served only for a brief 
period. In October following, he was appointed Secretary of 
the Treasury, and continued to discharge the duties of this 
important office until 1825, with an ability which men of all 
parties acknowledged. In 1825 he received a flattering vote 
for the office of President of the United States. In 1827, upon 
the death of Judge Dooly, Mr. Crawford was appointed judge 
of the Northern Circuit, which office he held until his 
death, which occurred in Elbert county, Sept. 15, 1834, aged 
62 years. His remains lie at Woodlawn, his seat in Ogle- 
thorpe county. 



DECATUR. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Early and Baker, 
E. by Thomas, S. by Florida, and W. by the Chattahoochee 
river. It is thirty-six miles long and twenty-five wide, con- 
taining nine hundred square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river runs diagonally 
through the county, and the Chattahoochee forms the western 
boundary. Spring creek is a considerable body of water, 
emptying into the Flint. Musquitoe, Willocoochee, Little 
Attapulgus, Martin's, Horse, Turkey, Wolf and Sayers are the 
other streams. 

Post Offices. — Bainbridge, Caii'o, Olive Grove, Attapul- 
gus. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, thepopu- 



DECATUR COUNTY. 201 

lation was 3,491 whites, 2,896 blacks; total, 6,387. Amount 
of State tax for 1848, $2,476 19. Sends one representative 
to the Legislature. 

Eakly Settlers. — The Brutons, Maples, Ne§ls, Harralls, 
Hardins and Martins. 

Towns. — Bainbridge is the capital, situated on the east side 
of the Flint river, one hundred and ninety miles from Mil- 
ledgeville, forty miles S. of Blakely, twenty-four N. of Quin- 
cey, twenty-six from the junction of the Chattahoochee and 
Flint, forty W. of Thomasville, and 43 N. W. of Tallahassee. 
It contains the usual county buildings, two churches, two 
hotels, an academy, four or five stores, &c. Population, 200. 

Fort Scott is ten miles below Bainbridge, on the W. side of 
the Flint river. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The most numerous reli- 
gious sects are the Baptists and Methodists, Education is 
better attended to than formerly, although schools are much 
wanted. 

Markets. — Bainbridge is the market. Cotton is shipped 
to Appalachicola. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is tempe- 
rate and pleasant. The county is not subject to any particu- 
lar disease, although fevers prevail on the water-courses. The 
principal instances of longevity are Mr. Green Mitchell, now 
living, over eighty ; Mr. Joel Dassie, now living, between 
eighty-five and ninety. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — A few 
years since. Dr. Cotting made an examination of this county, 
and from his report we extract the following information : 
" The northern part of the county, except a small tract for 
the distance of twenty miles immediately upon the river, is 
pine-barren, with occasional small circular patches denomi- 
nated ' sinks.' The land, except for a year or two after clear- 
ing, is unproductive. It has a sub-soil of coarse ferruginous 
sand and clay. With the exception of a tract of land on the 
E. bank of the Flint river, owned by Mrs. Williams, and some 
small strips of alluvium and hemlock, there is not much good 
land near the river N. of Bainbridge. In the N. E. extremity 
there are excellent tracts of land containing lime and well pro- 



202 DECATUR COUNTY. 

portioned with sand, clay, and vegetable matter. On Richland 
creek, in the S. E. corner of the county, on the Ochockonee 
river, between the great and little Attapulgus rivers, and in 
several other places, excellent lands may be found. 

" The Fowl Town tract of land is said to be the best east of 
the Flint river. 

" Between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers is a pine- 
barren, with some fertile spots, which are better calculated for 
the growth of cotton than corn, the soil being siliceous. 
Taken as a whole, it is an excellent county, equal in my 
opinion to the celebrated Burke lands in their pristine fertility. 
More corn and cotton can be raised in some parts of Decatur 
than on the best lands in Burke ; and so far from its being ' a 
low, sunken frog-pond,' as has been represented, it is a dry, 
healthy county, much higher above the ocean than Burke." 
The productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, &c. On the 
rich lands cotton will yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre. 
About 4,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. 

Caves. — There are some caves in this county, among 
which the Blowing Cave is the most celebrated; but it is not 
in our power to gratify our readers with a description of it. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people are 
hospitable and industrious. Hunting is the favourite amuse- 
ment. 

Timber, Trees. — The forests furnish a great variety of the 
finest timber, such as the pine, cypress, various kinds of 
oaks, &c. The magnolia and laurel grow to great perfection. 

Name. — This section of the State received its name in 
honour of Stephen Decatur, who was born the 5th of J anuary, 
1779, in Maryland, where his parents had retired while the 
British were in possession of the city of Philadelphia. When 
he was only a few months old, his parents came back to Phila- 
delphia. In 1798 he entered the navy as a midshipman, under 
the command of Commodore Barry. In 1801 he served as 
first lieutenant of the Essex, one of Commodore Dale's squad- 
ron to the Mediterranean. Some time after this, he was ap- 
pointed to the command of the brig Argus, and proceeded to 
join the squadron of Commodore Preble, then lying before 
Tripoli. It was here that after some difficulty he obtained his 



DECATUR COUNTY. 203 

commodore's permission to engage in a very dangerous enter- 
prise, wiiich was, either to re-capture or destroy tiie frigate 
Philadelphia as she lay in the harbour. He accomplished his 
design without the loss of a single man. For this gallant 
action, Congress voted him their thanks and a sword, and pro- 
moted him to the rank of Post Captain. In the following 
spring he had the command of a division of vessels destined 
for an attack upon Tripoli. On this occasion, he displayed a 
bravery unsurpassed in the annals of warfare. In the engage- 
ment, a Turk had killed his brother, Lieutenant James Decatur. 
Upon learning this, he determined to avenge his death, and 
singled out the commander of the Turkish boats. The Turk 
was armed with an espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass. In 
attempting to cut off the head of the weapon, his sword struck 
on the iron, and broke close to the hilt. The Turk at this 
moment made a push, which slightly wounded Decatur. He im- 
mediately seized the spear. A fierce struggle ensued, and both 
fell. By this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his 
belt, and was about to plunge it into the body of his foe, when 
Decatur caught him by his arm, and shot him with a pistol 
which he had taken from his pocket. When Commodore Pre- 
ble retired from the command of the squadron, Decatur took 
the command of the Constitution. From this ship he was re- 
moved to the Congress, and peace being made with Tripoli, he 
returned to the United States. The war of 1812 gave Decatur 
frequent opportunities of displaying his gallantry. On the 25th 
of October, 1812, he captured the Macedonian, one of the best 
ships in the English navy. The whole country resounded with 
his name, and every city vied with each other in doing him 
honour. After the war with England had ended, a squadron 
under his command was despatched to Algiers, to demand 
satisfaction for many injuries committed upon the commerce 
of the United States. He arrived before Algiers, June 22, 
1815, and in a very laconic manner demanded a treaty. With 
some reluctance, the Day consented to one item of the pro- 
posed treaty, which was the relinquishment of all annual tri- 
bute or ransom for prisoners. "Even a little powder," the 
negotiator said, " would answer." " If," replied Decatur, " you 
insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you must expect to 



204 DE KALB COUNTY. 

receive balls with it." In 48 hours the treaty was concluded, 
upon terms never before granted to a Christian power. He 
then went to Tunis and Tripoli, and by a similar process 
obtained redress ; after which he returned home, and was 
appointed one of the Board of Navy Commissioners. Whilst 
in the discharge of these duties, he was challenged to single 
combat with pistols, by Commodore James Barron, and was 
mortally wounded on the first fire. His death produced a great 
sensation through the country. 



DE KALB. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded north by Cobb, east 
by Gwinnett and Newton, south by Henry and Fayette, west 
by Cobb and Campbell. Laid out in 1822. Its medium length 
is 25 miles ; breadth 19 miles, containing 475 square miles. 
Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to 
the census of 1830, the population was 10,042 ; in 1840, 10,- 
467; in 1845, 11,055. The next census will doubtless exhibit 
a greater increase. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, 
$3,536 88. Sends two members to the State Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Decatur, Atlanta, Cross Keys, Lithonia, 
Panthersville, Stone Mountain, and Utoy. 

Rivers and Creeks.— The Chattahoochee is the chief stream. 
One of the head branches of the Ocmulgee is in this county. 
Nancy's, Peach Tree, Utoy and Camp creeks, empty into the 
Chattahoochee. Shoal, Snap Finger, and Pole Bridge, empty 
into South river. 

Towns. — Decatur is the seat of justice. It is a pretty village 
situated on a ridge, dividing the waters of the Chattahoochee 
and South rivers; 95 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 30 from 
Covington, 24 from Lawrenceville, 8 from the Stone Moun- 
tain, and 28 from McDonough. This place is proverbially 
healthy. The court-house is a neat brick edifice, and cost 
$5,100. A jail constructed of granite is under contract. — 
There are two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist ; the for- 



DE KALB COUNTY. 205 

mer is built of brick and is a handsome structure. It has two ho- 
tels, two flourishing schools, several stores, &,c. Population 600. 
Amount of business done in Decatur is not so great as former- 
ly. Incorporated in 1823. 

Atlanta is a new place, formerly called Marthasville, but in 
1847 it was incorporated, and its name changed to " The City 
of Atlanta." It has a mayor and six councilmen, clerk of 
council, treasurer, city marshal, &c. The population may be 
put down at 2500, and this number is constantly augmenting. 
Atlanta is situated on a high ridge 6 miles west of Decatur, 
101 miles northwest of Macon, and is the point at which the 
Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western, and the Geor- 
gia Railroads connect. This has made Atlanta a place of bus- 
tle and business. At this time there are four churches, and 
another will be erected in the course of the year ; six schools, 
about twenty dry goods and grocery stores, &c. — Immense 
quantities of produce pass through Atlanta. Amount of busi- 
ness done is over 200,000 dollars. 

Stone Mountain, formerly called New Gibraltar, is a very 
thriving place ; has four hotels, eight stores and several me- 
chanics. Population 300. A stage from Gainseville comes 
to this village three times a week. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Pro- 
duct PER Acre, Value of Land. — The face of the country 
is undulating. Much of the soil will hardly repay the labour of 
cultivation. The rich lands are on the Chattahoochee and 
South rivers, Peach Tree, Nancy's, and Utoy creeks, and have 
been known to produce from 1000 to 1500 pounds of cotton 
per acre, and from 8 to 12 barrels of corn per acre. Wheat 
is rather an uncertain crop. The gray lands will produce 
from 500 to 700 pounds of cotton per acre, from 5 to 8 bar- 
rels of corn per acre, and from 15 to 25 bushels of wheat per 
acre. Lands of the first quality are worth from 20 to 25 dol- 
lars per acre ; the other lands from 3 to 10 dollars per acre. 

Productions. — Cotton, wheat, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, &c. 
The county is celebrated for fine fruits, particularly apples. 
These sold in Savannah last year, at five dollars per barrel, 
and were said to be superior to the northern article. A small 
quantity of silk is manufactured. 
14 



206 DE KALB COUNTY. 

Mineral Springs — Within the incorporated hmits of At- 
lanta, there is a fine chalybeate spring, and another one and 
three-fourths of a mile south of Decatur. 

Minerals. — Some gold has been found in the vicinity of 
Rockbridge, near Yellow river, and on Nancy's creek ; asbes- 
tos in large quantities at the plantation of John Evans, Esq. ; 
granite in quantities sufficient to supply the State of Georgia 
for a century to come ; tourmaline, quartz, iron, &:c. 

Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — Two wool carding- 
mills, about 25 saw-mills, 35 grist-mills, 2 merchant-mills, 2 
distilleries. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not kept 
in the state which the comfort and convenience of the citizens 
require. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians, 
Baptists, Catholics, Episcopalians, and Christians. In Atlanta 
and Decatur are good schools. The subject of education 
begins to be more appreciated than formerly. 

Character of the People. — We hazard nothing in saying 
that the citizens of this county are generally industrious and 
temperate. The farms are not kept with that neatness which 
could be wished. Some improvement in agricultural imple- 
ments is much wanted. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is remark- 
ably healthy. Indeed, the united testimony of intelligent men 
who have given this subject special attention, declares De Kalb 
to be unsurpassed for health by any region in the world. It is 
not pretended that there are no diseases, but these are very 
few. A number of persons have died in this county at a great 
age. A few, only, of their names are inserted. John Biffle, 
106 ; D. Greene, 90 ; Mr. Brooks, 92; Mr. Rooks, nearly 95; 
and there are now living, Wm. Terrell, 90 ; Mrs. Biffle, 100; 
and a great many between 80 and 90. 

Original Settlers. — William Jackson, '"George Heard, 
William Terrell, Judge Cone, Mr. Scaife, and James Mont- 
gomery were among the first who settled in this county. 

Antiquities. — There is a mound near Montgomery's Fer- 
ry, and what may be called an intrenchment six miles west of 
Decatur, on the Chattahoochee. 



DE KALB COUNTY. 207 

Mountain. — The Stone or Rock mountain, as it is some- 
times called, is one of the greatest curiosities which can be 
found in this or any other country. It is said to be 2,226 feet 
above the creek, and is seven miles in circumference. This 
wonder of nature is visited by thousands during the summer 
season. 

Name. — In the Revolution which gave birth to American 
freedom, many foreign officers of distinction, impelled by the 
love of liberty, attached themselves to the American army. 
Among these was the Baron De Kalb, to commemorate whose 
gallant conduct this county was named. 

This meritorious officer was a German by birth, and came 
to America in 1777 or 1778, with recommendations to Con- 
gress as an experienced soldier, entitled to their confidence. 
He was immediately appointed a Major General, and was 
placed at the head of the Maryland division of the army. For 
about three years he served in the American army with great 
reputation, winning many friends by his simple manners and 
amiable disposition. He fell in battle on the 19th of August, 
1780. The incidents of this battle deserve to be remembered, 
and we extract the following account from a work recently 
published. " At the battle of Camden, De Kalb commanded 
the right wing of the American army. In the commencement 
of this action, the American left wing was charged by the 
British infantry with fixed bayonets. This part of our army 
was composed of militia, who were unable to stand the attack, 
and threw down their arms, flying precipitately from the field. 
The continental troops here, though inferior in numbers to the 
British, stood their ground manfully, and maintained the con- 
flict with great resolution. The British had the advantage of 
superior cavalry, and notwithstanding the' brave example of 
De Kalb, who encouraged his men not only by words, but by 
deeds, they succeeded in gaining the day. The saddest loss 
was sustained in the death of the gallant De Kalb. In his last 
attempt to secure a victory, he received eleven wounds, and 
fell. He was caught by his aid, Lieut. Col. Du Buysson, who 
rushed through the clashing bayonets, and spreading his own 
form over that of the prostrate hero, received the wounds in- 
tended for his fallen commander, exclaiming, as he fell beside 



208 DOOLY COUNTY. 

him, " Save the Baron De Kalb ! save the Baron De Kalb !" 
On hearing his name, the British officers interposed, and res- 
cued them both from the fury of the men. The former sur- 
vived but a fev7 hours. The British officer who had him in 
charge bestowed upon him every attention. As he condoled 
with him in his misfortune, De Kalb extended him his hand in 
gratitude, saying, " I thank you for your generous sympathy, 
but I die the death I always prayed for, the death of a soldier 
fighting for the rights of man." His last moments were 
spent in dictating a letter to General Smallwood, in which he 
expressed an affection for his soldiers, and his confidence in 
their valour. Gen. Washington, it is said, when he visited 
Camden, inquired for the grave of De Kalb, and upon its being 
pointed out to him, observed with great emotion, " So, there 
lies the brave De Kalb, the generous stranger, who came from 
a distant land to fight our battles, and to water with his blood 
the tree of our liberty. Would to God he had lived to share 
its fruits." Lee, in his memoirs, says "that the Baron De 
Kalb was sober, drinking water only ; abstemious to excess ; 
living on bread, sometimes with beef soup, at other times with 
cold beef; industrious, it being his constant habit to rise at 
five in the morning, light his candle, and devote himself to 
writing."* 



DOOLY. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Houstoun and a 
portion of Macon ; E. by Pulaski and a part of Irwin ; S. by 
Irwin and a part of Baker ; and W. by Sumter and Lee. Or- 
ganized in 1821, Length 35 miles, breadth 32; area 1,120 
square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river traverses the western 
line of the county. The streams of less importance are the 
Pennahatchee, Hogcrawl, Lampkin's, Limestone, Cedar, and 

* In a work entitled Sketches of North Carolina, there is an interesting 
account of the last moments of De Kalb, given b}' the Rev. Humphrey 
Hunter, an eminent Presbyterian minister, who vi^as a revolutionary charac- 
ter, and witnessed the death of the brave soldier. 



DOOLY COUNTY. 209 

Gum creeks, all of which are tributaries of the Flint ; there 
are several other creeks which have their origin in this county, 
flow east, and discharge themselves into the Ocmulgee. 

Post Offices. — Vienna, Cedar Creek, Traveller's Rest, 
Milwood, Hollidaysville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — This county has 
been steadily increasing in population. The census of 1840 
gave it 4,427 inhabitants, and the census of 1845, 6,247, exhib- 
iting an increase of 1820 inhabitants. Amount of taxes for 
1848 returned is $2,005 59. Sends one representative to the 
Legislature. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is temperate. 
Remote from the water-courses the country is regarded healthy. 
The diseases are such as usually occur in the autumn. There 
are one or two instances of longevity in the county. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of 
the country is level. Much of the land is productive, particu- 
larly on the river bottoms and hammocks, finely suited for cot- 
ton, corn, and sugar-cane. The pine lands are remarkably 
fertile, adapted to cotton, grain, and potatoes. There is a 
large quantity of common pine land, scarcely fit for cultiva- 
tion without the aid of manure. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 600 pounds 
per acre, corn 12 bushels, wheat 10. 

Towns. — Vienna is the county town, situated on the wa- 
ters of Pennahatchee creek. Population about 100. It is dis- 
tant from Milledgeville 95 miles. The situation of Vienna 
renders it unhealthy. 

Drayton, 1^ miles from Flint river, 30 miles from Americus, 
and .27 from Starkville ; considered healthy. 

Traveller's Rest is in the northwest corner of the county. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are excellent, but there 
is not much attention given to the bridges. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists 
are the most numerous. Education has been much neglected, 
but, as in other sections of Georgia, it is beginning to awaken 
attention. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Kindness to 
strangers is a prominent trait in the character of the population. 



210 DOOLY COUNTY. 

Irregularities are sometimes committed, but generally speaking, 
the people are honest, orderly, and industrious. More atten- 
tion ought to be paid to their buildings by the farmers. There 
is too much anxiety to make cotton, and domestic comforts 
are neglected. Hunting deer is the chief amusement. Parties 
are frequently made up, which leave home and spend a week 
in hunting, and return laden with spoils. 

Productions, Markets. — Almost every thing grows well. 
Cotton succeeds finely, as well as corn, potatoes, sugar-cane, 
&c. Little attention has been paid to the cultivation of fruits, 
but there can be no doubt of their success with due care. The 
county was once fine for grazing, but it has been injured 
by fires. Planters carry their crops to Macon and Hawkins- 
ville. 

Mills. — Five saw-mills, five grist-mills. 

Minerals. — There are no very valuable minerals in this 
county. The calcareous formation of the countiy furnishes a 
great variety of fossils. 

Name. — The family of the Doolys originally came from 
Ireland and settled in North Carolina. Colonel John Dooly, 
from whom the name of this county was derived, settled in 
Lincoln county about the beginning of the American Revolu- 
tion, and received a commission as Captain in the Georgia 
continental brigade. His brother, Captain Thomas Dooly, a 
gallant officer, was murdered by the Indians under circum- 
stances so aggravated, that he determined, regardless of con- 
sequences, to embrace the first opportunity to revenge his 
death. The circumstances were these : Early in a skirmish 
with the savages, on the twenty-second of July, 1776, near 
the Oconee river, Captain Thomas Dooly received a most 
severe wound ; but indifferent to his sufferings, he continued 
to encourage his men, and actually fired two shots at the enemy 
after he was wounded. His junior officer, more intent upon 
his own safety than upon his duty, neglected his commander, 
and was one among the first to leave the ground. Captain 
Dooly, in an agony of sufiering, implored his men not to leave 
him in the power of his enemies ; but seized with consterna- 
tion, and following the example of their lieutenant, they left 
him to his fate, and when last seen he was in the act of defend- 



DADE COUNTY. 211 

ing himself with the end of his gun. He was afterwards 
murdered by the foe, and Captain John Dooly concerted a 
plan to attack the Indians at Galphinton, after propositions of 
peace had been made by the constituted authorities. The 
plan was discovered, Captain Dooly was arrested, and a court 
martial ordered, but he gave up his commission, and was shortly 
afterwards appointed colonel of militia in Wilkes county. His 
conduct on all occasions was that of a brave and active offi- 
cer, anxious to be employed in cases where danger was to be 
incurred. The Indians were aware of his determination to 
punish them for the murder of his brother, and the mere men- 
tioning of his name would create terror among them. Colonel 
Dooly was conspicuous in the various skirmishes on both sides 
of the Savannah river, above and below Petersburg. At 
Kettle creek he commanded the right wing of Colonel Clarke's 
force, and contributed to the victory which declared itself in 
favour of the American arms. After this signal action, he was 
engaged for a length of time in affording protection to the 
frontiers, in which harassing duty he gained much credit. In 
1780, this brave officer came to his death by the hands of a 
party of tories, who entered his house at midnight and mur- 
dered him. He left several sons, among whom was Judge 
Dooly, one of the ablest men in Georgia. 



DADE. 

Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. and S. by 
Walker county, and W. by Alabama. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Lookout creek is the only stream of any 
size. p a yv n 

Post Offices — Trenton, Wauhatchee, Rising Town ; 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 18'15, the popu- 
lation was 1,924 whites, and 103 blacks ; total, 2,027. Amount 
of State tax for 1848, $280 29. Entitled to one representa- 
tive to the Legislature. 

County Town. — Trenton is the seat of justice, situated on a 
stream known as Town creek, on a considerable eminence mid- 



212 DADE COUNTY. 

way between the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. It is a small 
place, having an inferior court-house and jail, and two or three 
stores. The population is perhaps 250. Good water and 
excellent health may be considered as the principal attractions 
of Trenton. It is 231 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, 21 miles 
from La Fayette, and 35 from Summeville. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions, Value of Land. — 
Dade can boast of lands equal in fertility to any in Georgia, 
producing with little labour abundant crops of corn, wheat, oats, 
&c. Corn on the bottoms often grows to the height of twenty 
feet. The main productions are corn, wheat, rye and oats. 
Irish potatoes succeed well. Cotton does not seem to thrive, 
and very little is planted. Vegetables of almost every descrip- 
tion grow most luxuriantly. The best lands are valued at $10 
per acre. 

Mountains. — Raccoon and Lookout mountains. 
Average Product per Acre. — Cotton has been known to 
yield 1,000 lbs. per acre ; corn averages 40 bushels per acre ; 
wheat 20 bushels per acre. About 100 bags of cotton are 
raised in the county per annum. 

Forest Trees. — The oak, hickory, cedar, poplai', gum, 
pine, walnut, chestnut, locust, elder, mountain birch, and all 
trees peculiar to mountain districts. 

Animals. — Deer in abundance, wolves, bears, and panthers 
in the mountains, foxes, rabbits, &c. 

Birds. — Wild turkeys, quails, ducks, woodcocks, &;c. 
Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is cold in 
winter, but pleasant and invigorating in summer. Fever and 
chills prevail in the valleys, and many of the diseases can be 
traced to exposure and irregularity of living. The instances 
of longevity are the following : Mrs. Cartwright, over 80 
years ; Mrs. Carr, 80 ; Richard Cox, 85. 

Average Price of Grain, Provisions, Expense f Liv- 
ing. — Corn averages $1 per barrel, but has often been sold at 
50 cents per barrel. Wheat, 40 cents per bushel ; turkeys, 50 
cents per pair; fowls, 10 cents per pair; eggs, 5 cents per 
dozen ; pork, $3 per cwt. ; beef, 2\ cents per pound ; bacon, 
7 cents per pound. Negro men are hired by the year at f 100; 
women, $50. White labourers have $8 per month. Board 
may be had for $4 per month. 



DADE COUNTY. 213 

Mineral Springs. — Near Trenton is a sulphur spring, and 
several chalybeate springs in various portions of the county. 

Caves. — Dade abounds w^ith caves. One mile and half 
west of Trenton is a large cave, known as the Saltpetre 
cave. Wauhatchee cave is very extensive. 

Minerals. — The mineral resources of this county are im- 
mensely great. Bituminous coal abounds in the Raccoon and 
Lookout mountains. Dade is destined to furnish the State 
with coal. Iron ore of excellent quality, and other valuable 
minerals, exist in various sections. A very pure variety of 
plaster is found on the plantation of Col. Robert H. Tatum. 

Character of the People. — In this county, the refine- 
ments of polished society do not exist. Isolated from the 
world, the people seem to care for nothing except the supply 
of their immediate wants. Hospitality is eminently their cha- 
racteristic. The stranger is greeted with a hearty wel- 
come, and his conversation listened to with evident signs of 
pleasure. 

Market. — Chattanooga is the market. 

Roads. — For a mountain country, the roads are fair. 

Manufactures, Mills. — In the Lookout valley, 3^ miles 
S. of Trenton, are iron works, which manufacture 400 pounds 
of iron per day. The ore is very fine, and the establishment 
supplies the whole Lookout valley with iron, as well as Wills 
valley in Alabama. Fifteen hands employed. Capital in- 
vested $2000. Saw-mills, three ; grist-mills, five. 

Religious Sects, Education. — There is a great variety 
of religious sects. Several kinds of Baptists, Christians, Me- 
thodists, Universalists, Cumberland Presbyterians. Pious and 
educated ministers are much needed. Education is at a 
low ebb. 

Antiquities. — On the farm of Col. Perkins there is a stone 
fort, inclosing three or four acres, of which the Indians were 
unable to give any account. More than fifty mounds are in 
the county, and many of the rude cabins in which the red 
man once lived, are still standing, and are occupied by the 
farmers. 

Early Settlers. — This county is mostly settled by per- 
sons from Tennessee. 



214 DADE COUNTY. 

Name. — We have a distinct recollection of the grief with 
which the people of the United States were overwhelmed, up- 
on the receipt of the melancholy intelligence that a gallant and 
chivalrous band of soldiers had been attacked and cut to pieces 
by the Indians of Florida. All felt that the country had lost 
some of its noblest defenders ; and the circumstances under 
which they fell, roused the indignation of their countrymen, 
and a general desire was expressed to avenge the cruel mas- 
sacre of as brave men as ever drew the sword. Major Francis 
Langhorne Dade was the commander of the detachment, to 
whose mournful destiny we have just alluded, and to perpetu- 
ate whose memory this county received its name. Citizens of 
Dade ! ye may well be proud of the name which your beautiful 
county bears. The Dade family came from England as early 
as 1662, and purchased lands in Virginia, near what was called 
the " Townshend Patent." The subject of this memoir was 
the son of Major Townshend Dade, and was born on the 22d of 
February, 1791, in Prince William county, Va. He received 
his education under the care of the Rev. M. L. Weems, well 
known as the author of the lives of Washington and Marion, 
together with several other smaller works. Upon leaving 
school, Dade became a student of law in the office of his cousin 
Gen. Lawrence Dade, of Orange county, Virginia; but a mili- 
tary life seemed to have been his ardent desire, for which his 
subsequent career proved that he was pre-eminently fitted. 
He relinquished the law, and entered the army, in 1813, and 
was for some time engaged in the recruiting service. His 
kindness of heart was exemplified whilst employed in this 
duty. At Louisa Court House, his drummer, who was a little 
boy (son of a widow), whom he had pledged his word he 
would protect as his own son, was drying the head of his 
drum by the fire in the tavern, when the landlord, who was 
a violent opposer of the war, came in and commenced beat- 
ing him. Dade hearing it, came in, whereupon the man, 
a great burly fellow, attacked him, and he was compelled 
to resort to his sword to defend himself. In the scuffle, Lieut. 
Dade cut oft' the right arm of the landlord. The matter was 
subjected to a judicial examination, and Lieut. Dade was ho- 
nourably acquitted of all blame. With his early military 



DADE COUNTY. 215 

career we are not much acquainted, but we are able to state 
that in 1814, he received the appointment of Second Lieutenant 
in the 12th regiment of infantry, — was made Captain in 
the 4th regiment of infantry, to rank as such on the 24th 
of February, 1818 ; and tiie rank of Major, by brevet, was con- 
ferred upon him February 24, 1828. With the exception of 
the time that he spent under Colonel, now Major General 
Scott, on the frontiers of Canada, two years in Louisiana, 
where he commanded a military post below New Orleans, one 
year in Virginia on the recruiting service, and one year on the 
same business in New- York, the last 20 years of his life were 
spent in Florida. In most of the difficulties and skirmishes in 
Florida he was engaged, and acquitted himself to the entire 
satisfaction of his commanders. His knowledge of the country, 
of Indian character and habits, was acknowledged to be 
superior to that of any officer in the army ; and hence it was 
that he was constantly engaged in active service. He was 
with Gen. Jackson at the change of flags in Pensacola, and 
officer of the day when Col. Calava, formerly Governor of Flo- 
rida, was put in prison for refusing to deliver up certain docu- 
ments, particularly of judicial records relating to the titles of 
individual property. In his prudence and firmness Gen. Clinch 
had the greatest reliance, and charged him with the protection 
of the inhabitants who resided between Tallahassee and the 
Suwanee. In this responsible duty he distinguished himself for 
promptness, energy, and decision. On one occasion, he learned 
that the savages were on their way to burn Mr. Bellamy's 
house, and scalp and murder the inmates. Without a mo- 
ment's delay, with only a few men, he rapidly pushed on, over- 
took and captured the Indians. Two lovely young ladies were 
at Mr. Bellamy's house at this time ; one a daughter of Mr. 
Bellamy, the other Miss Duval, a daughter of the Governor. 
Major Dade arrived at the house the next day, covered with 
dirt from head to foot, and with a beard which had not been 
shaven for several days, and made his respects to the ladies, 
who met him as their deliverer, and overwhelmed him with 
their thanks. In compliance with orders received from Gen. 
Clinch, dated October 17, 1835, directed to Brevet Major F. 
L. Dade, commanding, Key West, he proceeded with liis com- 



216 DADE COUNTY. 

mand to Fort Brook. Upon his arrival at this post, two com- 
panies, commanded by Captains Gardner of the 2d Artillery, 
and Fraser of the 3d Artillery, were ordered to repair to Fort 
King. Mrs. Gardner was very ill at this time, and much 
alarmed at the prospect of her husband's leaving ; and it was 
thought her life or death hung upon the course he should take. 
But Captain Gardner deeming his duty to command his com- 
pany imperative, prepared to go, and was mounted and ready 
to start at reveille. Major Dade, commiserating the situation 
of Mrs. Gardner, with that magnanimity which all who knew 
him will readily acknowledge was a distinguishing trait in his 
character, proposed to Captain Gardner to go in his place. 
Noble man ! thy own safety was disregarded from a desire to 
alleviate the sorrows of another. It was the last generous 
action of thy life. From the knowledge which Major Dade 
had of the country, it was confidently expected that he would 
be able to conduct his command to Fort King. At the head 
of one hundred men he started from Fort Brook for Fort 
King, but had not proceeded five miles, when he was over- 
taken by Captain Gardner, who had concluded to accompany the 
detachment ; but who refused, in the peculiar relation in which 
he stood to Major Dade, to assume the command. On Tues- 
day, the 29th of December, 1835, intelligence was received at 
Fort Brook, by a wounded soldier who had escaped from the 
field of battle, that on the previous day, at eight o'clock in the 
morning, when the detachment was 65 miles from this post, it 
was attacked by an immense body of Indians, and completely 
cut to pieces. The Indians were in ambuscade, and cut otf 
the advance guard by the first fire. By this fire. Major Dade, 
who was mounted, and half way between the vanguard and 
the head of the battalion, was shot, and fell at once from his 
horse. It was afterwards ascertained that Mecanope, the 
chief of the principal band of the Seminoles, struck the first 
blow in this battle. He had stationed himself in the forest, 
and on the approach of our troops, fired the first shot. This 
shot struck Major Dade; and as he had often met Mecanope, it is 
not improbable that the latter knew the person and appearance 
of the former, or that his rank and station had been ascertained by 
the Indian spies. The troops were surrounded by spies almost 



DADE COUNTY. 217 

upon their whole march. At night, Major Dade selected favour- 
able positions to encamp. Having crossed the further fork of 
the Withlocoochee, on the afternoon of the 27th of December, 
he encamped on a knoll whose advantageous position probably- 
deterred the enemy from making the attack. That night he 
exhorted the men to be on the alert ; encouraging them, that if 
they should not be attacked there, they could get through safe 
to their destination ; and it was doubtless with buoyant hearts 
that they commenced the next morning's fatal march. Every 
officer was killed. They were eight in number : Captains 
Gardner and Fraser ; Lieutenants Basinger, Mudge, Hender- 
son, Keans, and Assistant-Surgeon Gatlin. On the 20th of 
February, the remains of Major Dade, his brother officers, and 
nearly one hundred soldiers, were interred with appropriate 
honours. Major Dade, although a strict disciplinarian, was be- 
loved by his soldiers. Not one of them who had known him 
for any length of time, but would have shed the last drop of 
blood in their veins in his defence. When he was about to 
leave Tampa Bay for the Withlocoochee, his favourite sergeant, 
Peter Thomas, volunteered to accompany him, and fell by his 
side when attacked by the Indians. Major Dade, in the pri- 
vate relations of life, won all hearts by his courteous and 
affiible manners. His mind was highly cultivated, and it is 
thought that if his life had been spared, he had intended to 
write a history of Florida, for which his great knowledge of 
that country peculiarly qualified him. To his family he was 
every thing that could be desired — a devoted husband, an af- 
fectionate father. Among the last words that he uttered just 
before he started upon the fatal expedition, were those in rela- 
tion to Mrs. Dade and their only daughter, " little Fanny," as he 
was wont to call her. We confess that we admire Major 
Dade for his nobility of soul — for his bravery — for his gene- 
rosity — but most of all, we admire him for his strict attention 
to the duties of religion. He had been blessed with a pious 
mother, and her early instructions were not lost upon him. 
The soldier who was willing to brave every danger, who was 
a stranger to fear, entertained a high regard for the obligations 
of religion ; and we can assure our readers, that Major Dade 
never engaged in battle without imploring the divine protec- 



218 EARLY COUNTY. 

tion. He was a reader of the Scriptures, an observer of the 
Sabbath ; and wherever he pitched his tabernacle in the wilds 
of Florida, might be heard his voice ascending to Heaven in 
the morning and evening prayer. 



EARLY. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Ran- 
dolph, E. by Baker, S. by Decatur, and W. by Alabama. Laid 
out in 1818, and a part added to Decatur in 1823, and a part 
to Baker in 1825. Length 37^ miles, and breadth 25 miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Chattahoochee river is the prin- 
cipal stream. Spring creek, which is a considerable stream, 
rises in this county and empties into the Flint river. Colo- 
mokee, Harrods, Sowahachee and Big creeks empty into the 
Chattahoochee. Some other streams have their origin in this 
county, and discharge their waters into the Ichawaynoch- 
away. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 6,009 ; of these 3,001 were whites, and 3,908 blacks, 
showing a greater equality in the number of whites and blacks 
than any county in the State. Amount of tax returned for 
1849, $2,306 08. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Blakely, Fort Gaines, Pachitla. 

Towns. — Blakely is the capital. It is a small but pleasantly 
located village, named after Capt. Blakely of the navy, who dis- 
tinguished himself in the war of 1812. It contains about 25 
or 30 families, court-house, jail, school, two stores, two hotels, 
one church, &c. The place is considered healthy, and the water 
tolerable. It is 180 miles from Milledgeville, 40 miles N. of 
Bainbridge, 30 S. of Cuthbert, 42 W. of Newton. Business 
to the amount of $40,000 is annually transacted. Made the 
county seat in 1826. 

Fort Gaines is on a beautiful bluff of the Chattahoochee, 160 
feet above common water-mark. It contains two churches, one 
school, two taverns, &c. Population 400. More than $150,000 
worth of goods annually sold. It is 25 miles from Cuthbert, 



EARLY COUNTY. 219 

20 from Blakely, 35 from Porter's Ferry, and 55 from New- 
ton. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This section of our State, 
except in the hme-land valleys, is decidedly healthy. There 
are no diseases peculiar to the county. Pneumonia sometimes 
occurs, but no cases of consumption have ever been known. 
Among the oldest inhabitants were Mrs. Roberts, who is said to 
have been over 100 at the time of her death ; Mr. Dill, Mr. 
Z. Cowart, and Mrs. Rebecca Collier, over 80 ; there are now 
jiving Mr. and Mrs. Golding, both near 90 ; and Mr. and Mrs. 
Yeldell, both over 90. 

Early Settlers. — Benjamin Collier, the Sheffields, Judge 
Bush, Joseph and Richard Grimsley, the Hayes family, Jesse 
Brown, Alsey Harris, Robert Jackson, the Porter family, and 
others. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is gently undulating, almost without an eleva- 
tion worthy of being called a hill, and two-thirds covered with 
forests of the tallest long-leaf pine. The surface is not a white 
sand, but is largely mixed with oxyde of iron underlain by red 
clay. On the Chattahoochee river, and several large creeks i 
which drain the country, there are tracts of rich lands with oak 
and hickory growth, the product of which in cotton may be 
estimated from 800 to 1,200 lbs. per acre, in corn from 16 to 
35 bushels, wheat 6 to 12 bushels, and the production in oats 
is equal probably to any lands in Georgia. There are some 
excellent pine lands. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists are the most 
numerous. There are Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. 
Education has recently engaged more attention than formerly, 
although the number of schools is still small. 

Mills. — Saw-mills 6, grist-mills 11. 

Mineral Springs. — On the Chattahoochee, on the planta- 
tion of Mrs. Glenn, there is a spring impregnated with the pro- 
perties of sulphur. 

Minerals, Rocks. — No primitive rocks are found. Con- 
cretions of iron, fossils, marl, and such other formations as be- 
long to southwestern Georgia. 

Productions, — Cotton, corn, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, 



220 EARLY COUNTY. 

&c. Very little attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits. 
Amount of cotton raised 3944 bales. 

ANTiauiTiEs. — Six miles north of Blakely, on Little Colo- 
mokee creek, at the plantation of Judge JMercier, is a mound 
52 feet high, with an embankment surrounding it, and a ditch 
leading to the creek. Upon its summit are large trees. This 
mound has recently been penetrated to the depth of 50 feet, 
with the expectation of finding treasure, but nothing has been 
found but bones. There are other mounds on Dry creek and 
Chattahoochee river. 

Animals. — Deer are abundant. Wolves and panthers are 
often killed. Wild turkeys are plentiful. 

Character of the People. — The people of this county 
have a high reputation for good order, hospitality, &c. Persons 
who have visited this part of the State are lavish in the praise 
which they bestow upon the people. 

Amusements. — Game being abundant, much time is devo- 
ted to the chase ; the other amusements are fishing and dan- 
cing. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges do not reflect 
credit upon the inhabitants. 

Name. — This county is named in honour of Governor Peter 
Early. This gentleman was born in Madison county, Virginia, 
on the 20th of June, 1773, and came to Georgia about 1795 or 
1796, and commenced the practice of the law in Wilkes county. 
In 1802 he was elected to Congress by a large majority, and 
soon became a leading member of that body. When the im- 
peachment of Judge Chase was before Congress, he was asso- 
ciated with Randolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Clark, Campbell, 
and Boyle, in conducting the prosecution. His speech on this 
occasion is said to have been the ablest that was delivered on 
the side of the prosecution. He continued in Congress until 
1807, when he was appointed by the Legislature, Judge of the 
Superior Court in the Ocmulgee circuit. For this station he 
seems to have been eminently qualified. Firm, independent, 
and energetic, he administered justice without fear. In 1813 
he was elected Governor of Georgia. This was a critical pe- 
riod. Accumulated disasters had nearly broken the spirit of 
the nation, and the howling tempest of war raged with vio- 



EARLY COUNTY. ' 221 

lence. Whilst the stoutest hearts trembled for the safety of 
the country, the resolute mind of Governor Early beheld the 
threatened storm without dismay, and boldly prepared to avert 
its fury. With incredible dispatch he organized the militia of 
the State, and gave to our menaced frontiers an imposing atti- 
tude of defence. His military arrangements were in the main 
extremely judicious ; and his administration of the government, 
from beginning to end, was most able and patriotic. Uninflu- 
enced by the selfish conduct which characterized some of the 
States, he cheerfully rendered the National Government every 
assistance in his power towards carrying on the war with 
vigour and effect. The following fact will speak for itself: 
An officer in the service of the United States being destitute 
of funds, and unable to procure a further supply, in conse- 
quence of the embarrassed state of the national finances, ap- 
plied to Governor Early for a loan of $80,000, and pledged for 
its payment the faith of the General Government. Rather 
than the operations of the army should languish, the request 
was readily granted, and a warrant for the amount drawn upon 
the treasury of the State. It was suggested by a gentleman 
who happened to be present, that as the union of the States 
might not be of very long duration, in which case each mem- 
ber of the confederacy must defend itself, that it would be well 
to husband our resources. To this hint Governor Early mag- 
nanimously replied, that he hoped such a thing would never 
happen, but if it should, he had no wish that Georgia should 
survive the general wreck ; he wanted to swim or sink toge- 
ther. In 1814, a majority of the Legislature desired to con- 
tinue what was called the Alleviating Law. Governor Early 
considered its continuance inexpedient and unconstitutional, 
and vetoed it, and on this account was not re-elected Gover- 
nor. Some circumstances connected with this event gave him 
such a disgust to public life that he resolved to abandon it alto- 
gether, and never again meddle in political affairs ; but this 
determination he was compelled to relinquish. His country- 
men, to convince the world that their confidence in him was 
undiminished, and perhaps to soothe his feelings for the harsh 
and unmerited treatment he had received, elected him by com- 
mon consent to the senatorial branch of the ensuing Legisla- 
15 



222 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 

ture, in which capacity he agreed to serve, because, to use his 
own words, he felt bound to comply with the wishes of his 
constituents, as they had always shown a correspondent dispo- 
sition to oblige him. He died on the 15th of August, 1817, in 
Greene county, and the people of Georgia felt that a distin- 
guished statesman, jurist, and patriot had descended to the tomb. 



EFFINGHAM. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This ancient county has Scriven 
on the north; Savannah river on the east; Bulloch, and a part 
of Bryan on the west, and Chatham on the south. It was set- 
tled at a very early period, and constituted a part of the pa- 
rishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip. In 1793 a portion of it 
was added to Scriven, and in 1794, a portion to Bryan. 
Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 16 miles; area, 480 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah and Ogeechee are the 
chief streams, from both of which the people of the county de- 
rive immense advantages, affording them facilities for convey- 
ing wood and lumber to Savannah, and furnishing an abun- 
dance of fine shad at the proper season. The other creeks 
are Big and Little Ebenezer, Turkey Branch, Jack's, Lock- 
ner's, and Kogler's, emptying into the Savannah, and se- 
veral others into the Ogeechee. 

Post Offices. — Springfield, Reform, Pleasant Grove. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the num- 
ber of inhabitants was 1816 whites, 1641 blacks. Total, 3457. 
State tax for 1848, $1354 16 cents. Sends one representative 
to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Springfield is the county site ; situated in a heal- 
thy pine barren, 140 miles S. E. of Milledgeville ; 27 from Sa- 
vannah, and about five miles from Whitesville. It has a court- 
house constructed of wood, but no jail ; an excellent acade- 
my, well endowed, with house for teachers ; three churches, 
two stores, and one or two groceries. It is a place of little 
note, and has nothing to recommend it but health, pure air. 



EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 223 

good water, and a fine school. Formerly, many of the citi- 
zens of Savannah were in the habit of resorting to Springfield 
during the summer season ; but the facilities for reaching the 
upper parts of the State, have caused it to be no longer a place 
of any great resort. Laid out and made the seat of justice 
in 1799. 

Ebenezer is an old German settlement on the bank of the 
Savannah river, 25 miles from Savannah. It was once a 
flourishing place, and is connected with many interesting inci- 
dents in the history of Georgia. The church is a venerable 
looking edifice, and has near it a grave-yard, in which are bu- 
ried the remains of a former generation. 

Whites ville is a small, healthy place, upon the Central Rail- 
road, 30 miles from the city of Savannah. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
greater portion of the county is level. The soil is various, 
but by far the largest proportion is unproductive. On the ri- 
vers there are hammock lands, which produce very well. The 
river lands are extremely fertile, and were formerly cultivated 
to great advantage, but are now mostly abandoned, owing to 
their being so frequently inundated. 

Productions, Average Product per acre. Market. — 
Cotton, rice, corn, rye, peas, potatoes, &c. A few persons 
raise silk. All the fruits succeed. The Savannah market is 
much indebted to this county for peaches, apples, pears, 
quinces, grapes, &c. Melons of delicious flavour are pro- 
duced. The forests yield excellent pine and cypress, and large 
quantities are sold to the Railroad Company, and in Savannah. 
The average product of corn per acre is nine bushels. The bay 
lands will produce from 800 to 1000 pounds of cotton per acre. 
The average produce, however, is about 350 pounds per acre. 
Three hundred and fifty bags are annually produced. Savan- 
nah is the market. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are surpassed by few in 
Georgia. The bridge over Ebenezer creek is the property of 
the Ebenezer church, from which a considerable fund is de- 
rived. 

Mills, &c. — Saw-mills, 6 ; grist-mills, 12. The people of 
this county make fine fishing-lines of silk, which always meet 



224 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 

with a ready sale. Some of the descendants of the Germans are 
celebrated for making cow-bells, superior, we are informed by 
hardware merchants in Savannah and Macon, to any manufac- 
tured in Europe or the Northern Slates. 

Mineral Spring. — In Springfield is a spring which has 
been examined by Dr. Cotting, and found to possess mineral 
properties. 

Minerals. — No rocks in the county. Marl on the Savan- 
nah river. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. 
Indeed a more salubrious climate cannot be found in the South. 
In the pine lands the sun is oppressive ; but the nights are 
pleasant. On some of the creeks fevers prevail ; but the pine 
lands afford a resort during the summer months. Instances 
of longevity are numerous. Rev. Mr. Bergman, pastor of the 
Lutheran Church in Ebenezer, lived to an advanced age. He 
was a man of profound learning, but little acquainted with the 
world. Mrs. Ann Deinninger died at the age of ninety-one 
years, and had lived sixty years in the county. Mr. Paul Bevil, 
a soldier of the Revolution, died at eighty. Mrs.' Neid- 
linger died at the age of eighty-eight years. Mr. Snider, nine- 
ty years old, and Mr. Jonathan Rhan, seventy-nine, were both 
revolutionary soldiers. 

Character of fhe People. — The majority of the people 
are the descendants of Germans, and they still retain many of 
the customs of their forefathers. Honesty and industry are 
their leading traits. Very few of the citizens are rich, but 
generally speaking, in comfortable circumstances. Although 
the soil is barren, they manage to get the necessaries of life 
by industry and frugality. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The prevailing religious 
denominations are Lutherans, Baptists, and Methodists. Pro- 
vision is made for the instruction of the children of the poor. 
The county academy is richly endowed. 

Original Settlers. — Baron Von Reck, Rev. John H. 
Boblius, Rev. J. C. Gronder, Rev. Mr. Boltzius, John Brodie, 
B. Zant, Thomas Gsohwandel, Paulus Zitrauer, J. J. Zubli, 
R. Eischberger, J. Spielbiegler, M. Burgsteiner, J. Schartner, 
G. Schwaiger, V. Lemmenhofler, C. Leimberger, S. Reiter, 



EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 225 

* 
J. Ernst, J. Pletter, L. Crause, P. Gruber, J. P. ArnsdorfF, 

M. Zettler, M. Hortzug, J. Schmidt. 

Remarkable Places. — Abercorn, sixteen miles from tlie 
city of Savannah, was a noted place in the early settlement of 
Georgia. In 1733, ten families settled here It is now private 
property, and no memorial of its former condition can be seen. 

Sister's Ferry is a public place thirty miles from the city 
of Savannah. 

Name. — In referring back to the history of our Revolution, 
it is pleasing to recollect that in Great Britain a great num- 
ber of men, distinguished for their integrity, their talents and 
patriotism, opposed with unwearied ardour the attempts of the 
ministry to destroy the liberties of America. They believed 
that if the constitutional rights of the colonies were disre- 
garded, the destruction of their own liberty would follow. 
Among the illustrious members of the British Parliament who 
defended the resistance of the Americans, stands Lord Effing- 
ham, after whom this county was called in 1777. Rather 
than take up arms against the colonies, he resigned his com- 
mission as an officer in the British army. The following are 
extracts from the letter he wrote on the occasion of his resig- 
nation : "April 12, 1775. To Lord Barrington, Secretary at 
War: I beg your Lordship to lay before His Majesty the 
peculiar embarrassment of my situation. Your Lordship is 
no stranger to the conduct I have observed in the unhappy 
disputes with our American colonies. My request of your 
Lordship is this, that you will assure His Majesty that he has 
not a subject who is more ready than I am, with the utmost 
cheerfulness, to sacrifice his life in defence of His Majesty's 
crown and person. But the very same principles which have 
inspired me with these unalterable sentiments of duty and 
affection, will not suffer me to be instrumental in depriving 
any part of his people of those liberties, which form the best 
security for their fidelity and obedience to his government. 
As I cannot, without reproach from my conscience, consent 
to bear arms against my fellow-subjects in America, in what, 
to my weak discernment, is not a clear cause ; and as it seems 
now to be fully resolved that the 22nd regiment is to go upon 
American service, I desire you Lordship to lay me in the most 



226 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 

dutiful manner at His Majesty's feet, and humbly beg that I 
may be permitted to retire. Your Lordship will easily con- 
ceive the regret and mortification I feel at being necessi- 
tated to quit the military profession, which has been that of 
my ancestors for many generations, to which I have been bred 
from my infancy, to which I have devoted the study of my 
life, and to perfect myself in which, I have sought instruction 
and service in whatever part of the world they were to be 
found." This manly conduct of Lord Effingham was not 
unnoticed by many of the people of Great Britain. In Dublin, 
at a meeting of the merchants, resolutions complimentary to 
him were adopted. Among these resolutions, we notice the 
following : " Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this guild 
be presented to the Right Honourable Earl of Effingham, in 
testimony of our approbation of his public conduct, particu- 
larly exemplified in his refusing to draw that sword, v, hich had 
been employed to the honour of his country, against the lives 
and liberties of his fellow-subjects in America, and honestly 
and spiritedly resigning a commission which he cpuld no 
longer hold consistent with the principles of a true English- 
man, or of a real friend to the interest of Britain." In the 
House of Lords, he plead the cause of injured America. In 
his place in Parliament, he uttered such sentiments as the fol- 
lowing : " They come to you with fair argument : you have 
refused to hear them. They know they ought to be free • you 
tell them they shall be slaves. Ever since I was of an age to 
have any ambition at all, my highest has been to serve my 
country in a military capacity. If there was an event on 
earth 1 dreaded, it was to see my country so situated as to 
make that profession incompatible with my duty as a citizen. 
That period has, in my opinion, arrived, and I have thought 
myself bound to relinquish the hopes I had formed, by a resig- 
nation of what appeared to me to be the only method of avoid- 
ing the guilt of enslaving my country and imbruing my hands 
in the blood of her sons." This noble patriot belonged to an 
old and highly illustrious family, whose exploits form one of 
the brightest pages in English history. 



ELBERT COUNTY. 227 



ELBERT. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is situated between 
the forks of the Savannah and Broad rivers, and is bounded 
N. by Franklin ; E. by the Savannah river ; S. by Wilkes, 
Lincoln, and a part of Oglethorpe ; and W. by Oglethorpe and 
Madison. Laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is 32 miles 
long, and 16 miles wide ; containing 512 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Elberton, Amandaville, Cold Water, Cook's 
Law Office, Eagle Grove, Montevideo, Petersburg, Ruckers- 
ville. Broad River. 

Population, TaxeSj Representatcon. — Elbert, according 
to the last census, had 5925 whites ; 5323 blacks. Total, 
11,248. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $3,973 60 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Cereks — Savannah and Broad rivers are the 
most important. The following creeks empty into the Savan- 
nah river, viz., Beaver Dam, Van's, Cold Water, Cedar and 
Powder Bag ; and Deer, Dove, Falling, and Wahachee, into 
Broad river. 

Towns. — Elberton is the capital, situated in the centre of 
the county, on the waters of Falling creek, 90 miles N. N. E. 
of Milledgeville, 78 from Augusta, 32 from Carnesville, 26 
from Lexington, 23 from Petersburg, and 11 from the Savannah 
river. It has the usual county buildings, one hotel, one aca- 
demy, &c. Population 300. The water is excellent, and the 
town healthy. Made the county site in 1790. 

Ruckersville is on Van's creek, four miles from the Savan- 
nah river, and seven miles from Elberton. Population about 
200. It is a healthy and thriving place, and the inhabitants 
are noted for their hospitality. 

Petersburg is at the junction of the Savannah and Broad 
rivers. This was once among the most prosperous towns in 
Georgia ; but it is now in a state of dilapidation. A feeling of 
melancholy and loneliness is experienced by the visitor when 
he remembers what the town was in former days. 

Nature of the Soil. — The lands from Elberton to Pe- 
tersburg, and across to each of the rivers, were originally 



228 ELBERT COUNTY. 

very fertile, but have been impoverished by bad cultivation, 
although they still continue to produce well. The lands on the 
Savannah and Broad rivers are very superior, adapted to the 
cultivation of corn, cotton, and wheat. The lands on Savan- 
nah river are less subject to freshets than those on the Broad 
river, and are worth, on an average, ten dollars per acre. 
There is in this county a section known by the name of the 
Flat Woods, extending from Broad to Savannah river, from 
five to seven miles in breadth, commencing just below Colonel 
Heard's plantation, and extending to Mr. Tate's, about seven 
miles. The growth is black-jack and whortleberry. The soil is 
of a black colour, mingled with oxyde of iron, adapted to corn. 
It retains manure better than the other lands. Value, $5 per 
acre. There are excellent lands on Beaver Dam creek, worth 
from five to eight dollars per acre. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- 
ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, &c. 
Grasses do not succeed. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre, 
corn three barrels do. ; wheat, seven bushels do. 

Manufactures, Mills, Boating Business. — It is proposed 
to erect a cotton factory* on Broad river, four miles above its 
junction with the Savannah, where there is a fine fall. Capi- 
tal $32,000. It is intended to run 5,000 spindles; 1500 are 
procured. 

Elbert factory, on Beaver Dam creek, six miles from 
Ruckersville. 

Much of the produce of this county is carried in boats 
down the Savannah river, to Augusta. The boats are gene- 
rally 75 feet in length, six feet wide, pointed at both ends, and 
having round bottoms. When loaded, they draw 15 inches. 
They are under the care of a patroon and six hands, and carry 
from 40 to 60 bales of cotton. The trip to and from Augusta 
consumes six or seven days. Rates of boating to Augusta, 
from 75 cents to $1 per bale. 

Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads are in a bad condi- 
tion, as well as the bridges. Six public ferries on the Savan- 
nah, six on Broad river, besides several private ones. 

* Now in successful operation. 



ELBERT COUNTY. 229 

Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary Baptists, Me- 
thodists, Presbyterians, Ciiristians, and a few Episcopalians. 
There are 18 or 20 churches in the county. A deep inter- 
est is felt in the cause of education. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Were we called 
upon to name the section of Georgia in which the citizens dis- 
play the most kindness and hospitality, we should feel a strong 
inclination to say it is in Elbert county. The inhabitants are 
patriotic and intelligent, simple in their manners, and devoted 
in their attachment to Georgia. Fox-hunting is a favourite 
amusement. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant. 
The lower part is subject to bilious fevers and chills. The up- 
per part is as healthy as any region in the United States. The 
instances of longevity are uncommonly numerous. There are 
now living — Mrs. Sarah Harbin, aged 95 ; Mrs. Murray, over 
94; Mr. Wm. Gaines, 91; William Ward, 92; Mrs. Teasley, 
over 85 ; Barbary, a negro woman belonging to Mr. Colson, is 
now living, over 100; Mrs. Heard, the widow of the Hon. 
Stephen Heard, died at the age of 83. 

Mineral Springs. — There is a sulphur spring one mile 
from Ruckersville, on the road to Petersburg. Near Mr. 
Rucker's plantation is a spring which formerly had considera- 
ble reputation. The Big and Little Holly springs are celebra- 
ted for the excellency of the water. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the Al- 
iens, Heards, Ruckers, Banks, Olivers, Whites, Tates, Wat- 
kins, Baileys, Blackwells, and others. 

Antiquities. — There is a mound in this county which is 
worthy of notice. It is situated on the Savannah river, about 
three miles above Petersburg, on the plantation of Captain 
Rembert. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, who travelled 
through Georgia, visited this mound, and thus describes it: 
" These wonderful labours of the ancients stand in a level 
plain, very near the bank of the river, now 20 or 30 yards 
from it. They consist of conical mounts of earth, and four 
square terraces. The great mount is in the form of a cone, 
40 or 50 feet high, and the circumference of its base two or 
three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich 



230 ELBERT COUNTY. 

earth of the low grounds : the top, or apex, is flat ; a spiral 
path, or track, leading from the ground up to the top, is still 
visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red 
cedar. There appear four niches excavated out of the sides 
of this hill, at different heights from the base, fronting the four 
cardinal points. . These niches, or sentry-boxes, are entered 
into from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for 
resting places, or look-outs. The circumjacent level grounds 
are cleared, and planted with Indian corn at present ; and I 
think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this 
place, said that the mount itself yielded above one hundred 
bushels in one season." Bartram describes these mounds as they 
appeared to him in 1773. In 1848, accompanied by Captain 
Rembert, the author of this work visited these mounds. The 
large one corresponds exactly with Bartram's description of it, 
with this exception, that the sides and summit are covered 
with a growth of large cane, and several large trees. The 
smaller mounds have been almost destroyed. Captain Rembert 
has excavated the smaller mounds, and found human skeletons, 
jars, pipes, beads, breastplates, stone hammers, hatchets, arrow 
heads, &c., &c. Some of these are now in our possession, 
and are really objects of curiosity. 

Remarkable Men. — Gen. Samuel Blackburn was of Irish 
descent. He was a classical scholar, and for some time after 
his removal to Georgia, taught the academy in Washington, 
Wilkes county. Whilst thus employed, he prepared himself 
for the practice of the law. His fine voice, expressive features, 
noble person, perfect self-possession, keen wit, and forcible lan- 
guage, directed by a well cultivated and powerful intellect, 
made him one of the most eloquent men of his time. He 
married Gov. Matthews's daughter, and soon after settled in 
Elbert county, on Broad river. He was advancing success- 
fully in his profession and political influence, until the meeting 
of the Legislature of 1795. He was a member of the Legis- 
lature which passed the infamous Yazoo act, which rendered 
him so unpopular, that he left the State and went to Virginia, 
where he practised law until his death. He was several 
times a member of the Legislature in Virginia from Bath 
county. In politics he was a federalist. His powerful and 



ELBERT COUNTY. 231 

abusive denunciations of the republicans when he was a nnem- 
ber of the Virginia Legislature, made him long remembered. 
He died March 2d, 1835, in Bath county, Virginia, aged 77 
years. 

Beverly Allen. — In the year 179 — , Beverly Allen 
and Billy Allen carried on the business of merchandise, in 
the county of Elbert. Their store-house and residence were 
on the hill rising from Beaver Dam creek, on the side of 
the road leading from Fish Dam ford on Broad river, to 
the Cherokee ford on the Savannah. They were both young, 
and belonged to a family which emigrated from Virginia 
to Georgia, soon after the revolutionary war. Beverly Al- 
len was handsome, with a fine voice and ardent- tempera- 
ment. He was one of the converts of Bishop Asbury, during 
his tour through Georgia. From public praying he com- 
menced exhorting, and soon after preaching. Without any of 
the learning of Whitefield, he had much of his enthusias- 
tic eloquence. Preaching was a rarity when Beverly Al- 
len became a convert. Men pricked up their ears, their souls 
were stirred within them, when they heard striking exhibi- 
tions of the punishments of the lower world for their sins, and 
the joys of the upper for their repentance. 

When Beverly Allen held forth upon these subjects, the 
whole population crowded together to hear him. He became 
the idol of the people. 

Some time in the year 1795, Beverly Allen, with his 
brother, went to Augusta, to buy goods with the money they 
had, and the credit they could obtain. Whilst there, the 
foreign merchant of whom they had purchased their first stock 
of goods, found them buying goods of others, instead of first 
discharging their debt to him. He caused a Ca. Sa. writ to 
be issued for their arrest, returnable to the United States Dis- 
trict Court. The Aliens being informed of this, armed them- 
selves and took possession of a room in the public house, and 
fastened the doors against entrance. The marshal Forsyth, 
the father of the celebrated John Forsyth, pursued them, 
forced open the door, and was upon his entrance shot 
dead by Beverly Allen. The Aliens immediately fled to 
Elbert county, and were pursued by a warrant for their ar- 



232 ELBERT COUNTY. 

rest, upon a charge of murder. William Barnet, for a long time 
afterward a well-known public man, and member of the Le- 
gislature, and member of Congress, was the Sheriff of Elbert 
county. Upon receiving the warrant he assembled a large 
guard, and went in pursuit. The Aliens had concealed them- 
selves in a high log-house, which stood for a long time after 
the event alluded to, on the side of the road near Beaver Dam 
creek. The place of their concealment being communicated 
to the Sheriff, he surrounded it with his guard. The doors 
were barricaded so as to prevent entrance. After many fruit- 
less attempts to get the Aliens out, the house was set on fire. 
Billy Allen, finding resistance in vain, opened the doors and 
gave himself up. The fire was put out, and search com- 
menced for Beverly Allen, the principal offender. He was at 
first concealed between the ceiling of the cockloft, and the 
roof. The Aliens were immediately confined in the jail of 
the county. This became known to the people. The news 
spread that the servant of God was in jail for resisting an effort 
to take from him his liberty, to separate him from his home, 
friends, and flock, by confining him in jail in Augusta, through 
the process of the United States Court, the instrument by 
which the federalists intended to deprive the people of 
their rights, and for a debt to one who was not a citizen of 
the State. In these days the people were a law unto them- 
selves. The restraints of government were very slight during 
the dominion of Great Britain, and scarcely felt at all in the 
States, especially on the frontiers of the new States ; voluntary 
associations called Lynch Men afforded some protection against 
thieves. Personal rights were secured from violation only by 
the sure aim of a good gun, or a heavy fist and a fearless 
spirit. Liberty, and especially liberty of person was, from the 
habits of speaking, acting, and feeling of the times of the Revo- 
lution, and immediately after, considered by many as the 
chief good. In such times, among such people, operated upon 
by such causes, the Aliens could not remain prisoners. The 
Sheriff, finding that their rescue would be attempted, set off 
with his prisoners for Washington, Wilkes county. He was 
headed on the road, and considered it safest to return. He 



ELBERT COUNTY. 233 

increased his guard lo sixteen men, but many of these proved 
to be the friends of the prisoners. On the night after his re- 
turn from the attempt to secure the prisoners, in Wilkes jail, 
the jail of Elbert was attacked by 200 men, the doors forced 
open, and the Aliens permitted to escape. The friends of the 
prisoners on guard, had, previous to the attack, taken the 
powder from the locks of the guns of all the guards, from 
whom any danger was apprehended, except one. Beverly 
Allen fled to the most distant western frontier of the United 
States. He lived to old age, apprehensive during his entire 
life, that he might be arrested for the killing of Forsyth. Billy 
Allen, whose crime consisted in being in company with his 
brother when the act of violence was done, was permitted 
soon after to return to his home, where he remained unmo- 
lested during his life. As soon as search after Beverly Allen 
had ceased, inquiries began to be made about the persons who 
were engaged in his rescue. John Rucker, one of the rescuers, 
used to amuse himself after the alarm had passed away, by 
telling some of the incidents which he said happened to him 
whilst concealed to avoid arrest, and which became a sort of 
sing-song among all the little boys of the country for a long time 
afterwards, i Middleton was Barnet's deputy. They were 
small, active, quick-spoken men. One of the guard, Thomas 
Gilmer, was a very fat man, weighing three hundred. Rucker 
said he had fled to the Savannah river, and concealed himself 
under its bank. Whilst hid, he heard a great many small 
frogs crying " Middleton and Barnet ! Middleton and Bar- 
net ;" and imitating what he was describing, he would com- 
press his lips, and drawing his voice only from his teeth, very 
quick, he would imitate the sound of the frogs. He said he 
stood this cry withont flinching, but after a while he heard a 
big bullfrog cry out, " Tom Gilmer ! Tom Gilmer!" and this 
he would repeat with swelled cheeks, and full voice, which he 
said he could not stand. He then plunged into the water, and 
made for the Carolina side of the river. 

The Freemans — Col. Hal man Freeman and John Free- 
man, were among the first settlers of Wilkes county. They 
both engaged in the strife between the Whigs and Tories of 
Upper Georgia, during the latter part of the revolutionary 



234 ELBERT COUNTY. 

war ; Col. Halman Freeman commanded a regiment in the 
battle of Jack's creek, between the Georgians and Creek 
Indians, in the year 1779. His only daughter married Dr. 
William W. Bibb. 

The place in which John Freeman lived was first settled 
by a Scotch colony, under the direction of Lord George Gor- 
don. Exertions have been made to ascertain whether this 
Lord Gordon was the fanatic who led the anti-Catholic mob 
of London, in the year 177 — , but in vain. Lord Gordon left 
Broad river, upon the commencement of the revolutionary 
war. The Scotch people whom he brought to Broad river 
had given their indentures of service to him for five years, 
to pay his expenses in bringing them to this country. Upon 
going over he sold them for servants.* 

The following, with some slight alteration, is from Mrs. 
Ellet's " Heroic Women of the American Revolution :" 

Nancy Hart. — In this county is a stream, formerly known 
as " War- woman's Creek." Its name was derived from the 
character of an individual who lived near the entrance of the 
stream into the river. This person was Nancy Hart, a woman 
ignorant of letters and the civilities of life, but a zealous lover of 
liberty and the " liberty boys," as she called the Whigs. She had 
a husband, whom she denominated " a poor stick," because he 
did not take a decided and active part with the defenders of 
his country, although she could not conscientiously charge 
him with the least partiality towards the Tories. This vulgar 
and illiterate, but hospitable and valorous female patriot, could 
boast no share of beauty — a fact she herself would have rea- 
dily acknowledged had she ever enjoyed an opportunity of 
looking in a mirror. She was cross-eyed, with a broad angular 
mouth, ungainly in figure, rude in speech, and awkward 
in manners, but havino; a woman's heart for her friends, though 
that of a Catrine Montour for the enemies of her country. 
She was well known to the Tories, who stood in fear of her 
revenge for any grievance or aggressive act, though they let 
pass no opportunity of worrying and annoying her when they 
could do so with impunity. 

* From MS. kindly furnished by the Hon. George R. Gihner. 



ELBERT COUNTY. 235 

On the occasion of an excursion from the British camp at 
Augusta, a party of Tories penetrated into the interior, and 
having savagely murdered Colonel Dooly in bed, in his own 
house, they proceeded up the country for the purpose of perpe- 
trating further atrocities. On their way, a detachment of five 
of the party diverged to the east, and crossed Broad river, to 
make discoveries about the neighbourhood, and pay a visit to 
their old acquaintance, Nancy Hart. On reaching her cabin, 
they entered it unceremoniously, receiving from her no wel- 
come but a scowl ; and informed her they had come to know 
the truth of a story current respecting her, that she had se- 
creted a noted rebel from a company of king's men who were 
pursuing him, and who, but for her aid, would have caught 
and hung him. Nancy undauntedly avowed her agency in the 
fugitive's escape. She told them she had at first heard the 
tramp of a horse rapidly approaching, and had then seen a 
horseman coming towards her cabin. As he came nearer, she 
knew him to be a Whig, and flying from pursuit. She let 
down the bars a few steps from her cabin, and motioned him 
to enter, to pass through both doors, front and rear, of her 
single-roomed house ; to take the swamp, and secure himself 
as well as he could. She then put up the bars, entered her 
cabin, closed the doors, and went about her business. Pre- 
sently some Tories rode up to the bars, and called out boister- 
ously to her. She muffled her head and face, and opening the 
door, inquired why they disturbed a sick, lone woman. They 
said they had traced a man they wanted to catch, near her 
house, and asked if any one on horseback had passed that way. 
She answered no, but she saw somebody on a sorrel horse 
turn out of the path into the woods some two or three hun- 
dred yards back. " That must be the fellow," said the Tories ; 
and asking her direction as to the way he took, they turned 
about and went off". " Well fooled ;" said Nancy, "in an opposite 
course to that of my Whig boy ; when, if they had not been so 
lofty-minded, but had looked on the ground inside the bars, 
they would have seen his horse's tracks up to that door, as 
plain as you can see the tracks on this here floor, and out of 
'tother door down the path to the swamp." 



236 ELBERT COUNTY. 

This bold story did not much please the Tory party, but 
they could not wreak their revenge upon the woman who thus 
unscrupulously avowed her daring aid to a rebel, and the cheat 
she had put upon his pursuers, otherwise than by ordering her 
to aid and comfort them by giving them something to eat. 
She replied, " I never feed king's men if I can help it ; the 
villains have put it out of my power to feed even my own 
family and friends, by stealing and killing all my poultry and 
pigs, except that one old gobbler you see in the yard." 

" Well, and that you shall cook for us," said one, who ap- 
peared the head of the party ; and raising his musket, he shot 
down the turkey, which another of the men brought into the 
house, and handed to Mrs. Hart, to clean and cook without 
delay. She stormed and swore a while — for Nancy occasion- 
ally swore — but seeming, at last, resolved to make a merit of 
necessity, began with alacrity the arrangements for cooking, 
assisted by her daughter, a little girl some ten or twelve years 
old, and sometimes by one of the soldiers, with whom she 
seemed in a tolerably good humor, exchanging rude jests with 
him. The Tories, pleased with her freedom, invited her to 
partake of the liquor they had brought with them, an invitation 
which was accepted with witty thanks. 

The spring, of which every settlement has one near at 
hand, was just at the edge of the swamp, and a short distance 
within the swamp was a high snag-topped stump, on which 
was placed a conch-shell. This rude trumpet was used by 
the family ib give information, by means of a variation of 
notes, to Mr. Hart, or his neighbors who might be at work in 
a field or clearing just beyond the swamp, that the " British- 
ers" or Tories were about ; that the master was wanted at 
the cabin, or that he was to " keep close," or " make 
tracks" for another swamp. Pending the operations of cook- 
ing, Mrs. Hart had sent her daughter Sukey to the spring for 
water, with directions to blow the conch in such a way as 
would inform him there were Tories in the cabin, and that he 
" keep close" with his three neighbors who were with him, till 
he should hear the conch again. 

The party had become merry over their jug, and sat down 
to feast upon the slaughtered gobbler. They had cautiously 



ELBERT COUNTY. 237 

Stacked their arms where they were in view and within 
reach ; and Mrs. Hart, assiduous in her attentions upon the 
table and to her guests, occasionally passed between them and 
their muskets. Water was called for, and as there was none 
in the cabin — Mrs. Hart having so contrived that — Sukey 
was again sent to the spring, instructed by her mother to blow 
the conch so as to call up Mr. Hart and his neighbours imme- 
diately. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hart had slipped out one of the 
pieces of pine which constitutes a "chinking" between the 
logs of a cabin, and had dexterously put out of the house, 
through that space, two of the five guns. IShe was detected 
in the act of putting out the third. The party sprang to their 
feet. Quick as thought Mrs. Hart brought the piece she held 
to her shoulder, and declared she would kill the first man 
who approached her. All were terror-struck, for Nancy's ob- 
liquity of sight caused each one to imagine her aim was at 
him. At length one of them made a motion to advance upon 
her. True to her threat, she fired. He fell dead upon the 
floor! Instantly seizing another musket, she brought it to the 
position in readiness to fire again. By this time Sukey had 
returned from the spring, and taking up the remaining gun, 
carried it out of the house, saying to her mother, " Daddy and 
them will soon be here." This information increased the 
alarm of the Tories, who understood the necessity of recover- 
ing their arms immediately. But each hesitated, in the confi- 
dent belief that Mrs. Hart had one eye at least upon him for a 
mark. They proposed a general rush. No time was to be 
lost by the bold woman ; she fired again, and brought down 
another Tory. Sukey had another musket in readiness, 
which her mother took ; and posting herself in the doorway, 
called upon the party to " surrender their d d Tory car- 
casses to a Whig woman." They agreed to surrender, and 
proposed to " shake hands upon the strength of it ;" but the 
conqueror kept them in their places for a few moments, till her 
husband and his neighbours came up to the door. They were 
about to shoot down the Tories, but Mrs. Hart stopped them, 
saying they had surrendered to her, and, her spirit being up to 
boiling heat, she swore that " shooting was too good for them." 
This hint was enough. The dead man was dragged out of 
16 



238 ELBERT COUNTY. 

the house ; the wounded Tory and the others were bound, 
taken out beyond the bars, and hung ! The tree upon which 
they were swung was pointed out in 1838, by one who Uved 
in those bloody times, and who also showed the spot once oc- 
cupied by Mrs. Hart's cabin, accompanying the designation 
with this emphatic remark : " Poor Nancy ! she was a honey 
of a patriot, but the devil of a wife !" 

Name. — The following sketch was furnished by Dr. John- 
son, of Charleston, S. C, who says : For the particulars in the 
subjoined notice of General Elbert, I am wholly indebted to 
the friendly researches of Mr. 1. K. Teft, of Savannah. The 
parents of Samuel Elbert were both natives of England, and 
his father a Baptist minister in Prince William parish, South 
Carolina, in which settlement their son Samuel was born in the 
year 1740. At an early age he became an orphan, and went 
to Savannah to seek employment and earn his subsistence. 
Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and continued to be 
so engaged until the commencement of the American Revolu- 
tion ; here also he married Miss Elizabeth Rae, daughter of a 
planter in the vicinity of Savannah. 

The first evidence that we find of Elbert's partaking in* the 
all-absorbing incidents of the Revolution, is his signature to a 
document pledging his allegiance to the King of Great Britain, 
dated the 4th of June, 1774, thus : "Samuel Elbert, Captain 
of the Grenadier Company.''* A Council of Safety was ap- 
pointed on the 22d of June, 1775, of which he was elected a 
member. The General Assembly of Georgia passed a resolu- 
tion to raise a battalion of continental troops ; and on the 4th 
of February, 1776, the following field officers were ap- 
pointed : Lachlan Mcintosh, Colonel ; Samuel Elbert, Lieu- 
tenant Colonel ; Joseph Habersham, Major. 

* It may be said that this was nothing more than a qualitication or pre- 
liminary to the holding of that commission required by Governor Wright. It 
is remarkable that Elbert and Joseph Habersham signed the pledge on the 
same day, and are commissioned on the same day in the same company, di- 
rectly after the news was received of the despotic measures enforced against 
Boston, under the well-known Boston Port Bill. The address from Boston to 
the other provinces, was dated the 13th of May, 1774, and sent by express. 
This paper was signed three weeks after that date. 



ELBERT COUNTY. 239 

On the 16th of September, 1776, Elbert was promoted to 
the rank of Colonel, and in May, 1777, he commanded in an 
expedition intended by President Gwinnett for the reduc- 
tion of East Florida ; but it failed in its object, and after 
some skirmishing, the troops were withdrawn. In the next 
year, 1778, the British retaliated, and an invasion of Georgia 
was projected by General Provost, aided by the Indians and 
Royalists from Florida. The Carolinians were called upon 
for their aid, and it was promptly and liberally afforded. 

On the 19th of April, 1778, Col. Elbert having heard that 
some British vessels were at anchor at Frederica, obtained the 
galleys and manned them with some of his own landsmen. 
With these he went in pursuit of the enemy. They proved to 
be the brigantine Hinchenbrook and sloop Rebecca, privateers 
which had been infesting the southern coast, and had gone in 
with their prize, a brig, for refitting and plunder. Colonel 
Elbert boarded them, and after a smart resistance, succeeded 
in capturing all of them. 

The combined movements of the Georgians and Caro- 
linians, on this occasion, certainly saved the State from the 
intended invasion, but they did no other good. Their army 
was badly provided for and badly conducted. General Robert 
Howe, of North Carolina, was mifortunately the commander 
of this gallant but ill-fated army. A want of concert among 
the commanders caused the expedition to be abandoned, and 
Elbert returned to Savannah, with his regiment shattered by 
disease and thinned by death. Here they were attacked on 
the 29th of December, 1778, by an expedition sent direct 
from New- York, under Col. Arch. Campbell, defeated, and 
driven at the point of the bayonet through the streets of Sa- 
vannah. The Georgia troops, under Elbert, made a brave 
but ineffectual stand against the victorious British regulars, 
and retreated fighting them. 

The next battle in which Col. Elbert was engaged, was at 
Briar creek, where General Ashe, of North Carolina, com- 
manded the Americans. This was a complete surprise and 
total defeat. The British amused General Ashe by a feint 
at the bridge, while they crossed the creek above him, and 



240 ELBERT COUNTY. 

had actually gained the rear of his army before the alarm was 
given. Col. Elbert rallied a few of his command, and fought 
until he was struck down. He was then on the point of being 
despatched by a soldier with uplifted bayonet, when he made 
a masonic sign of distress. An officer noticed it, instantly 
responded, stayed the arm of the soldier, and Elbert's life 
was saved by the benevolent principle of brotherly love, even 
among enemies, and in the heat and hurry of battle. 

While a prisoner on parole in the British camp, Elbert 
was treated with great respect and kindness. Offers of pro- 
motion, honours and rewards, were made to him ; and cour- 
tesy, persuasion and blandishments, used to seduce him from 
the American cause. It is a tradition in his family, that when 
these were declined, an insidious attempt was made by 
means of two Indians to murder him, his person being mi- 
nutely described as the object for their aim. Elbert, in his 
mercantile transactions with the Indians, was a favourite 
among them. He fortunately discovered his enemies 
in time, gave a signal which he had formerly been accus- 
tomed to use among them, when their guns were immedi- 
ately lowered, and they then came forward and shook hands 
with him. 

This signal had probably been agreed upon and used, 
when with his company, by order of Gov. Wright, he guarded 
the Indian chiefs back to the Cherokee nation. This attempt 
on Elbert's life was probably not made by any of the British 
army, all of whom continued to treat him kindly. There was 
a gang of lawless marauders calling themselves Royalists, but 
by the Americans called Schofelites, plundering and devas- 
tating the south of Georgia, and retreating with their plunder 
into Florida. Against these men Elbert had been particularly 
active, and they were remarkably vindictive. At that time, 
also, there was much virulence prevailing between the 
Whigs and Tories, inciting them to acts more cruel than 
those of the savages. Even the atrocities of civil war can 
neither justify nor excuse such deeds as were then com- 
mitted. 

When the three southern States were overrun by the 



ELBERT COUNTY. 241 

British troops after the fall of Charleston, Col. Elbert having 
been exchanged, went northward, and offered his services to 
Gen. Washington. They were gladly accepted by this excel- 
lent judge of human character, and at the siege of Yorktown, 
in Virginia, Col. Elbert was honoured with the command of 
the grand deposit of arms and military stores, a post of great 
trust and responsibility ; and by his strict adherence to his 
orders, merited and received the approbation of the Com- 
mander-in-chief Here also he contracted other friendships. 
Here he became intimate with Lafayette, and corresponded 
with him several years. One of his sons was called Lafayette 
in consequence of this intimacy. 

Col. Elbert was gradually advanced in rank by the Legis- 
lature of Georgia, and finally made Major General, the highest 
military rank in the State. In civil offices he was also fa- 
voured, having been elected Sheriff, an office then considered 
the most desirable, the most profitable in Georgia. In 1785, 
he was elected Governor by a vote almost unanimous, at a 
time when the affairs of the State required to be conducted 
with energy, judgment and decision. The State has gratefully 
perpetuated his good name by calling one of its best cotton 
counties " Elbert." 

On the 2d of November, 1788, Gen. Elbert died in Savan- 
nah, after a lingering illness, at the early age of 48 years, 
leaving a widow and six children. His funeral was honoured 
by the attendance of the Cincinnati Society, the Masonic 
Lodges, and all the military of that city. Minute guns were 
fired by the artillery, and a funeral sermon delivered by the 
Rev. Mr. Lindsay. His remains were interred in the family 
cemetery on the mount at Rae's Hall, three miles above 
Savannah. His honour, patriotism, and valour, are com- 
mended as examples to future generations. 



242 EMANUEL COUNTY. 

EMANUEL. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N.by Jefferson and Burke; 
E. by Scriven, Bulloch, and a part of Tattnall ; S. by Tattnall 
and Montgomery ; and W. by a part of Washington and Lau- 
rens. Laid out in 1812 from Bulloch and Montgomery. It is 
45 miles long and 41 wide, containing 1845 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Besides the Ogeechee river, which sepa- 
rates it from Burke, there are the Big Cannouchee, the Little 
Canno4ichee, Great Ohoopee, Little Ohoopee. and Little Ogee- 
chee rivers, and Pendleton's, Daniel's, Long, Deep, Cypress, 
Sculls, Fifteen Mile, Jack's, Sartain's, and Yamgrandee creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — When the census 
was last taken, the county had 2,936 whites, and 747 blacks ; 
total, 3,683. Amount of tax returned for 1848, 81,058 83. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Office. — Swainsborough. 

Towns. — Swainsborough is in the centre of the county, 
80 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 30 from Statesborough, 44 from 
Waynesborough, 35 from DubUn, 40 from Mount Vernon, and 
98 from Savannah ; it has a court-house and jail. Two or 
three families reside here. 

Opposite to the Ninety-five mile Station there is a settle- 
ment, made by some of the planters in Burke county, to which 
they resort in the summer for health. 

Character of the People. — Emanuel is inhabited by peo- 
ple in whose character republican simplicity and kindness of 
heart are very conspicuous. Wealth does not abound, but 
the inhabitants are perhaps as happy and comfortable as those 
who live in cities. They are accustomed to labour from 
their youth, and are satisfied with little. Health is their only 
inheritance. 

Amusements. — The county abounds with game, and the 
citizens spend much of their time in hunting. Dancing is a 
favourite amusement. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The most numerous sect 
is the Anti-Missionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary 
Baptists and Methodists. Education is at a low ebb. There 
are but few schools, and those of the most inferior description. 



EMANUEL COUNTY. 243 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not kept 
in good order. 

Mills. — Four or five saw-mills, eight or nine grist-mills. 

Early Settlers. — Philip Newton, Mr. Kennedy, WiUiam i 
Stephens, Edward McGar, Edward Lane. I 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is very- 
healthy. There are but few diseases, except those common on 
water-courses. There are several aged persons now living in 
this county. Mr. Philip Newton is supposed to be 80 years 
of age. Mr. Millar is over 80. Mr. Headspeth is 80. Mrs. 
Campbell died in this county at the age of 100, Benjamin 
Fareclauth 83, A. Sutton 82, Jacob Durdan 85, David Eden- 
field 79, Matthew Curl 78, Wilson Drew 75, Henry Brown 70. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Produc- 
tions. — The face of the country is level. Most of the land is 
unproductive. On the Ogeechee some good land may be found. 
The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, and rice. About 
1,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. The county 
affords a fine range for cattle and hogs, and probably no part 
of the State furnishes better beef and pork. 

Value op Land. — The average value of land is fifty cents 
per acre. 

Name. — The gentleman in honour of whom this county 
is named was the Honourable David Emanuel, who came to 
Georgia about 1768 or 1770, and settled on Walnut Braittch, 
near WaynesbdVough, from whence he moved to the head of 
Beaver Dam creek. At a very early age he took up arms in 
defence of his country. Burke county was the scene of some 
very severe skirmishes between the Americans and British, in 
which Emanuel participated under his brother-in-law. General 
John Twiggs. On one occasion he was captured by a party 
of loyalists commanded by Captain Brantley, and conveyed to 
McBean's creek, where, after consultation, it was determined to 
shoot him. Brantley ordered a large fire to be made, and made 
Emanuel and his fellow-prisoners, Lewis and Davis, take off 
their clothes, with the exception of their shirts. They then de- 
signated three men to shoot them, and placed the prisoners be- 
tween them and the fire. The word " fire" was then given. 



244 FAYETTE COUNTY. 

upon which Davis and Lewis received their death-shot ; but 
the man who was directed to despatch Emanuel missed his 
aim, upon which our hero, with the rapidity of lightning, leaped 
over the fire and made his escape. For many years he was a 
member of the Legislature from Burke county. He was Presi- 
dent of the Senate, and for some time filled the executive chair. 
He is represented to have been a fine-looking man, amiable, of 
good judgment and inflexible integrity. He died in 1808, at 
the age of 64 years. We are sorry to learn that the lot in 
which this patriot was buried has been of late years converted 
into a horse lot! 



FAYETTE. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by De Kalb, E. by 
Henry, S. by Pike, and W. by Campbell and Coweta. This 
county is a portion of the territory acquired by the United 
States, for the use of the State of Georgia, of the Creek Indi- 
ans, by a treaty made at the Indian Springs, January 8, 182L 
Organized in 182L Medium length, 27 miles; breadth, 18. 
Square miles, 486. 

Post Offices. — Fayetteville, Fairburn, Jonesborough, 
Rough and Ready, York, Red Oak. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Irf 1845, the popu- 
lation was 5,895 whites, and 1,669 blacks ; total, 7,514. 
Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1,917 08. Sends 
one representative to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river flows along the eastern 
part of the county. Line, White Water, Flat, and Rose creeks 
are some of the other streams. 

Towns. — Fayetteville, the seat of justice, is a pretty town 
in the centre of the county. The court-house is a very sub- 
stantial and neat brick building; cost $8,000. The jail is of 
wood. There are two churches, two good schools, thi'ee 
stores, five groceries, and several mechanics' shops. More 
than $100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. It was incor- 



FAYETTE COUNTY. 245 

porated and made the county site in 1823. Distant from Mil- 
ledgeville 107 miles, N. W. ; from Griffin 20 miles, from Newnan 
23, from McDonough 21, from Campbellton 20, and from At- 
lanta 25. One Masonic Lodge, one printing office, one Divi- 
sion of the Sons of Temperance. 

Jonesborough, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 10 
miles N. E. of Fayetteville, has been settled about six years, 
and has a population of 200. It contains one church of the 
Methodist denomination, three schools, besides stores and 
shops. The population is improving. The place is called 
after Samuel G. Jones, Esq. 

Rough and Ready is 1 1 miles from Atlanta, on the Macon 
and Western Railroad. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Chris- 
tians, Presbyterians, Universalists, Roman Catholics, Episco- 
palians, and a few Mormons. The subject of education does 
not engage the attention of the people as much as it ought, 
although there are indications of a greater interest than 
formerly. 

Character of the People. — The citizens are spirited, 
industrious and temperate. Great changes have been pro- 
duced through the instrumentality of religion and temperance. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are far from being in the 
best condition. There are more than a dozen bridges which 
are kept in tolerable repair. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is generally 
healthy. The most common diseases are fevers of the remit- 
tent and intermittent character, pleurisies, &c. Mr. W. 
Waldroup died in this county, at the age of 104 years; Mr, 
Graves died over 80 ; Mr. Hanes, 87 ; Mr. Gray, 80 ; Mr Gil- 
bert Gay, 80; Wm. Gay, over 80; Mrs. Waldroup, over 80; 
Mr. John Fuller, 94 ; Morris Harris, 87 ; Wm. Powell, 90 ; 
Wm. Shaddix, 82; Greene Hill, over 80 ; Henry Mitchell, 85. 
S. R. Minor, now living, is 90, and editor of the Fayetteville 
Advertiser ; says he owns the original type of Dr. Franklin. 
John Dearing, S. Wilkins, Simon Whitaker, James and Wm. 
Brassell, Z. Petty, C. Williford, are over 80. 

Early Settlers. — Collin Alford, Alexander Ware, T. D. 
King, C. Terry, James Montgomery, Gilbert Gay, Wm. Gay, 



246 FAYETTE COUNTY. 

Robert and Wm. Harkins, James and Irvine Spradley, J. R. 
Cox, Joseph Anthony, Jesse Laseter, I. Haines, Wm. Gille- 
land, James Alford. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average 
Product . — The county is generally level. The lands are 
principally gray, suitable for cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
barley, &lc., valued at five, three, and two dollars per acre, 
according to quality. Corn averages three barrels per acre ; 
wheat, eight bushels per acre ; cotton, 500 pounds per acre. 
Over 4,500 bags of cotton are annually raised in this county. 

Mills. — Saw-mills, eight; grist-mills, nine; merchant- 
mills, three. A cotton factory is about to be erected on White 
Water creek, ten miles from Fayetteville. One wool-carding 
machine. 

Minerals. — Granite, quartz, iron, tourmaline, mica, &c. 

Miscellaneous Notice. — First court held at the house 
of J. R. Cox. 

Name. — In the oration delivered by the Hon. John Quincy 
Adams before both houses of Congress, on the life and character 
of Lafayette, the speaker said : " As in the firmanent that rolls 
over our heads, there is among the stars of the first magnitude one 
so pre-eminent in splendour, as in the opinion of astronomers to 
constitute a class by itself; so, in the fourteen hundred years 
of the French monarchy, among the multitudes of great and 
mighty men which it has evolved, the name of Lafayette 
stands unrivalled in the solitude of glory." Gilbert Mottier 
Lafayette, the asserter of the rights of man, the intimate 
friend of Washington, was born in France, at Chavagniac, in 
the province of Auvergne, September 6, 1757. At seven years 
of age, he was sent to the College of Louis le Grand, at Paris, 
where he received his early education. Under the patronage 
of the Queen of France, he obtained the rank of a commis- 
sioned officer. In 1774 he married a lady of high birth and 
large fortune. This alliance procured for him every enjoy- 
ment which rank and wealth could bestow. About this time, 
the attempts of the colonies to acquire their freedom, had ex- 
cited in France a powerful sympathy in their favour ; and 
amono; those who were desirous " to crusade for freedom in 



FAYETTE COUNTY. 247 

freedom's holy land," the noble Lafayette stands first. As 
soon as he heard that Congress had declared the colonies free 
and independent, he came to the resolution to devote himself 
to their cause. Accordingly, he presented himself before the 
American Commissioners at Paris, and offered his services. 
These were accepted ; and after various sacrifices and difficul- 
ties, he left France, and landed on the 25th day of April, 1777, 
in South Carolina. He immediately proceeded to Philadelphia, 
where Congress was then in session, delivered the despatches 
intrusted to him by the American Commissioners at Paris, and 
renewed his offer of devotion to the cause of liberty. Struck 
with astonishment at the gallantry of the young and noble 
foreigner, Congress appointed him a Major General in the 
army of the United States. Lafayette, losing no time, di- 
rected his course to the head-quarters of Washington, who 
received him with great cordiality, and took him under his 
special direction. He soon received a command in the conti- 
nental army, and throughout all the trying scenes of the Revo- 
lution, displayed a bravery and skill which more than realized 
the expectations of the country. At the battle of Brandy- 
wine he received a severe wound, but he would not consent to 
alight from his horse to have it dressed. In 1778, there* was a 
probability that war would take place between England and 
France ; and with the approbation of Washington he left the 
United States, to discharge his duty to his native country. His 
arrival in France was hailed by all classes with every demon- 
stration of respect. To his government he represented the 
wants of America, and succeeded in obtaining efficient aid. 
He remained in France throughout the year 1779, and was 
appointed to the command of the King's own Regiment of 
Dragoons. He returned to the United States in 1780, and 
from that period to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, he was 
engaged in active service. After the capitulation of York- 
town, he again asked permission to visit France, which being 
granted, he again left the United States for his native country, 
and upon his arrival, spent much of his time in promoting the 
interests of the Americans. He succeeded in inducing the 
government to render further assistance ; but peace having 
been concluded between the contending parties, the fleet des- 



248 FLOYD COUNTY. 

tined for America did not sail. In the year 1784 he again 
visited the country, the independence of which was owing in 
a great measure to his exertions. He was received with every 
mark of respect. In the States which he visited, legislative 
assemblies, municipal bodies, officers of the army, and all 
classes of society, vied with each other in rendering to him 
the homage of their gratitude. During the French Revolution, 
he was the steady friend of liberty. As commander of the 
National Guards, he saved the lives of the Royal Family of 
France. No man occupied a more prominent place than did 
Lafayette. In August, 1825, he again visited the United 
States, and from one extremity of the country to the other, 
millions of freemen gave him a hearty welcome. He died May 
21, 1834. In the United States, the intelligence of his death 
was received with emotions of profound sorrow. All felt that 
one of the best of men was gone for ever. 



FLOYD. 

Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Chattooga, 
E. by Cass, S. by Paulding, W. by Alabama. Laid out from 
Cherokee, in 1832. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The chief rivers are the Oostenaula and 
Etowah, which unite their waters at Rome, forming the 
Coosa. The other streams are Armucha, Cedar, Heath's, 
Rocky, Ball Play, and Spring creeks. 

Mountains. — There is a range of mountains entering the 
northwest corner of the county, and running through it in a 
southwest direction, separating the waters of the Chattooga 
from those that empty into the Oostenaula, and known as 
Taylor's ridge. The Turnip mountain is a spur of Taylor's 
ridge. There are other ranges of mountains of less magni- 
tude. 

Towns. — Rome is the seat of justice, and is situated at the 
junction of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, upon several 
high hills, and commands an extensive view of Taylor's ridge 



FLOYD COUNTY. 249 

and other mountains. It was incorporated and made the 
county site in 1834, since which time it has increased rapidly. 
It is thought that the construction of the Memphis Raih'oad 
will make Rome an important trading point. Property has 
greatly increased in value, and confidence is felt that capital- 
ists will be induced to settle in this place. In Rome is an 
elegant brick court-house, located upon a lofty eminence. 
The jail is a plain building, constructed of wood. Population 
1,000. It is 176 miles from Milledgeville, from the Cave 
springs 17 miles, from the Alabama line 16 miles, from Cedar 
Town 17 miles, and from Kingston, by the railroad, 17f 
miles. Rome is considered healthy, and although situated at 
the junction of two rivers, has not suffered from the diseases 
incident to such localities. The citizens are intelligent, hos- 
pitable, and enterprising. The town can boast of a rigid 
police. Disorderly conduct meets with prompt punishment. 
Stages daily leave Rome for the west. The water of Rome 
is both freestone and limestone. In the vicinity are several 
fine springs. 

Opposite to Rome is a small village called Hillsborough. 

Cave Springs, situated in the southern portion of the 
county, near the Alabama line, with a population of 200. On 
the land belonging to the corporation, liquor cannot be sold. 
In the village are one hotel, two churches, three stores, &c. 
It was settled in 1831, by persons from different parts of 
Georgia, and whose character for morality and intelligence 
is unsurpassed by that of any people. 

Religious Denominations, Education. — Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics. 
Education has recently become a subject of much solicitude 
among the inhabitants. At Cave Springs there is an excellent 
academy, called the Hern Manual Labor School, under the 
care of the Baptist denomination. At this place, there is also 
a good female school, having about thirty pupils. The Georgia 
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is located here. The inmates 
number about eighteen, who are supported by the State. It 
is under the immediate direction of O. P. Fannin, Esq., aided 
by two competent teachers. The advancement of the pupils 
has exceeded the most sanguine expectations of the public. 



250 FLOYD COUNTY. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the num- 
ber of inhabitants was 4,617 whites, and 1,604 blacks; total, 
6,221 ; but it is thought that the population has increased 
33 per cent. Amount of State taxes paid, $2,569 53. Sends 
one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Rome, Cave Springs, Hermitage, Mission- 
ary Station, Calipoenia, Coosa, Johnson, Vann's Valley. 

Nature op the Soil, Value of Land, Average Pro- 
duct. — The lands in this county have a high reputation. 
The bottom lands are very productive. These are composed of 
a dark and loose loam, adapted to the cultivation of corn and 
wheat. Cotton does not succeed so well, owing to the seasons. 
These lands are valued at $20 per acre. The valley lands are 
also very fertile, composed of a dark mulatto soil, adapted to 
corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, and cotton. It is the opinion of 
some of the experienced farmers that, take one year with an- 
other, the valley lands are better suited to cotton than the 
bottom lands. They sell for $12 50 per acre. The lands on 
the margin of the bottoms and valleys vary in character ; they 
are worth $5 per acre. The mountain and hill lands are 
worth about $2 per acre. There is in this county a tract of 
land, commencing on the west of the Oostenaula and Coosa 
rivers, extending to Turnip mountain, the surface of which is 
almost a perfect plain resembling the flat lands of Houstoun 
county, badly watered. Experiments prove, that this scope 
of country is susceptible of cultivation. Marl is found in 
several places, and many salt lakes. Some of the lands pro- 
duce 1700 lbs. of cotton per acre; some 12 to 1400 lbs.; but 
the average may be put down at 800 lbs. per acre. Corfi 
from 5 to 12 bushels, wheat from 10 to 30 bushels per acre. 

Early Settlers. — Floyd county was originally settled by 
persons from the older parts of Georgia, South Carolina and 
Tennessee. 

Mineral Springs, Caves. — Cave springs are situated on 
Little Cedar creek, in Vann's valley. These springs issue 
from a mountain east of the valley. The force of the water 
is sufficient to turn an overshot mill. There is a cave fifty 
yards from the springs. You descend into it at an angle of 
ninety degrees. Beautiful stalactites are in the different apart- 



FLOYD COUNTY. 251 

ments of the cave. The creek formed by the spring runs off 
with great swiftness, almost as swift as the mountain stream, 
until it enters into Big Cedar. There are several other springs 
in this vicinity, the water of which is just as good as that of 
the Cave springs. About a mile and a half northeast of 
Rome, near Mr. Mitchell's plantation, is Nix's cave. The 
interior is filled with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near this 
cave, and is always ready to guide visitors through its differ- 
ent apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is Woodward's 
cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. 
The entrance is through a large rock, which is nearly 100 feet 
perpendicular. There are a number of small caves in vari- 
ous parts of the county. 

Minerals. — Iron, plumbago, galena, pyrites, slate, agate, 
satin spar, besides ostreas, coral, ammonites, encrenites, co- 
prolites, &c. The limits of this work will not permit us to 
give a particular account of the various minerals and organic 
remains which are abundant in this county. To do this a 
volume would be necessary. 

Remarkable Places. — In the fork of the Etowah and 
Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, many human bones are found. 
In 179- a battle was fought on this spot, between the whites 
and Indians. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — A large ma- 
jority of the inhabitants are moral and intelligent. Like all 
the other newly settled counties of Georgia, it has its propor- 
tion of idle and dissolute people. The temperance effort has 
succeeded admirably. The amusements are hunting and fish- 
ing. The neighbouring mountains abound with game, and the 
rivers with the finest fish. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are not kept in good 
order. At Rome, there is a good bridge over the Etowah, 
which cost $3000, belonging to a private individual. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant. 
In some places chills and fevers occur. John Funderburk is 
over 90 years of age, rides on horseback, and reads without 
glasses. 

Name. — This division of the State was named after Major 



252 FLOYD COUNTY. 

Gen. Floyd, who died in Camden county, 24th day of June, 
1829. He was the son of a revolutionary soldier, who, it is 
said, wore on the front of his helmet, a silver crescent with 
the words " Liberty or death." Gen. Floyd came from South 
Carolina, where he was born in 1794, and settled in the south- 
ern part of Georgia. In 1803, he became a member of the 
State Legislature. His associates were such men as Jackson, 
Tattnall, and Milledge, all of whom had the highest respect for 
his inflexible patriotism, and his unimpeachable integrity. In 
1806, he was appointed Brigadier General of the 1st brigade, 
Georgia militia. In this command he established so great a 
reputation as a military man, that Gov. Early, in 1813, select- 
ed him to command the Georgia troops in an expedition 
against the Creeks, who for some time had been engaged in a 
sanguinary and unprovoked massacre upon the helpless fron- 
tier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. On one occasion, 
the savages surprised a fort where there were 300 men, women 
and children, and with the exception of 17, who made their 
escape, all were cruelly put to death. This affair created a 
great feeling of indignation in Georgia, and it is no won- 
der that a universal desire was felt to avenge the death of 
their countrymen. The direction of such an important matter 
as defending the frontier settlements, and of punishing the 
Indians for their aggressions, could not have been committed 
to a man possessing more energy of character than Ge- 
neral Floyd. Too much space would be required to follow 
him on his march, in which he displayed his ability as a most 
skilful commander. Suffice it to say, that co-operating with 
General Jackson, he waged a destructive war against the 
savages. At Autossee, Tallassee, and Camp Defiance, the 
enemy were defeated with great loss. In one of these en- 
gagements Gen. Floyd was severely wounded ; but, although 
labouring under acute pain, he refused to retire from the 
field. After the close of the Creek campaign. Gen. Floyd 
was invested with the command of the troops at Savan- 
nah, which command he retained to the end of the war. In 
1826, he was elected a representative to Congress, where 
he served two years. As a private citizen. Gen. Floyd, in 



FORSYTH COUNTY. 253 

the relations of husband and father, had no superior. His 
friendship was warm, sincere and disinterested. His gene- 
rosity knew no bounds. His benevolence was unsurpassed. 
To him the relief of distress was a duty. His hospitality re- 
minds one of the good old times of which we now only read. 
Inflexibly honest, he prided himself on his punctuality in ful- 
filling his engagements. His high sense of honour made him 
abhor every thing deviating in the least degree from the most 
correct principles. 



FORSYTH. 



Boundaries. — Bounded, N. by Lumpkin, E. by Hall, W. 
by a part of Cobb and Cherokee, and S. by Gwinnett. Laid 
out from Cherokee, in 1832. 

Towns. — Cumming, named after Colonel William Cum- 
ming, of Augusta, is the county town, situated on Vickery's 
creek, 145 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, on rather an undu- 
lating surface, surrounded by beautiful scenery, and within 
two and a half miles of Sawney's mountain, which lies 
north, raising its majestic head high above the clouds. 
The court-house and jail are constructed of wood. It has 
two churches, two hotels, two schools, five stores, &c. 
The amount of goods sold here per annum exceeds 'ItiSOjOOO. 
Several societies, such as the masonic lodge, temperance soci- 
ety, &c. Population about 400. The town is healthy and the 
water excellent. Cumming was incorporated and made the 
county site in 1834. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land, Average Pro- 
duct. — The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile, having 
mostly an alluvial soil, dark and sandy, adapted to corn, wheat, 
and cotton. Value $25 per acre. The uplands are productive, 
adapted to corn and wheat. Value $5 per acre. The upland 
ridges are worth from one to two dollars per acre, and the 
rocky broken ridges vary in price, according to the quantity 
of gold supposed to be found upon them. Cotton averages 
500 pounds per acre. The low lands average 40 bushels of 
17 



254 FORSYTH COUNTY. 

corn per acre, and the second quality lands four to five barrels ; 
the third quality lands produce from two to three and a half 
barrels per acre. The bottoms produce from 15 to 20 bushels 
of wheat, second quality lands eight to ten bushels per acre, 
and the third quality from five to eight bushels per acre. 

Productions. — Corn, wheat, cotton, rye, oats, potatoes. 
Fruits and vegetables do well ; tobacco grows finely. In 1846, 
80,000 lbs. of tobacco were made. About 350 bags of cotton 
made annually. 

Original Settlers. — The original settlers were James 
Hays, Mr. Hardy Strickling, Charles Jackson, WiUiam Black- 
stock, Mr. Jacob Scudder, and others. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — For sociability 
and hospitality the citizens of this county cannot be excelled. 
The houses of all are open to worthy strangers. The amuse- 
ments are hunting, dancing, and fishing ; some cock-fighting 
and horse-racing in certain sections. 

Mountains. — Sawney and Coal mountains. The latter 
may be considered a continuation of the former, although a 
level intervenes between them. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The principal rivers are the Chatta- 
hoochee and Etowah ; the creeks are Two Mile, Four Mile, Six 
Mile, Baldridge's, Davis's, Vickery's, Dick's, and John's creeks, 
and discharge their waters into the Chattahoochee river ; the 
Sitting Down creek empties into the Etowah. 

Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 12, grist-mills 21, mer- 
chant mill, 1 ; distilleries 5 ; one wool-carding establishment, 
half a mile southwest of Cumming. It is proposed to erect 
a large cotton manufactory on the Chattahoochee. There are 
several tobacco manufactories in the county. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 assigns to this county 6,911. whites, 798 blacks ; total 
7,709. Amount of State tax received, $1,384 48. Sends one 
representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Cumming, Big Creek, Hartford, High 
Tower, Vickery's Creek, Warsaw. 

Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads and bridges are in 
pretty good condition. Thirteen ferries on the Chattahoochee, 
and one toll bridge over the Etowah. 



FORSYTH COUNTY. 255 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Missionary and 
Anti-Missionary ; Presbyterians of old and new- school, Metho- 
dists, Episcopalians, Universalists and Bible Christians. There 
are 15 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, and 2 Presbyterian 
in this county. More attention is paid to education than for- 
merly. There are about 30 schools in the county. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is as healthy 
as any portion of Cherokee Georgia. Typhoid fever, pleu- 
risies, &c., are the most common diseases. The cases of 
longevity are the following : Mr. Barnett, 80 ; Mr. Rogers, 
80 ; Mr. Hill, 80 ; John Samples, 80; Mr. Wills, 90 ; has voted 
for every President. Several other cases occur, but our limits 
will not permit us to name them. 

Minerals. — Forsyth lies in the gold region, and it is be- 
lieved that gold can be found in almost every branch in the 
county. Sawney's mountain, near Cumming, contains an 
abundance of gold, and indeed it may be regarded as an im- 
mense mine of gold, Strickling's mines have produced finely, 
and in various parts of the county the precious metal exists. 
Silver and copper are found in several places. Two or three 
diamonds have been found. Iron, talc, and many of the pre- 
cious stones, such as the ruby and garnet. We cannot afford 
space to dwell largely on the mineral resources of this section 
of the State. They are inexhaustible, and can never be fully 
known until our Legislature orders a geological survey of the 
State. 

Mounds, and other Objects of Interest. — On Mr, 
Rogers's plantation, 12 miles south of Cumming, on the road 
to Lawrenceville, are several small mounds. On the road 
from Canton to Dahlonega, 10 miles northwest from Cumming, 
is a very remarkable rock. It is an unhewn mass of granite, 
eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide. It is 
three-sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are 
characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. The largest 
circles are eight inches in diameter. From its appearance it 
must jiave been wrought at a very remote period. The de- 
signs are very regular, and it is probable that they were 
executed by the same race of people who constructed the 
mounds in this and other sections of the State. What the 



256 FORSYTH COUNTY. 

characters on this rock mean, the oldest inhabitants cannot 
tell. The oldest Indians could give no account of it. Would 
it not be proper for the Legislature to make a small appropria- 
tion to convey this curious relic of antiquity to Milledgeville? 

Mr. Samuel Julian has a marble font, presented to him by 
James Daniel, formerly a judge in the Cherokee nation. 

Name. — The merits of the Hon. John Forsyth, in honour 
of w^hom this county is named, are written in the history of 
his country. He was born in Frederick county, Virginia, and 
came with his father to Georgia when he was about four years 
of age. He studied the classics under the Rev. Mr. Springer, 
who had charge of an academy of great repute in Wilkes 
county. He then went to Princeton College, where he was 
graduated in 1799. After his collegiate course he studied law 
in Augusta with Mr. Noel, and commenced practice in 1802. 
A short time afterwards he was appointed Attorney General 
of the State, and in this office acquired great distinction. In 
1811 he was honoured by his fellow-citizens with a seat in the 
House of Representatives of the United States. Here he be- 
came a warm advocate of Mr. Madison's administration, and 
defended the policy, justice, and conduct of the war. Upon 
most of the important topics which then agitated Congress he 
distinguished himself. In 1818 he resigned his seat in the 
House of Representatives, and was elected a member of the 
Senate. In this august body he displayed the superiority of 
his talents, and the whole country regarded him with pride and 
admiration. During the winter of 1818, he was sent minister 
to Spain, where he remained several years engaged in adjust- 
ing the differences between that country and the United States. 
By his skill and prudence, he brought matters to a successful 
termination. Whilst in Spain, Georgia elected him a member 
of the House of Representatives of the United States, in 
which body he took his seat in 1823. At this session he 
showed himself to be the firm friend of the rights of Georgia. 
The report which he«then made on the subject of the original 
compact, by which the United States had agreed to extinguish 
the Indian title to the territory within Georgia, is acknow- 
ledged by the most able men to be equal to any ever presented 
to Congress. In 1827 he was elected Governor of Georgia, 



FORSYTH COUNTY. 257 

and warmly and ably sustained thft ground he had taken in the 
councils of the nation relative to the Indian question. At the 
expiration of his term as Governor he was again elected to 
the Senate of the United States, where he remained until 
1834, when he succeeded Mr. McLane as Secretary of State. 
During no period since the war of 1812, had our foreign rela- 
tions involved questions more important ; and the honour and 
success with which they were conducted were owing, in a 
gi-eat degree, to the talents and firmness of Mr. Forsyth. He 
died in Washington City on the 21st day of October, 1841, in 
the 60th year of his age. The intelligence of his death was 
received by the citizens of Washington and throughout the 
country with emotions of great sorrow. In person he was 
upright, and finely proportioned ; height about five feet eight 
inches. As a speaker Mr. Forsyth never failed to attract at- 
tention. In the Boston Morning Post of , a corres- 
pondent thus speaks of Mr. Forsyth : 

" Mr. Forsyth's manner is peculiarly Virginian, respectful 
in his language, courteous and complimentary to his antago- 
nist. Without ever exhibiting passion, he evinces deep feeling. 
His voice is peculiarly melodious, and without talking fast, the 
words seem to melt into each other, like one continued sound, 
not unlike the enunciation of Judge Story, though with less 
compass of notes. He uses but little gesture, and his most 
emphatic passages are always in an under tone, which produce 
a solemn effect and leave a deep impression. It is the still 
small voice in which he pours out heart and soul and feeling, 
charming the audience into a silence, as if they were listening 
to the last fading notes of an ^Eolian harp, when they felt that 
the spirit of the wind was fading away. His countenance 
is fair and pleasing, with a smile always playing around his 
lips." Mr. Forsyth was not a hard student in the " midnight 
lamp" sense. He was, however, a deep thinker. He mastered 
the contents of a book whilst others would be turning over 
its leaves. His knowledge was extensive, and whatever he 
knew was always at his command. As an off-hand debater 
he had no superior. To his lofty spirit as a man, was added 
a breast overflowing with the most tender affection for his 
family. 



258 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



FRANKLIN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Franklin is among the oldest of 
the upper counties of the State, and originally embraced an 
extent of country "beginning at Savannah river, where the 
west line of Wilkes county strikes the same ; thence along 
the said line to the Cherokee Corner ; from thence, on the 
same direction, to the south branch of the Oconee river; 
thence up the said river to the head or source of the most 
southern stream thereof; thence along the temporary line 
separating the Indian hunting-ground, to the northern branch 
of the Savannah river, known by the name of Keowee, and 
down the said river to the beginning." The boundaries have 
been much changed since that period, portions of it having been 
assigned to Jack on, Madison, Hall, and Habersham. The 
present boundaries are thus : — On the North by Habersham 
and Tugaloo river ; on the East by Tugaloo river ; on the 
South by Jackson, Elbert, and Madison ; and on the West by 
Hall, Habersham, and Jackson. Length 26 miles ; breadth 
25 miles ; square miles 650. 

Rivers, Creeks. — TheTugnloo river, which separates it from 
South Carolina, and Hudson's Fork, North Fork, Middle Fork, 
branches of the Broad river. The creeks which empty into 
the Tugaloo are Reid, Long Shoal, Shoal, and Gum Log. 
The others are Double Branches, Nail's, Bear, Werd's, Webb's 
and Easternally creeks. 

Town. — Carnesville is the county town, named after 
Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge, situated on 
Stephens's creek ; distant from Milledgeville 108 miles ; from 
Madison's Springs 13 miles; from Clarkesville 30 miles; from 
Elberton 30 miles ; from Savannah river 25 miles ; from An- 
dersonville. South Carolina, 25 miles ; and from Athens 35 
miles. It has a good brick court-house, a jail, two hotels, 
stores, &c. Population 100. Dwellings 17. It was made the 
county site in 1805. 

Post Offices. — Carnesville, Aquilla, Hudson, Bowersville, 
Bushville, Fairview, Grove Level, Middle River, Parker's Store, 
Walnut Hill. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 259 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 7,943 whites, and 2,087 
blacks; total, 10,030. The amount of State tax for 1848, is 
$1,770 80 cents. Entitled to two representatives. 

Early Settlers. — The Clevelands, Gilberts, Pulliums, 
Albertons, Manlys, Mr. Stonecypher, Philip Thomas, John 
Goram, Daniel Bush, Russel Jones, Mr. Shannon, and Mr. 
Little. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is salubrious, 
although much sickness has sometimes prevailed. Franklin 
can show a long list of aged persons. We can only mention 
the names of a few : Mr. Hale died last year at the age of 
117; John Watson and wife died at the age of 90 ; Thomas 
Clark died at 90 ; Wm. Spears, a revolutionary soldier, reached 
110; Henry Parks, 100; Elisha Dyer and wife, 93 ; Samuel 
Mackey was over 100 ; Jesse Marshall, a soldier of the revolu- 
tion, over 97 ; Mr. John Stonecypher, 96 ; David Guess, 90. 
There are many persons now living in this county over 90 
years of age. 

Mineral Springs. — Franklin springs, 9 miles southeast of 
Carnesville. On Gum creek, in Carnesville, and on Mr. Hay- 
ton's land, there are springs possessing medicinal properties. 
Freestone springs are abundant throughout the county. 

Indian Mounds, Antiquities. — Several on Savannah river. 
Various articles of pottery, shells, rifles, and guns have been 
found in the graves of the Indians buried on the Hudson river. 

Minerals. — Iron ore abounds. Gold has been found in 
one or two places. Fine specimens of quartz near Carnes- 
ville. 

Nature of the Soil. — Lands of first quality are situated 
on Tugaloo river, adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton, worth 
$10 per acre. Second quality are on Broad river, adapted to 
cotton, corn, and wheat, valued from $6 to $8 per acre. Third 
quality embraces the hills and ridges, valued $2 per acre. The 
face of the country is level in the south ; the balance is 
broken. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are 
in the county, fourteen Missionary Baptist churches, two 



260 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 

Anti-Missionary Baptist, sixteen Methodist, and three Presby- 
terian. In point of education the people of this ancient 
county are chargeable with neglect. Schools are much 
wanted. 

Amusements. — Fox hunting, dancing, quiltings. 
Character of the People. — Generally speaking, the people 
of this county maybe said to be frugal and industrious. In some 
portions, the inhabitants are too much given to low and vulgar 
habits. A spirit of enterprise is wanted. The various politi- 
cal meetings which are held during electioneering campaigns, 
have produced a very deleterious influence upon the habits 
of the people of this county, as well as in other parts of 
Georgia. Intemperance has diminished, and we hope that 
the time will come when the gatherer of future statistics 
may have it in his power to say there are no distilleries in 
old Franklin. For hospitality the citizens of this section of 
Georgia cannot be excelled. To exercise the rites of hospi- 
tality, we believe that the citizens of this county will sub- 
ject themselves to any inconvenience. The ladies of Franklin 
are models of industry, and it is said are remarkably fond 
of dress ; but this is not to be wondered at, for this may 
be said of all ladies. 

Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries, — A wool-carding 
establishment will soon be in operation on Rice creek, in the 
southern part of the county. 

There are in the county 31 grist-mills, 15 saw-mills, and a 
large number of distilleries. The business of making whiskey 
was formerly carried on very extensively, but we are gratified 
to learn that it has been greatly diminished. 

Bridges, Roads, Ferries. — A number of bridges in the 
county and in fair condition. The roads are much neglected. 
One ferry on the Savannah, four on the Tugaloo, and several 
others. 

Average Products, Amount of Cotton made. Markets. 
— Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn 3 barrels per 
acre ; wheat, G bushels per acre. Over 3600 bags of cotton 
are annually made. 

Planters carry their crops to Athens and Augusta, and a 
large quantity of cotton is carried to Andersonville, South 
Carolina. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 261 

Name. — Benjamin Franklin, an eminent philosopher, states- 
man, and patriot, was born in Boston, January 17, 170G, At 
ten years of age, he was taken from school and assisted his 
father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler 
and soap-boiler. At the end of two years, he was bound an 
apprentice to his brother, who was a printer. Having a great 
taste for books, his leisure moments were employed in reading 
works which his limited means allowed him to purchase ; and 
so anxious was he to improve his mind, that he often passed 
the greater part of the night in reading. 

During his apprenticeship, his brother began to print the 
" New England Courant," for which Franklin wrote several 
esays. On account of some misunderstanding between his 
brother and himself, Franklin left Boston and came to Phila- 
delphia, where he found employment in a printing office. 
After a short period he was induced to go to London by pro- 
mises of assistance from Sir William Keith, who had professed 
great friendship for him ; which promises, however, were not 
fulfilled, and Franklin found himself in London without a sin- 
gle acquaintance or friend, but obtained employment in a 
printing office. In 1726, he returned to America. 

Shortly after his arrival in Philadelphia he commenced 
business for himself. The claims of business did not extinguish 
his taste for literature. He formed the plan of the Library 
Company of Philadelphia. In 1732, he commenced the pub- 
lication of " Poor Richard's Almanac," which was continued 
by him for 25 years. In 1736, he was appointed Clerk of the 
General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and in 1737, Post Master 
of Philadelphia. In 1738, he organized the first fire company. 
In 1747, he was chosen a member of the Assembly, and con- 
tinued in this station ten years. 

At this time he was engaged in experiments in electricity, 
and made the discovery which has immortalized his name, viz : 
the identity of the electric fluid and lightning. In 1753, he 
was appointed Deputy Post Master General of the British 
colonies, and in the same year originated several scientific so- 
cieties which are now the pride of America. In the war be- 
tween France and England, he filled several important offices, 
the duties of which he discharged with industry and zeal. In 



262 GILMER COUNTY. 

1757, he was sent to England as the agent of Pennsylvania, 
and whilst residing there was appointed agent of Massachu- 
setts, Maryland, and Georgia. In England he was highly 
honoured, chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and received 
the degree of Doctor of Laws from several universities. In 
1766, he was examined at the bar of the House of Commons 
in regard to the repeal of the Stamp Act ; and in 1775, he re- 
turned to America, and the day after his arrival, was elected 
a member of Congress. Various important missions were in- 
trusted to him by his country, in all of which he evinced his 
devotion to the cause of liberty. His name is on the Decla- 
ration of American Independence. 

In 1776, he was sent as commissioner plenipotentiary to 
France, and concluded a treaty with this kingdom, February 
6, 1778. While he was acting as a commissioner for nego- 
tiating peace with the mother country, his uniform answer to 
repeated questions as to the terms which might be obtained, 
was, " Nothing but independence.'' On his return to Phila- 
delphia, he filled the office of President of the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania, and served as a delegate to the Federal Con- 
stitution in 1787. 

This venerable man died April 17, 1790, and was buried 
in Christ Church burying ground, in Philadelphia. When his 
death was known, Congress ordered a general mourning for 
him throughout the United States for one month. In France 
there were also expressions of public sorrow. 



GILMER. 

Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Tennessee 
and North Carofina, E. by Union and Lumpkin, S. by Chero- 
kee, and W. by Cass and Murray. Laid out from Cherokee, 
and organized in 1832. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are Ellijay and Tacoa. 
The creeks are Carticary, Ticanetlee, Talona, Mountain, Talk- 
ing Rock, Mountain Town, Fighting Town, Sugar Town, 



GILMER COUNTY. 263 

and Tumbling. Many of these afford excellent situations for 
mills. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 4,558 whites, 149 blacks ; 
total, 4,707. The tax as returned for 1848, is $871 68. Sends 
one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Ellijay, Prince Edward, Tacoa, Talking 
Rock, Blue Ridge. 

Towns. — Ellijay is the capital of the county, situated on 
the northwest bank of the Ellijay river, 171 miles N. W. of 
Milledgeville, 40 miles S. W. of Blairsville, 35 miles N. W. of 
Dahlonega, 40 miles N. of Canton, 28 miles E. of Spring 
Place, and 43 miles from Murphy, North Carolina. Popula- 
tion 150. It has a court-house, jail, five stores, &c. The place 
is said to be healthy. Public buildings located here in 1834. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This county may be 
said to have a healthy climate, although in certain sections there 
is considerable sickness. The diseases are pneumonia, pleu- 
risies, &c. Cancers are common, and we have heard of a 
gentleman in the county who cures them by certain charms, 
and in whose skill many place entire confidence. Several 
cases of longevity have come to our knowledge. Among 
them are Mr. Underwood, over 80, enjoying fine health ; 
James Kell, over 90; Mr. Smith, 90; Mrs. Ellis, 90; Mrs. 
Carroll, 84 ; George Brock and wife, over 80 ; Mrs. Cox, 84 ; 
Mrs. Lucy Harris and Mrs. Ringcaird, over 85. 

Mills, Distilleries, Rifles. — In the county are 22 grist- 
mills, 9 saw-mills, 1 jug factory, 4 distilleries. One and three 
quarters of a mile from Ellijay is Wood & Jones's rifle manu- 
factory. Price of rifles from fifteen to forty dollars, and are 
said to be superior articles. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land. — The face of the country is broken by mountains, the 
principal of which are Cohuttah, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long 
Swamp, Amacolola, Turnip Town, Tallona, and Sharp Top. 
The best lands are in the valleys and on the water-courses ; 
inclined to be of a black sandy soil, adapted to corn, oa^ and 
rye. Wheat does not succeed so well. The broken lands 
having a growth of post oak, walnut and hickory, in the 
opinion of many are better suited to wheat than the lands on 



264 GILMER COUNTY. 

the rivers and creeks. The mountain lands are suitable only 
for grazing. For the best lands, ten dollars per acre may be 
put down as the average value. The uplands are w^orth about 
four dollars per acre. 

Minerals. — This county is rich in minerals. Gold exists 
at the White Paths, six miles from Ellijay, on the road lead- 
ing to Blairsville. The mines at this place embrace three lots 
owned by different persons, and have been worked for two 
years. One hundred and twenty pennyweights of gold have 
been found in this locality in one mass. Carticary mine, 10 miles 
E. of Ellijay, is a rich deposit mine. Iron ore, of a very excel- 
lent quality, is abundant. Beautiful marble, white, variegated, 
is found in several places, and it is confidently asserted that it 
is not to be excelled by any in the United States. Several 
gentlemen have entered largely into the marble business ; be- 
tween sixty and seventy hands are kept in constant employ in 
the quarries. Good mill-stones are found on Tallona creek. 

Mineral Springs. — On Briar creek is a spring having 
medicinal properties, besides others in various portions of the 
county. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — This county 
has been settled by people from various places, and it is diffi- 
cult to define with precision the character of the population. 
Our own observations would lead us to say that generally the 
citizens of this county are kind asid hospitable, not inclined 
to industrious habits, and not sufficiently interested in the 
subject of temperance. In political matters they are well 
informed, but in agricultural knowledge we think there is 
room for improvement. Bear hunting is a popular amuse- 
ment. The Cohuttah mountains, at certain seasons, abound 
with bear, and they often fall victims to the sure aim of the 
Gilmer rifle. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Missionary and 
Anti-Missionary, are the most numerous. The other denomi- 
nations are Methodists and Presbyterians. Schools are much 
wanted, and we are happy to state that a great interest is be- 
ginning to be felt in the cause of education. The country is 
still new, and allowances must be made for the want of schools. 

Early Settlers. — J. P. Alexander, Samuel Jones, Benja- 
min Griffith, Stephen Griffith, and others. 



GILMER COUNTY. 265 

Name. — Georgia has named all of her civil divisions, with 
the exception of the counties of Liberty, Union, Muscogee, 
Coweta, Cherokee, and Chattooga, after distinguished men. 
Messrs. Cass, Troup, Lumpkin, and Gilmer, are the only gentle- 
men now living, whose names are thus commemorated. If unwa- 
vering attachment to the principles of American liberty — if 
incorruptible integrity — if long and faithful services to his na- 
tive State — if strict adherence to justice and truth, at a period 
when jealousy, prejudice, and ignorance united in denouncing 
the judicial proceedings of Georgia " as unconstitutional, un- 
just and wicked," be qualities, the possession of which gives a 
citizen a claim to distinction, then is George R. Gilmer most 
justly deserving a conspicuous place on the catalogue of Geor- 
gia's worthy sons. Mr. Gilmer was born on the 11th of April, 
1790, on the southern side of Broad river, about two miles 
above the Fish Dam ford, then in the county of Wilkes, now 
Oglethorpe. His ancestors were among the most respectable 
citizens of Virginia, and many of his relatives acted a promi- 
nent part in the Indian wars, and in the war of the Revolu- 
tion. His father came from Augusta county, Virginia, to 
Georgia, in 1785, and settled in Wilkes county. 

The company into which young Gilmer was thrown, was 
of a character to inspire him with an aversion to tyranny^and 
injustice. Many of the original settlers of Wilkes had been in 
the Revolution, and some of them had occupied high stations 
in the army. With these, Mr. Gilmer's father was upon the 
most intimate terms, and they were accustomed to meet at 
his house, where the incidents and men of '76 were frequently 
the themes of conversation. Governor Matthews, Colonel 
Taliafero, and others of the same stamp, would notice the deep 
attention with which young Gilmer listened, and took much 
pleasure in communicating to him many facts associated with 
the Revolution, and the early history of Wilkes county, which 
left a strong impression upon his mind, and which have been 
treasured up to this day. Hence it is, that Mr. Gilmer now 
surpasses any man in Georgia, in a knowledge of the men and 
incidents of the revolutionary war, especially as it was con- 
ducted in the upper part of Georgia. He went to several 
schools, if schools they might be called, for it must be remem- 



266 GILMER COUNTY. 

bered, that at thai time the means of education were not as 
abundant as they are at this period. Now, the Latin, Greek, 
and Mathematics, are taught in almost every neighbourhood, 
but then, the only schools which existed were conducted by 
deserters from the army or navy, or by some adventurer, who 
with the multiplication table at his tongue's end, and ability to 
rehearse the Ten Commandments, came to Georgia for the 
purpose of enlightening the people. Of course, Gilmer derived 
no important advantages from schools of this description ; and 
fortunately for him, when he was thirteen years of age his fa- 
ther sent him to Dr. Wilson's Classical School, near Abbeville 
Court House, South Carolina, and afterwards to the Academy 
of Dr. Waddel. At these institutions he studied the languages, 
and would have entered college, but his ill health prevented. 
He then employed his time in teaching his younger brothers, 
and a few of the children in the neighbourhood of his father. 
After this, he commenced the study of the law with the Hon. 
Mr. Upson, but was compelled to abandon it, on account of 
his health, although he had been admitted to the bar. His 
physician, Dr. Bibb, then a Senator in Congress, believing that 
an active life might improve his health, obtained a commission 
for him in the regular army. 

In October, 1813, he was appointed First Lieutenant in the 
43d regiment of infantry, and took up his quarters near Wash- 
ington, where Capt. Tattnall had established a recruiting sta- 
tion. At this period, a friendship was formed between the 
latter officer and Lieutenant Gilmer, which was never after- 
wards broken. Both served together in a legislative capacity, 
not only in the House of Representatives in Georgia, but also 
in the Congress of the United States. As soon as a few re- 
cruits were collected, orders were received from General 
Pinckney to place them under a suitable officer, and to march 
them to the Creek territory. With this command Lieut. Gil- 
mer was invested, and by the prompt manner with which he 
executed his orders, as well as by his subsequent prudent ar- 
rangements, contributed most essentiaUy to the quiet of the 
whites, residing near the Chattahooche, and who had been 
much alarmed by hostile appearances on the part of the In- 
dians. After the war Mr. Gilmer returned to Oglethorpe, and 



GILMER COUNTY 267 

in 1818, commenced the practice of law at Lexington, and 
soon acquired reputation as an able lawyer. The citizens of 
Oglethorpe, relying upon his talents and patriotism, called upon 
him to represent their interests in the State Legislature ; and 
for two years he was their faithful representative. The jour- 
nals of the house for that period will show that his course was 
independent and fearless. By his exertions chiefly, a law was 
enacted to prevent private banking, at that time a very sore 
evil. Mr. Gilmer is entitled also to the praise of having made 
the first effort which excited public attention to the impor- 
tance of establishing an Appellate Court for the correction of 
Errors. In 1820 he was elected to Congress, and again in 
1824. In 1828 he was re-elected to Congress. He had left his 
home for Washington city, when Governor Forsyth issued his 
proclamation declaring his election, but failing to give notice 
of his acceptance within the time required by law, Governor 
Forsyth declared his appointment vacant, and ordered a new 
election. Mr. Gilmer declined being a candidate. 

As a member of Congress, Mr. Gilmer distinguished him- 
self by his ability and devotion to the interests of Georgia. 
His speeches evince much clearness of understanding, and vi- 
gour of intellect. We have now before us a speech which he 
delivered in Congress when the Revolutionary Pension Bill 
was before that body, which we think does him great honour. 
We will give an extract from this speech. Mr, Gilmer said, 
" that he did not understand that our debt of gratitude was 
confined to those who performed military service. It extend- 
ed to all who aided in the cause of freedom. Those men who 
filled the civil departments of the government ; those who de- 
fended our rights from 1763 to 1775, by exposing to the people 
their violation by British laws, and taught them their value ; 
who pointed out the consequences of submission to lawless 
taxation, and the glorious consequences of successful resist- 
ance — were they entitled to no gratitude for their services ? 
Sir," said Mr. G., " the battle of Lexington and Bunker Hill 
would never have been fought, but for the victory which vlme- 
rican intelligence had gained over British sophisti^y. Upon 
what principle was it, that the fatigues and exertions of the 
body were to be paid for, and not those of the mind ? And 



268 GILMER COUNTY. 

why forget that pure and elevated patriotism that united into 
one common feeHng of resistance the whole female society of 
the colonies to the British duty upon tea ? If we are to pay 
this debt of gratitude, we must compensate every impulse that 
carried forward the ball of the Revolution. What rule could 
be formed for determining the extent of the benefits conferred 
upon our country, by the soul-inspiring and spirit-stirring elo- 
quence of Patrick Henry ? We might yet have been depen- 
dent colonies, but for the unwearied industry and mental 
energies of Benjamin Franklin." Sentiments like these do 
honour to human nature. They emanate from a lofty, a ge- 
nerous heart. In 1828, Mr. Gilmer was a candidate for Go- 
vernor, and was elected, his opponent being Major Joel 
Crawford. In 1830, he was again a candidate for the guber- 
natorial chair, but was defeated by Mr. Lumpkin. In 1832, 
his fellow-citizens selected him as one of their representatives 
in Congress ; and in 1834 he was a candidate for re-election, 
but was defeated. In 183G, he was President of the Board 
of Electors of President and Vice-President, when the 
votes of that body were given for Judge White, of Ten- 
nessee. The next year he was elected to the chief magis- 
tracy of Georgia, the duties of which demanded so much la- 
bour as seriously to injure his health. No Governor of Geor- 
gia had ever been called upon to perform so many compli- 
cated and delicate duties. The situation of the Cherokee In- 
dians — the injustice said to have been practised upon them by 
the State of Georgia — the conflicting opinions of the United 
States Government, and the constituted authorities of Geor- 
gia, all conspired to render Governor Gilmer's administration 
any thing else than pleasant. Wisdom, prudence, and firm- 
ness were requisite to conduct the helm of state at this criti- 
cal period ; and we believe we utter the sentiments of every 
thinking man in Georgia, when we say that Governor Gilmer's 
administration was marked by all these attributes. 

Few persons have any idea of the immense responsibi- 
lities which devolved upon Mr. Gilmer, when Governor ; 
and although by his manly and independent course he received 
a large share of abuse, it is now acknowledged by all parties, 
that the policy he adopted was correct, and that the measures 



GILMER COUNTY. 269 

he recommended to the people of Georgia were wise. For in- 
stance, in his message to the Legislature, in 1830, he recom- 
mends that the lots of land which contain gold should be ex- 
empted from distribution by lottery. " The spirit of specula- 
tion which the disposition of the lands by lottery is calculated to 
produce, has always been the greatest objection to that system. 
The knowledge that the lands contained valuable mines of 
gold would increase that spirit to the most injurious extent. 
The community would become highly excited by the hope of 
acquiring great wealth without labour. The morals of the 
country would be in danger of corruption from the temptation 
which would be held out by law to the commission of innu- 
merable frauds. Regular industry and economy would for a 
time be suspended by restless idleness, and imaginary as well 
as real and unnecessary expenditures. In most cases even the 
successful owners of the rich prizes would not be really bene- 
fited. Prodigality is the usual result of riches suddenly and 
easily obtained. Mines are like the accumulation of the peo- 
ple's money in the public treasury. The government should 
manage them for general and not for individual advantage. 
If they should prove exceedingly profitable, the State would 
thereby be enabled to relieve the people from taxation, improve 
all the roads, render its rivers navigable, and extend the ad- 
vantages of education to every class of society," Now we 
are willing to submit these sentiments to the nicest sci'utiny. 
Their truth cannot be denied. Had the gold mines been re- 
served to the State, as recommended by Governor Gilmer, 
what an immense revenue would be at its command ! Rail- 
roads would be found running in every direction. Schools for 
the benefit of the poor would be established through the length 
and breadth of the State. The burden of taxation would be 
hardly felt, and our people would move onward in their career 
of prosperity. Again, Mr. Gilmer's course in regard to the 
missionaries confined in the penitentiary was looked upon as 
cruel and unjust. Now, what were the facts in this case ? 
By the laws then in force, no white person, however respect- 
able, had the right to reside in the Indian territory within 
Georgia, without a license granted him upon his taking the- 
oath to support the constitution and laws of the State. It was 
18 



270 GILMER COUNTY. 

noticed that many white persons residing in this territory were 
using exertions to thwart the policy of the General Govern- 
ment, and to oppose the execution of the laws of Georgia. 
The Legislature required that all white men residing among 
the Cherokees should take an oath to support the constitution 
and laws of Georgia. Two hundred and three took the re- 
quisite oath ; but an obstinate and perverse opposition was 
made to the authority of the State by certain missionaries in 
the employ of the American Board of Commissioners for Fo- 
reign Missions. These men refused to take the oath, and in 
various ways were opposing the policy of the General Govern- 
ment. They had been treated with remarkable forbearance. 
Due regard had been paid to their sacred office. No oath was 
required of them that would militate against their conscientious 
opinions. Dr. Butler and Mr. Worcester were not sentenced 
to the penitentiary for residing among the Cherokees, but for 
refusing to take an oath to support the laws of Georgia. They 
refused the clemency of Governor Gilmer, when offered to 
them, even upon the simple condition of removing from the 
territory, and whatever punishment they suffered was brought 
upon them by their own misconduct. We know Governor 
Gilmer to be one of the kindest men in the world. We believe 
that it would be impossible to induce him to commit an unkind 
act. He was only the organ of the people of Georgia, and he 
would have failed to shed " a lustre upon his native State" had 
he permitted himself to be influenced by the opinions of north- 
ern fanatics. The celebrated William Wirt proposed to Go- 
vernor Gilmer, in behalf of the Cherokees, to submit to the 
Supreme Court of the United States for its determination, upon 
a case to be made between the State of Georgia and the Che- 
rokees, the question " whether the Legislature of Georgia had 
competent authority to pass laws for the government of the 
Indians residing within its limits." To this proposition the 
Governor of Georgia would not for a moment listen. We have 
now before us the letter of Governor Gilmer, in reply to that of 
Mr. Wirt proposing the settlement of the Cherokee matters to 
the Supreme Court of the United States ; and as this letter con- 
tains much information, in regard to the true position of things 
at that time, and as few of our readers may have seen it, we 



GILMER COUNTY. . 271 

take much pleasure in laying it before them, believing that it 
should hold an exalted place in the annals of Georgia. 

Executive Department, Georgia, 

Milledgeville, 19th of June, 1S30. 

Sir, — Your communication, addressed to the Governor of 
Georgia, has been received, informing him of your employment 
by the Cherokee Indians to defend them against the operation 
of the laws of the State, and proposing a reference of what you 
have thought proper to call the dispute between the Cherokee 
nation and the State of Georgia to the Supreme Court of -the 
United States. The Governor of Georgia knows of no reason 
why he should be notified that professional duty required of 
you to take fees of all who ask your advice. Georgia claims 
no jurisdiction over the lawyers of Maryland. Your justifi- 
cation will have become appropriate when that State inter- 
feres with your professional business. Why it should be the 
misfortune of a citizen of Maryland (as you say it is yours), 
to differ with the constituted authorities of Georgia, is not 
very clearly understood You are neither responsible for the 
legislation of the State, nor subject to its control. There is 
no doubt but that many other lawyers, distinguished like your- 
self (as you say), profess to believe that the State has usurped 
authorit}^ and violated the faith of treaties, in passing laws for 
the protection of the rights, and punishing the crimes of the 
Indian people who reside within its limits. It is known that 
the extent of the jurisdiction of Georgia, and the policy of re- 
moving the Cherokees and other Indians to the West of the 
Mississippi, have become party questions. It is not, therefore, 
surprising that those who engage in the struggle for power should 
find usurpation and faithlessness in the measures of the Govern- 
ment accordingly as the loss of office or the hope of its 
acquisition, may enlighten their understandings. What you 
say of the fallibility of the constituted authorities of Georgia, 
is a truism of universal application, and can have no meaning 
but by your intention to render the application particular. 
You say that the Supreme Court of the United States is a 
high, impartial, and enlightened tribunal. Why such commen- 
dation ? The promise you make to use your professional in- 



272 • GILMER COUNTY. 

jfluence to prevent your clients, the Indians, from committing 
violence upon the people of Georgia, is very kind, coming as 
it does from a private citizen of another State, and will with- 
out doubt create an obligation upon the people whose safety is 
intended, commensurate with the favour to be received. There 
are no fears felt in Georgia from Indian violence, although it 
is highly probable that your efforts will be productive of some 
mischief. It is believed that the Cherokees in Georgia had de- 
termined to unite with that portion of their tribe who had 
removed to the West of the Mississippi, if the policy of the 
President were sustained by Congress. To prevent this result, 
as soon as it became highly probable that the Indian bill would 
pass, the Cherokees were persuaded that the right of self-gov- 
ernment would be secured to them by the power of the Su- 
preme Court, in defiance of the legislation of the General and 
State Governments. It was not known, however, until the 
receipt of your letter, that the spirit of resistance to the laws 
of the State, and views of the United States, which of late 
has been evident among the Indians, had, in any manner, 
been occasioned by your advice. Although insurrection 
among the Indian people of Georgia may be the consequence 
of your proceedings, and those who act in unison with you, 
the constituted authorities of the State disclaim all right to 
interfere with you in any manner, so long as you keep your- 
self beyond the jurisdiction of the State. You have thought 
proper to give the Governor of Georgia an account of the civil- 
ization of the Cherokees, describing those whom you have 
known to be polished gentlemen, and those whom you do not 
know to have ceased to be savages. What you say of the intelli- 
gence of the members of the Cherokee tribe who were in Wash- 
ington City last winter, is partly true, and equally descriptive of 
many others. They are not Indians, however, but the children 
of white men, whose corrupt habits or vile passions led them 
into connection with the Cherokee tribe. It is not surprising 
that the white men, and the children of white men, have avail- 
ed themselves of the easy means of acquiring wealth which 
the Cherokee territory has presented for thirty or forty years, 
nor that intelligence and spirited activity should increase with 
their increase of wealth ; nor that when wealth, intelligence. 



GILMER COUNTY. 273 

and industry were confined to tlie whites, and the children of 
white men, that the power over the tribe should become cen- 
tral in the same hands. But that these causes were calculated 
to produce similar effects upon the Indians (the real aborigines) 
is disproved by every example among the thousands which the 
experience of the two last centuries has furnished in every 
part of this continent. The Cherokees have lost all that was 
valuable in their Indian character — have become spiritless, de- 
pendent, and depraved as the whites, and their children have 
become wealthy, intelligent, and powerful. So long as the 
Cherokees retained their primitive habits, no disposition was 
shown by the States, under the protection of whose govern- 
ments they resided, to make them subject to their laws. Such 
policy would have been cruel, because it would have interfered 
with their habits of life, the enjoyments peculiar to Indians, 
and the kind of government which accorded with those habits 
and enjoyments. It was the power of the whites, and their 
children among the Cherokees, that destroyed the ancient laws, 
customs, and authority of the tribe, and subjected the natives 
to the rule of that most oppressiv^e of governments, an oli- 
garchy. There is nothing surprising in this result. From the 
character of the people, and the causes operating upon them, 
it could not have been otherwise. It was this state of things 
that rendered it obligatory upon the State of Georgia to vindi- 
cate her rights of sovereignty, by abolishing all Chei'okee 
government within its limits. Whether intelligent or ignorant, 
the State of Georgia has passed no law violative of the 
liberty, personal security, or private property of any Indian. 
It has been the object of humanity and wisdom to separate 
the two classes among them, giving the rights of citizenship 
to those who are capable of performing its duties, and properly 
estimating its privileges, and increasing the enjoyment, and 
the probability of future improvements to the ignorant and idle, 
by removing them to a situation where the inducements to 
action will be more in accordance with the character of the 
Cherokee people. Your suggestion that it would be conve- 
nient and satisfactory if yourself, the Indians, and the Governor 
would make up a law case, to be submitted to the Supreme 
Court for the determination of the question, whether the Legis- 



274 GILMER COUNTY. 

lature of Georgia has competent authority to pass laws for the 
government of the Indians residing within its limits : however 
courteous the manner and conciliatory the phraseology, cannot 
but be considered exceedingly disrespectful to the government 
of the State. No one knows better than yourself, that the 
Governor would grossly violate his duty, and exceed his autho- 
rity, by complying with such a suggestion ; and that both the 
letter and spirit of the powers conferred by the constitution 
upon the Supreme Court, forbid its adjudging such a question. 
Your suggestion is but an evidence of the state of that contest 
in which the advocates of power are exerting themselves to 
increase the authority of the departments of the General Gov- 
ernment; whilst the friends of liberty and the rights of the 
people are in opposition, endeavouring to sustain the sove- 
reignty of the States. It is hoped that the efforts of the Gene- 
ral Government to execute its contract with Georgia, to secure 
the continuance and advance the happiness of the Indian tribes, 
and to give quiet to the country, may be so effectually success- 
ful, as to prevent the necessity of any further intercourse 
upon this subject. 

Yours, &c., 

George R. Gilmer. 
William Wirt, Esq. 

Whilst Mr. Gilmer was Governor, in 1837 and 1838, the 
Indians were removed from Georgia, and we have no doubt 
that by their removal their condition has been greatly im- 
proved. Mr. Gilmer has retired from public life, and holds no 
appointment except that of trustee of Franklin College. He 
resides in Lexington, Oglethorpe county, and devotes his time 
to the cultivation of a farm. For recreation he has explored 
much of the country in the vicinity of Lexington, and has 
collected a most beautiful cabinet of minerals and Indian 
relics. In stature he is about five feet nine inches — com- 
plexion sallow — piercing eyes. In his dress plain, and what 
some might consider unfashionable. His manners are pecu- 
liarly fascinating. His mind is filled with immense stores of 
historical lore. His conversational powers are uncommonly 
great, and no one can be in his company without forming the 
conclusion that he possesses no ordinary powers of mind. 



GLYNN COUNTY. 275 

We are not acquainted with Mr. Gilmer's religious opinions, 
but we know that he holds in high regard the institutions of 
Christianity ; that he possesses a generous heart, which leads 
him to aid the wretched and relieve the needy. " Serus in 
caelutn redeas." 



GLYNN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Mcintosh ; E. by 
the Atlantic ; S. by Camden, and W. by Wayne. It is one 
among the oldest counties in Georgia, being first laid out into 
two parishes, viz., St. Patrick's and St. David's, in 1765, al- 
though extensive settlements had been made many years ante- 
rior to that period. In 1777 the parishes above named were 
formed into the county of Glynn. Length 22 miles ; breadth 
18 ; square miles 396. 

Rivers, Creeks, Swamps. — The Alatamaha, Turtle, Little 
St. Ilia, McCoy's, and St. Simon's, are the chief streams. The 
creeks are Academy, Fort's, Gibson's, Cowpen, Burnett's, Ten 
Mile, Wallace. There are many large swamps, such as Buf- 
falo, Little Buffalo, College and Turkey. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840 the pop- 
ulation of the county was 5,302 ; in 1845, 4,327 ; of these 617 
whites, 3,710 blacks. Amount of state tax returned in 1848, 
$2,674 03. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Brunswick, Bethel, Frederica. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is broken by extensive swamps, which, when 
drained, become the most valuable lands in the county. The 
soil may be thus described : First, the pine barrens, having a 
light sandy soil unfit for cultivation unless highly manured. 
Second, hammock lands, light and sandy but fertile, peculiarly 
adapted to the cultivation of cotton. Third, tide lands, which 
consist of river swamp lands within the limits of the proper 
rise and fall of the tides. These constitute the fertile rice 
lands of the Alatamaha. Fourth, inland swamp, consisting of 
a rich clay soil, productive if drained and embanked. The 
swamp lands bordering the Alatamaha in some places are two 
miles wide and of inexhaustible fertility. The product of rice 



376 GLYNN COUNTY. 

is from 30 to 80 bushels per acre. Corn upon hammock lands 
averages 15 bushels per acre. When manured they have been 
known to yield 50 bushels per acre. Pine lands average 8 
bushels per acre. Cotton averages about 125 pounds clean per 
acre. The islands have a gray soil, and produce cotton, corn, 
potatoes, peas, cane, &c. Apricots, figs, oranges, and some 
other tropical fruits grow to great perfection. Olives too are 
successfully cultivated, and oil made from the olive grown 
upon St. Simon's has been pronounced by competent judges to 
be inferior to no article of the same kind made in Europe. As 
it is the opinion of many intelligent persons that the olive can 
not only be successfully but profitably cultivated in our State, 
we here insert copious extracts from a letter on this subject 
written by James H. Couper, Esq., one of the most scientific 
planters in Glynn, and w^ho has had much experience in the 
culture of the olive. The letter was originally addressed to 
the Hon. Mitchell King, of Charleston, who read it at a meet- 
ing of the South Carolina Agricultural Society. Says Mr. Cou- 
per : " The first and all-important question which presents itself 
is whether our climate is adapted to the olive tree. The facts 
which will be presented are, I think, decisive that the immediate 
seaboard of South Carolina, Georgia, and the whole of Flori- 
da, and the borders of the Gulf of Mexico, are as suitable for 
the cultivation of the olive as the south of France.'' After 
proving from a variety of facts that the climate of the olive 
region in France is no milder than the maritime districts of 
South Carolina, Georgia, and the whole of Florida, Mr. Cou- 
per proceeds thus : " The actual growth of the olive tree itself 
proves this most conclusively. At Dungeness, on Cumberland 
island, Georgia, a number of trees bore abundantly before the 
fatal spring of 1835. In 1825 my father imported, through a 
French house in Charleston, two hundred trees from Provence, 
via the Languedoc canal and Bourdeaux. They were five 
months on the way, and did not arrive until May ; notwith- 
standing which a very few only failed to grow. These trees 
were planted at Cannon's Point, his residence, on St. Simon's 
Island, lat. 31° 20', and had borne several crops of olives when 
the severe cold of February, 1835, (8*^ of Fahrenheit,) injured 
them so much that it was necessary to cut them down to the 



GLYNN COUNTY. 277 

ground. They all threw up shoots from the old stumps ; and 
many of them have now attained to a diameter of nine inches. 
For the last two years they have produced some fruit ; and 
this year about one half of the trees are bending under the 
weight of an abundant crop. About one hundred trees raised 
from cuttings, are also beginning to bear. It is now twenty- 
one years since the importation of these trees, and with the 
exception of the destructive season of 1835, they have never 
in the slightest degree been injured by the cold. The last 
winter was one of unusual severity ; the thermometer having 
sunk to 19° Fahrenheit; and although the sweet oranges on 
the same plantation were much injured, some having been cut 
down to the ground, I could not perceive that a single leaf 
among 250 olive trees had been touched by the frost. This 
experience is certainly very satisfactory, the more particularly 
as it is certain that the season of 1835 was the coldest known 
on this coast for at least one hundred years, as is proved by 
the destruction of orange trees on St. Simon's Island, which 
had stood since the occupation of that island by Gen. Ogle- 
thorpe, and of others at St. Augustine, which dated still farther 
back. The effect of one such disastrous year should not dis- 
courage the introduction of so valuable a tree. In the south 
of France they have persevered in its cultivation, although in 
1709 and 1788, almost every tree was destroyed to the ground, 
and they were severely injured in 1740, 1745, 1748, 1755, and 
1768. It may be doubted whether the olive tree can be culti- 
vated beyond the influence of the sea air on the coast of Caro- 
lina and Georgia with the varieties at present known. But it 
may be hoped that this plant will in time become acclimated ; 
and that by pursuing the plan of raising from the seed, which 
has been found to produce hardier plants, new kinds adapted to 
a greater range of climate may in time be introduced. The 
gradual extension of the olive from the southern to the northern 
shores of the Mediterranean would encourage this expectation. 
The southern coasts of Italy and Spain, which are now the 
great oil markets of the world, were destitute of the olive du- 
ring the early periods of Roman history. 

" The suitableness of the soil of our southern coast to the 
olive tree, admits of no doubt. It thrives in every soil which 



278 GLYNN COUNTY. 

is not wet. That the sandy lands of our seaboard are adapt- 
ed to the olive, needs no other proof than the luxuriant growth 
of the trees on St. Simon's and Cumberland islands. Should 
the olive become acclimated to the interior of the States of 
South Carolina and Georgia, it will find in the open and 
gravelly soil of the tertiary slope, between the granite ridge, 
and the tide water, its most congenial soil. The next question 
which presents itself is the introduction of that tree, likely to 
prove such a source of profit to the agriculturist as to be 
worthy his attention. A calm examination of this part of the 
subject, will probably disappoint those whose standard of pro- 
fit has been the exaggerated hopes of the cotton culture, and 
who tolerate no delay in reaping the reward of their labour ; 
but it may present a sufficient inducement to devote some 
time and expense to the subject, to a class of persons less im- 
patient of growing rich, and who believe that the direction of 
a part of the agricultural labour of the Southern States to new 
objects, is called for by the excessive production of a few 
staples, and that the introduction of a new plant affording a 
wholesome and nutritious article of food, and which is impor- 
tant to many valuable manufacturers, will add very materially 
to the wealth, happiness and independence of the country. 
The distance at which the olive trees are planted is regulated 
by the circumstance, whether the ground is to be devoted 
solely to them, or is to be cultivated at the same time in grain. 
In the first case they are placed nearer, and in the latter far- 
ther apart. It may be assumed as a safe ground of calcula- 
tion, that 25 trees may be planted to the acre, when the land 
is cropped, and 50 if devoted exclusively to the olive. The 
product of oil varies very much with the size of the tree, the 
character of the soil, and the fruitfulness of the season. In 
France, we are informed that at Toulon they have great trees 
that are known to yield 20 to 30 livres a tree, (40 to 60 lbs., or 
from 5| to 8^ gallons of oil). When they give a crop, which 
is once in two years, and sometimes once in three, small trees 
yield 3 livres (6 lbs.), 5 livres (10 lbs.), and 6 livres (12 lbs.) 
each. ' In Languedoc, olives pay in general 3 livres (6 lbs.) 
each tree per annum, some 5 livres (10 lbs.). At Pingean, 
some large and fine trees are known to give 84 lbs. of oil, or 



GLYNN COUNTY. 279 

11^ gallons, as the gallon weighs 7^ lbs. ; but they reckon that 
good trees give 6 livres (12 lbs.) one with another." In the 
article Olive, in Michaux' North American Sylva., vol. 2, page 
196, Mr. Hillhouse observes, * the mean produce of a tree may 
be assumed in France, at 10 lbs. (1^ gals.) ; and in Italy at 
15 lbs. (2 gallons,) ; but single trees have been known in the 
productive season to yield 300 lbs. (41 gallons). Young 
states the produce of a field of 209 trees in Tuscany to 
have been in 

1786, 30 barrels, (150 lbs. each) or 615 gals. 

1787, 3 " " " " 61 " 

1788, 8 " " " " 164 " 

1789, 25 " " " " 512 " 



66 barrels, 1352, " or 

average per annum of 338 gallons, being 1| gallons per tree.' 
On a very bad stony soil, though in the plain, I found it took 
20 trees of 25 years' growth to yield a barrel of oil (20^ gal- 
lons) ; but in a fine soil and with very old trees, a barrel per 
tree has been known.' 

" From these statements, assuming that the district to which 
I have conjecturally limited the olive culture has a climate as 
favourable for it as that in the South of France, we may place 
the product of a tree in full bearing, as giving a mean annual 
yield of one gallon of oil, or 25 gallons to the acre, when the 
land is cultivated at the same time in some other crop, or at 
50 gallons if exclusively devoted to the olive. Estimating the 
oil at the moderate price of 75 cents per gallon, and the value 
will be in the former case, $18f per acre, and in the latter, 
$37^. But to the first must be added the value of the corn or 
other crops cultivated on the same land ; and which may be 
put down at nearly a full crop every second year, as the trees 
are reckoned in Italy to diminish the grain crop only one- 
fifth. 

" If the facts given above are sufficient to prove the impor- 
tance and practicability of cultivating the olive among us, no 
impediment is presented by the difficulty of propagating it, as 
it is readily increased by seed, by cuttings, suckers, portions 
of the root, or by grafting. The mode of raising by the seed 



280 GLYNN COUNTY. 

is only resorted to in order to produce new varieties, or as 
stocks for grafting, as the fruit from seedlings, although yield- 
ing an oil of a more delicate and higher flavour, is usually 
very small. Grafting improves the quality of the fruit ; but 
is not so generally resorted to as propagation by suckers and 
cuttings. The last is the most practised. Limbs from an 
inch to an inch and a half in diameter, are cut in lengths of 
from twelve to fifteen inches. Trenches five feet apart and 
six to eight inches deep being prepared, the cuttings are 
placed in them, about eighteen inches apart, and in an oblique 
position, so that when the earth is filled in, from one to two 
inches will remain above the ground. On the exposed end a 
little gardener's cement should be smeared, to exclude the 
water ; and over the whole some moss or loose sand is drawn, 
for some time, to diminish the evaporation. In dry weather 
the cuttings should occasionally be watered, until they have 
taken root. Until the third year nothing more is required 
than to cultivate among the young plants, and to trim them to a 
single stem. When three years old, the young trees should be 
planted out in the usual way, at distances of from thirty to 
forty-eight feet. The holes should be made large and deep, 
and had better be dug several months before the trees are put 
out. The subsequent cultivation consists in removing the 
suckers, trimming out the dead wood, in manuring moderately 
once in three or four years, digging around the roots annually, 
and in ploughing once a year the intervals, unless a crop of 
grain is cultivated among them. Much difference of opinion 
exists in France, on the subject of pruning ; but unless it is 
deemed desirable to keep the trees low for the facility of 
gathering the fruit, or to diminish the risk of their being blown 
down by high winds, all that appears to be necessary is to re- 
move the decayed wood, and to keep the head of the tree mo- 
derately open, for the free admission of light and heat. With 
us, the liability to severe gales of wind, will recommend low 
trimming : and the same evil will probably lead to the practice 
of grafting on seedling stocks, the tap root of which will in- 
sure the stability of the future tree. From cuttings, in thin 
soils, the roots will be too superficial for safety. 

" The manufacture of this oil is extremely simple ; and re- 



GLYNN COUNTY. 281 

quires no very complicated or expensive machinery. The 
latter consists of a mortar, a revolving stone, or some other 
contrivance for separating the pulp from the stones, and of 
rendering it a paste ; a revolving stone, like a bark or cider- 
mill for crushing the stones ; a lever or screw press for the 
pressing of the oil from the pulp and stones ; bags of coarse 
cloth or hair to contain the pulp ; and wooden or earthen- 
ware vessels for receiving the oil from the presses, and for se- 
parating it from the mucilage. 

'' As soon as the olives are ripe, which is indicated by their 
becoming of a dark colour and soft, they are gathered by hand, 
and spread out over floors to the depth of a few inches. In 
this situation they remain three days, being turned daily, and the 
decayed berries carefully picked out. They are then placed in 
the mortar or under a stone, and moderately triturated, until the 
pulp is reduced to a paste, and is detached from the stones. 
The stones having been removed, the pulp is then put into 
coarse and strong bags, and placed under the press, which 
should be worked very slowly at first. From the press the oil 
mixed with mucilage runs into wooden vessels, half filled with 
water. After standing from twelve to twenty-four hours, to 
give time to the mucilage to separate from the oil, the latter is 
decanted into other vessels, and remains undisturbed for about 
twenty days. It is then ready to be decanted again, and 
finally put into barrels, in which it is to remain. During this 
repose, nearly all the mucilage will have been precipitated; 
but the oil is still liable to be troubled until it has been exposed 
to the cold. 

" The oil from this expression is of the first quality. The pulp 
or cake remaining in the bags from this first pressure, is then 
broken up, moistened with warm water, returned to the bags, 
and again pressed. The oil from it is nearly equal to the 
first, and may be mixed with it. 

" The stones having been reduced to a paste by grinding 
under stones, are pressed in the same way, and yield an in- 
ferio oil, of a harsh taste, and running rapidly into a state of 
rancidity. The refuse of the manufacture forms a valuable 
manure. 

" The above is a mere outline of the mode of cultivating the 



282 GLYNN COUNTY. 

the, olive, and of extracting the oil. To enter fully into the 
subject, would occupy many sheets of paper ; and such de- 
tailed information is probably foreign to your purpose, which, 
it is presumed, is to recommend it to the attention of the South, 
by presenting for consideration its most important features ; — 
and to go no farther into minutiae than may be necessary to 
an accurate knowledge and correct appreciation of it. 

" The experiment made by my father — who, though 88 years 
no longer allow of his taking an active part in field operations, 
is still deeply interested in the subject — has proved so satis- 
factory, that it is my intention to prosecute it on a larger scale. 
We have succeeded perfectly in pickling the olive, and in mak- 
ing from it the finest oil I have ever tasted. This season I ex- 
pect to make several hundred bottles of oil ; and if I am not 
disappointed by a hurricane, I hope this winter to submit a 
sample for your critical judgment. Having now about 250 
trees of various ages ; and intending to increase them, I hope 
in a few years to be able to test conclusively the question of 
the olive culture in Georgia. The experiment will not be a 
costly one, as the ground occupied by olivesus cultivated at the 
same time in other crops." 

Some years ago sugar was made to some great extent in 
Glynn, but its culture has been discontinued for sale, except on 
two plantations. 

Early Settlers. — A long list of the early settlers might 
be inserted, if space permitted. We will mention only the 
names of a few : Major Horton, John Couper, William Mcin- 
tosh, James Harrison, Moses Burnett, John Piles, William 
Clubbs, John B. Jirardeau, Thomas Spalding, and others. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians, 
Baptists, and Episcopalians. 

Besides the County Academy, which is well endowed, 
there are a few district schools of an elementary character. 
The wealthy classes employ private tutors for their children. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. 
The temperature is, however, moderated by the sea breezes, 
and the thermometer rarely exceeds 90^. 

In the summer and autumn fevers and agues occur in the 
lower lands. The islands are regarded as desirable places of 



GLYNN COUNTY. 283 

resort during the sickly season ; in very wet seasons they are 
occasionally subject to light cases of fever. 

A large number of persons have lived to a great age in 
this county. On St. Simon's, there are, in a population 
of 80 whites, six heads of families who are more than 75 
years of age. Mr. P. Grant was 84 when he died ; was at 
the battle of Bloody Marsh under Gen. Oglethorpe. The wife 
of this gentleman died at the age of 80. Captain Christopher 
Poullain Dubignon died at 87 years. Mr. John Couper is 
now living, who has reached more than 90 years, possessed 
of great conversational powers, extraordinary memory, and 
whose mind is stored with highly interesting incidents con- 
nected with southern Georgia. This gentleman and the Hon. 
Thomas Spalding, of the adjoining island of Sapelo, are the 
only two surviving signers of the Constitution of Georgia. 

Minerals, Rocks, Fossils, Shells. — There are no miner- 
als or rocks in this section, but a great variety of interesting 
fossils have been found in different places. In the Brunswick 
canal, during the years 1838 and 1839, a large quantity of fos- 
sil bones was discovered. 

This county has acquired much celebrity among the na- 
turalists of Europe and this country for the number of beau- 
tiful and rare shells which have their habitat in its rivers and 
creeks. Among these is the Unio spinosus, said to be found 
only in the Alatamaha river, and which is esteemed very 
highly by the lovers of Conchology. A reference to the Cata- 
logue of shells found in Georgia, will show that this county is 
peculiarly rich in unios, anadontas, ampullaria, &c. 

Character of the People. — Intelligence is a leading trait 
in the character of the people. Many of the planters have 
been educated in northern colleges, and their minds have been 
enriched by foreign travel. In polite literature, in philosophy, 
in political knowledge, some of the citizens have gained a 
high reputation. Their writings have not only ornamented 
the pages of scientific works in the United States, but also 
those of Europe, and have received the unqualified approba- 
tion of learned societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Hos- 
pitality also eminently characterizes the people of Glynn. 
The well furnished house of the planter is always open to the 



284 GLYNN COUNTY. 

traveller, and the offer of compensation is alnnost regarded as 
an indignity. Properly introduced, the stranger is made to 
understand that he is at home. Horses, guns, boats, and well- 
stocked libraries are at his command, and he soon feels that 
he is amongst those whose principal gratification is derived 
from seeing him happy. No one can spend a week in Glynn 
without coming to the conclusion that he is in no ordinary 
society. 

Amusements. — The amusements are hunting, dancing, visit- 
ing, and fishing. Boat-racing is also a favourite pastime with 
the inhabitants of the island. In nothing do the planters pride 
themselves more than in their boats, which are constructed 
with a special view to elegance and lightness. Washington 
Irving says, that when in England he heard gentlemen dwell on 
the shape and beauty of particular trees on their estates, with 
as much pride and technical precision as though they had been 
discussing the merits of statues in their collection ;" and the 
same remark is applicable to the islanders of Glynn, that, in- 
stead of discussing the merits of trees, they discuss the merits 
of their beautiful boats. These boats have generally fancy 
names, such as Lady Love, Star, Lightning, Lizard, &c. A 
boat race is an exciting occurrence to all classes, but especial- 
ly to the slaves, who really think that the reputation of the 
plantations to which they belong, depends upon the swiftness 
of their masters' boats. 

Towns. — Brunswick is the seat of justice for this county ; 
situated on the east bank of an arm or branch of Turtle river, 
201 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 80 S. S. W. of Savannah, 8 
miles from St. Simon's lighthouse, and about 13 miles from St. 
Simon's bar. " The site of the town is a beautiful bluff of 
close sand ; the soil is perfectly dry and very eligible for a 
large city, being elevated from eight to twelve feet above high 
water, and extending itself up and down the river for upwards 
of two miles, affording a delightful situation for a town of the 
largest extent. The beauty of its location, its splendid river, and 
circumjacent islands, make it altogether the handsomest site 
we have seen on our coast for the erection of a commercial 
emporium and naval depot." Three naval officers, appointed 
by Congress to report on the comparative advantages and faci- 



GLYNN COUNTY. 285 

lities of a port, south of the Chesapeake, for the estaWishment of 
a navy yard, unhesitatingly declared it as their opinion, that 
Brunswick possessed greater facilities for such purposes than 
any place south of Chesapeake Bay. The basin is capacious 
enough for vessels of the largest size. At the outer bar there 
is an unvarying depth of water of not less than 18 feet, at low 
tide, and about 24 at high. Induced by the advantages of 
Brunswick as a port, and by other circumstances, efforts were 
made to bring it into notice ; but these were unsuccessful, and 
Brunswick no longer attracts public attention. 

Frederica is on the west side of St. Simon's island, and 
was settled in 1739. It received its name in honour of Frede- 
rick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the Second. It was 
laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing 
each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange 
trees. This place was the favourite residence of General 
Oglethorpe, and figures much in the early history of Georgia ; 
but its days of glory have departed, and Frederica of 1849, 
cannot be recognised as the Frederica of 1739, with its regu- 
lar magistracy, strong fortifications round the town, &c. 

Seasons. — This county has experienced a full share of 
disasters by hurricanes. In 1752, and 8th September, 1804, 
and on the 14th September, 1824, occurred hurricanes which 
did much injury to the crops and buildings. 

Islands. — On the coast of this county are numerous islands, 
the chief of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Colonel's, Blythe, 
Crispin, Little St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock, 
Latham's, &c. 

St. Simon's is between the Alatamaha and St. Simon's 
Sound, separated from the main land by Macoy's river. It is 
twelve miles long and three broad. 

Jekyl is a pretty island, so called by Oglethorpe, after Sir 
Joseph Jekyl, an eminent lawyer and eloquent statesman of 
England. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are very good. 

Agricultural Productions for 1848. — The following 
statement is furnished by James Myers, Esq., receiver of tax 
returns for the county ; 
19 



286 GLYNN COUNTY. 

No. of bags of Sea Island cotton, . . 1,519 
" bushels of rough rice, . . 91,416 
corn, .... 44,165 
" sweet potatoes, . 27,120 

" " cow peas, . , . 3,815 

" barrels of syrup, . . . 105 

" " sugar, .... 1,099 

Mills, &c. — There are no public mills, except a lum- 
ber-mill at Brunswick. Three steam-engines are used on 
rice plantations, on the Alatamaha, to thresh and pound rice; 
and horse-gins for cleaning cotton are found on the principal 
cotton plantations. 

Markets. — Savannah and Charleston. » 

ANTiauiTiEs, — Indian mounds are of frequent occurrence; 
but the most remarkable monument of that race is to be found 
in the large collections of oyster shells on the islands. In some 
places they form hillocks fifteen feet high, and frequently cover 
several acres to the depth of many feet. The existence of 
arrow heads and pieces of broken pottery among them leaves 
no doubt of their origin. At Frederica are still to be seen the 
remains of Oglethorpe's fortifications, and of the tabby-houses 
erected by him. 

Miscellaneous Notices. — In 1736, when Oglethorpe came 
to Georgia, and settled at Frederica, the most interesting man 
next to himself, was Captain Horton. He had been a gentle- 
man of family and fortune in England ; but, like many in his 
rank of life, had been extravagant. He joined General Ogle- 
thorpe's regiment, and upon his arrival in Georgia, settled at 
Jekyl island, and established a brewery. With white labour- 
ers and supernumerary soldiers he cleared 400 acres of live- 
oak land, which he planted in barley and rye, besides 22 acres 
of low ground, which he planted with hops. He erected the 
necessary buildings for a brewery, and supplied the regiment 
with porter and beer. The Hon. Thomas Spalding has often 
been assured, by persons who had drank these articles, that 
they were as good as those made in England. He also planted 
10,000 orange trees, running in extended avenues along the 
island. A few of these trees were in full growth until 1835, 
when they were killed by the frosts. When General Ogle- 



GLYNN COUNTY. 287 

thorpe left Georgia for England, Major Horton was intrusted 
with the command of his regiment, and of the province. He 
removed to Savannah, and continued to administer the govern- 
ment until he died. 

A battle was fought, July 7, 1742, on St. Simon's island, 
between Oglethorpe's regiment and the Spaniards. The latter 
were defeated with great loss, and the place where the engage- 
ment occurred has ever since been called " Bloody Marsh." 

In 1788, the Creek Indians overran the country from the 
Alatamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnet, father of 
Col. Burnet, whose name appears as a signer of the Constitu- 
tion of 1798, lived at the head of Turtle river with his family 
and slaves, attending to large stocks of cattle. All the people had 
fled from the main land, to the islands. Going out one day 
with his son, the late Col. Burnet, he discovered Indians at 
some distance sitting upon a high log, armed with rifles. 
"John," said the old man, "let us charge them." " Father," 
the son replied, " do not charge them ; there are more Indians 
behind the log." " Come, John," the father replied, " we 
must charge." He did charge, and his son followed him. 
When they had reached within a few yards of the log, ten 
Indians rose up and discharged their entire fire upon the old 
man. He received several wounds, one of which, in the ear, 
finally proved mortal. With the aid of his son and a black 
boy, he was able to reach his house. About two weeks after, 
100 Indians in the dead of night stole into his enclosure, hav- 
ing killed the negro who stood sentinel at the gate. They at- 
tempted to fire the house, in which there were five or six males 
and two females. Repeated efforts were made by the savages 
to force the doors, but those within were upon the alert, and 
continued firing upon the enemy for four hours. The eldest 
daughter of Capt. Burnet, assisted by her younger sister, 
loaded the muskets below and handed them through the scuttle 
to their brothers above. The firing was heard at St. Simon's 
island, many of the inhabitants of which came to the beach 
to listen to it ; and as soon as daylight came, thirty men col- 
lected and proceeded to Mr. Burnet's. Upon their arrival, 
they found that within the house one negro had been killed. 
Mr, Moses Burnet received three severe wounds. All of Mr. 



288 GLYNN COUNTY. 

Burnet's negroes had been carried away by the Indians. 
Some months afterwards, the Indians acknowledged to the 
Commissioners who made the treaty at Colerain, that during 
the night of the attack upon Mr. Burnet's house their loss had 
exceeded thirty men. 

During the war of 1812, a detachment of one hundred men 
from Cumberland island, of the British invading army, took 
possession of St. Simon's, where they remained for three 
weeks. Whilst on the island, they succeeded in carrying off 
three hundred slaves. To the credit of many of the negroes, 
they remained true to their masters. On the plantation of Mr, 
Couper, a remarkable instance of fidelity occurred in the 
conduct of his driver, Tom, who is worthy of a passing notice, 
not only for his great fidelity and intelligence, but from having 
come probably farther from the interior of Africa than any 
other negro in America ; his native village being Silla, on the 
Niger, a few days' journey west of the celebrated city of Tim- 
buctoo. He is a Mahometan in religion, and of the Foolah 
nation, the most intelligent of the native African tribes. 

Name. — The county of Glynn may be proud of bearing 
the name of John Glynn, who was eminent in his profession 
as a lawyer, highly esteemed for his probity of character, and 
conspicuous for his love and unwavering support of rational 
and constitutional liberty. His known liberal principles made 
him the ardent friend of the American colonies, and it was to 
honour these principles that the State of Georgia attached his 
name to this portion of her territory. In the Annual Register, 
from 1758 to 1779, the name of Sergeant Glynn frequently 
appears as a leading counsel in the most important law cases, 
and he is uniformly mentioned with respect, for his modera- 
. tion, independence, conscientiousness, and learning. In his 
address to the freeholders of Middlesex, which he represented 
in Parliament, he says : " Honour or infamy will deservedly 
attend me in the same manner as my future conduct shall an- 
swer or disappoint your expectations. I do not owe your sup- 
port to any personal friendship or connexions, and am therefore 
free even from the temptation of leaning to them : my obliga- 
tions are to the public ; and to the public I will return them. 
The freedom of a county election is the last sacred privilege 



GREENE COUNTY. 289 

we have left ; and it does not become any honest Englishman 
to survive it. For my own part, I will not. I think tameness 
in a cause like this, is infamy. I promise that no discourage- 
ment shall ever make me desert you, who have shown that 
you will not desert yourselves." Sentiments worthy the atten- 
tion of American freemen ! Mr. Glynn obtained his seat in 
Parliament without the expenditure of a single shilling. He 
was distinguished for the equity, energy and ability with which 
he opposed Lord Mansfield's writ of attachment for a supposed 
contempt in case of libel, and was the first practitioner who 
dared to controvert the legal opinions of the Chief Justice.* 
He was the counsel of Wilkes, when he was prosecuted by 
the British Government for writing the 45lh number of the 
North Briton and the Essay on Woman, and in 1769 he pleaded 
as a member of the House of Commois in favour of Wilkes. f 
For his conduct on the trial of Wilkes, he gained much ap- 
plause. From various parts of the kingdom thanks were sent 
to him for the zealous efforts he made to defend the constitu- 
tional liberties of the subject. He was Sergeant of London, 
the legal adviser of the first city in the world, until his death, 
which occurred in 1779. 



GREENE. 

Boundaries, Exent. — The boundaries of this county are 
as follows : — On the North, Clarke and Oglethorpe ; on the 
East, Taliafero ; on the South, Hancock and Putnam ; and on 
the West, Putnam and Morgan. Laid out from Washington 
in 1786, and portions of it since that period added to Hancock, 
Oglethorpe, Clarke, and Taliafero. It is 22 miles long, and 17 
miles wide, containing 374 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ogeechee river, which rises in the 
county seven miles northwest of Greenesborough. The Georgia 

* Posthumous Works of Junius, 
f Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George III. 



290 GREENE COUNTY. 

Railroad passes over the head waters of the Ogeechee, on the 
plantation of Mr. Burke. The Oconee and Appalachee water 
this county. The smaller streams which empty into the 
Oconee, are Town, Beaver Dam, and Richland creeks. 
Shoulder Bone rises in this county. 

Post Offices. — Greenesborough, Cracker's Neck, Merrell, 
Penfield, Public Square, Scull Shoals, Union Point, White 
Plains. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Greene, in 1845, 
had a population of 4,515 whites, and 7,458 blacks; total, 
11,973. Amount of State tax for 1848, $5,158,75 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild, and 
as healthy as any portion of middle Georgia ; subject to few 
diseases, and those principally arising from colds. Instances 
of longevity are not rare. Mr. William Harris died in this 
county at the age of 100 years ; Rev. F. Cummins, 82; Mr. 
Archibald Perkins, 94 — was at the battle of Guilford Court 
House ; Mr. Stewart, 90 ; Mr. Shaw, 87 ; Major Pullain, 87 ; 
and others could be named, if our limits allowed. 

Towns. — Greenesborough is the capital, eligibly located 
between the waters of Richland and Beaver Dam creeks, 40 
miles north of Milledgeville, 22 miles from Eatonton, 18 from 
Madison, 25 from Lexington, and 31 from Washington. The 
town is laid off with taste, and many of the buildings are 
beautiful. The water is excellent. Population about 600. 
It has a splendid court-house nearly finished, a jail, two 
hotels, two churches, two academies, six stores, &c. Great 
attention is paid to their gardens by the citizens. The verdant 
shades and shrubbery which surround many of the residences, 
will challenge the admiration of the visitor. Greenesborough 
was incorporated in 1803. 

Penfield, seven miles north of Greenesborough, is the seat 
of Mercer University. Population about 300. 

White Plains, 11 miles S. E. of Greenesborough, is a small 
village ; one church, two or three stores. It has an excellent 
school. 

Union Point is at the junction of the Georgia Railroad 
and the Athens branch. 



GREENE COUNTY= 291 

Manufactures, Mills. — Long Shoals factory ; capital, 
$100,000. The Company own 500 acres of land, including all 
the water power on the Greene county side of the river. The 
main building is of brick, with stone foundation and tin roof, 
150 feet long, and three stories high. Connected with the fac- 
tory, is a building of brick, having a store, school-room and 
place of worship. 

Scull Shoals Cotton Manufacturing Company, 14 miles 
northwest of Greenesborough, on the Oconee river. 

Sixteen saw-mills ; fifteen grist-mills ; three or four flour- 
mills. 

Nature of the Soil. — There is much worn-out land in 
this county ; but it is confidently believed that, by judicious 
management, it may be redeemed ; and it affords us much 
pleasure to state, that many of the planters are turning their 
attention to this subject. Lands which some years ago were 
considered worthless, have been made to produce abundantly. 
The best lands are situated on the water-courses. 

Average Ppoduct per Acre. — Cotton averages 500 lbs. ; 
corn, 3^ barrels ; wheat, 10 bushels. 

Minerals. — Excellent granite, beautiful amethystine quartz, 
and most of the minerals found in the adjoining counties. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Fruits 
do very well when proper attention is paid to them. The 
Hon. Judge Stocks has raised lemons in his garden of a large 
size and fine quality. 

Early Settlers. — Jonas Fauche, Wm. Heard, S. M. 
Devereaux, Isaac Stocks, Joseph Heard, John Pinkerd, John 
Harrison, Samuel B. Harris, John Young, Josiah McDonald, 
Charles Watts, Joseph White, George Reid, Major Porter, and 
others. 

Eminent Men. — Greene county has produced a number 
of distinguished men. Among them may be mentioned Jonas 
Fauche, a gentleman whose merits have not been properly ap- 
preciated by the people of this State. In the early settlement 
of Greene he bore a conspicuous part in the defence of the 
frontiers against the Creek Indians. He was a very peculiar 
man in every respect. 

Rev. Dr. George F. Pierce, President of Emory College, 



292 GREENE COUNTY. ^ 

distinguished as an orator, and Judge Dawson, United States 
Senator from Geoi'gia, were natives of this county. 

Rev. Dr. Francis Cummins died in this county. With few 
interruptions by occasional sickness, he had preached the gos- 
pel more than half a century. He was one of the oldest and 
most respectable Presbyterian ministers in the Southern States. 
His native place was Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Af- 
ter completing his education in his native State, he served for 
some time in the army for the defence of his country, before 
the close of the revolutionary war. He was licensed to preach 
the gospel in the State of North Carolina, and soon after the 
peace, settled in South Carolina. He afterwards removed 
to Georgia, and preached' to the congregation among which 
he died, for twenty-three years. Having resigned his charge, 
and preached his farewell sermon, he was taken sick on 
the next day, with influenza, and was unable to go out 
again. He died, as he had lived, in the vigorous exercise of 
his faculties, intelligently, calmly, and confidently trusting 
in the gospel of Christ. 

Major Oliver Porter was four times elected elector of Pre- 
sident and Vice-President, and frequently a member of the 
Legislature of Georgia. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, 
and Presbyterians. The Baptists are the most numerous. 
There are a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. Edu- 
cation has always engaged the attention of the citizens. In 
Greenesborough, Penfield, and other places, excellent schools 
are to be found. 

Mineral Springs. — In various parts of the county there 
are springs supposed to be impregnated with mineral qualities, 
but none that are particularly celebrated. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — The author of this work has 
in his possession the original muster-roll of a detachment of 
Captain Fauche's troop of dragoons, dated Feb. 25, 1794, and 
regrets that its great length prevents its insertion. 

Name. — Two quarto volumes, containing the life of Major 
General Nathaniel Greene, in honour of whom this county is 
named, have been written by the Hon. Judge Johnson, of South 
Carolina. This work we have freely used in the following 



GREENE COUNTY. 293 

memoir. On the 27th day of May, 1742, at Warwick, in Rhode 
Island, Major General Nathaniel Greene was born. His 
father was a Quaker, and carefully educated his sons in the 
principles of that sect. No education beyond the simplest 
rudiments was bestowed upon his children. In constant 
employment at his father's business, Greene had few opportu- 
nities for improving his mind, and it was not until he was 14 
years old, that he began to feel the importance of so doing. 
The forming of an acquaintance with a young collegian in- 
duced him to turn his attention to intellectual pursuits, which 
he did with extraordinary perseverance amidst great disadvan- 
tages. The acquaintance he accidentally formed with the cele- 
brated President Styles, of Yale College, and Lindley Murray, 
author of a Grammar, was of much advantage to him. Their 
conversation — their advice as to what books he should read, 
contributed much to his improvement. When the famous 
Stamp Act had produced among the colonies a determined spirit 
of resistance, Greene caught the spirit of the times, became 
fully convinced of the injustice of the act, and at once resolved 
that he would join the ranks of freedom. He first became a 
soldier in the Kentish Guards. After the battle of Lexington, 
Rhode Island embodied three regiments of militia, and placed 
them under the command of Greene as Brigadier General. In 
1775 he took his command before Boston, and formed an ac- 
quaintance with General Washington, which at length ripened 
into a friendship which continued to the end of his life. Soldiers 
of distinction, on his first appearance in the camp at Cam- 
bridge, from the ardour of his zeal, unremitted activity, and 
strict attention to every duty, pronounced him a man of real 
military genius. Gen. Greene was immediately employed in 
active service. In the memorable retreat of the army through 
the Jerseys, he was the firm supporter of Washington. On 
the 25th of Dec, 177G, he crossed the Delaware in command 
of the left wing of the army, which in the surprise at Trenton 
cut off the retreat of the enemy to Princeton. All the hard- 
ships and sufferings of this gloomy winter, when despondency 
began to sit upon the bravest, were borne cheerfully by him. 
At the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, he 
displayed every quality of a soldier. The retreat through 



294 GREENE COUNTY. 

Rhode Island he managed with a skill almost unparalleled in the 
annals of war. As the head of the Quarter-Master's depart- 
ment, he rendered incalculable benefit to his country. It 
was an office which required much prudence and vigor, and 
Greene, surrounded by embarrassments, conducted its various 
and important duties with capacity, diligence, and integrity. 
Upon his resignation of this office, in August, 1780, Washing- 
ton said to him : " You have rendered the path of duty in the 
Quarter-Master's department so broad and plain, that it will 
not be easy for your successors to mistake it." Congress, in 
1780, authorized the Commander-in-Chief to nominate a suc- 
cessor to General Gates in the southern military department. 
Washington, having a high sense of General Greene's qualifi- 
cations, and induced also by the wishes of the southern dele- 
gates, nominated him for this responsible office ; and without 
loss of time, and disregarding his private concerns, he pro- 
ceeded to the south. 

Upon assuming the command he found himself surrounded 
by difficulties, but in a short time he succeeded in giving con- 
fidence to the army. The victory at the Cowpens, although 
achieved under the immediate command of General Morgan, 
was the first stroke of General Greene's policy in the south. 
At the battle of Guilford Court-House, he was compelled to 
retreat, but not without much loss on the part of the enemy. 
About this time, when there was much to discourage him, he 
was advised to retire to Virginia, but the gallant soldier re- 
plied, " I will recover South Carolina or die in the attempt." 
On the 8th Sept., 1781, the victory at the Eutaw Springs 
covered him with glory. For his conduct on this occasion he 
received the thanks of Congress, a British standard, and a gold 
medal. After the war he returned to Rhode Island, from 
which he came to Georgia, and settled at Mulberry Grove, 
formerly the property of Gov. Graham, situated on the Savan- 
nah river, 14 miles from the city of Savannah, a gift from the 
State of Georgia. Shortly after his settlement it pleased Di- 
vine Providence to cut short that life, the most of which had 
been spent in the service of his country. He died at the house 
of Mr. William Gibbons, near Savannah, from exposure to an 
intense heat of the sun, June 19, 178G. When the news of 
his death was received in Savannah, universal gloom pervaded 



GWINNETT COUNTY. 295 

the community. Every demonstration of respect was shown 
to his memory. Judge Stephens informed Judge Johnson that 
his body was placed in the tomb of the Jones's ; but when a 
committee, appointed by the City Council of Savannah, pro- 
ceeded to examine the vault, with a view to the removal of his re- 
mains, they could not be found. We have heard it stated that 
some persons, unfriendly to Gen. Greene, came to the cemetery 
three days after his body was placed in the vault, removed it, 
and buried it near the place now occupied by the Quoit Club in 
Savannah. Shame that the spot where the relics of the Hero 
of the South lie interred, cannot be designated. The citizens 
of Savannah have erected a monument to the memory of Gen. 
Greene in one of their most beautiful squares. 



GWINNETT. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Hall on the N., 
Jackson on the N. E., Walton on the S. E., De Kalb on the 
S. W., and the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out under the 
Lottery Act of 1818. Its length is about 29 miles, breadth 
19 ; containing 551 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee river is the chief 
stream. The head waters of the Alcovy, Appalachee, and 
Yellow rivers, are in this county. Richland, Level, Su- 
wanee, are tributaries to the Chattahoochee. Beaver Ruin 
and Jackson creeks discharge themselves into Sweet Water 
creek, which flows south, and empties into the Yellow river. 

Population, Taxes, Representation — The population in 
1845 was 8014 whites, 2048 blacks; total, 10,062. Amount 
of tax returned for 1848, $2476 and 40 cents. Entitled to two 
representatives to the State Legislature. 

FosT Offices. — Lawrenceville, Auburn, Cains, Choice's 
Store, Orrsville, Pinkneyville, Rock Bridge, Suwanee, Sweet 
Water, Yellow River. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — In the 
northern part of the county the face of the country is hilly. 



296 GWINNETT COUNTY. 

There is a belt of red land, which enters the county at the east, 
and runs south, which is of very superior quality. The 
river and creek lands are fertile. A large portion of the soil 
is gray land. More beautiful farms than many with which 
we met in this county, cannot be found in Georgia. We were 
pleased to notice the number of fences made of stone. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- 
ductions are cotton, corn, wheat ; and indeed this county fur- 
nishes all the resources necessary for the support and comfort 
of industrious farmers. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre ; 
corn 20 bushels ; wheat 10 bushels. 

Value of Lands, Cotton. — Red lands command $8 per 
acre. The lands on the Chattahoochee are worth from $20 
to $30 per acre. The gray lands are worth from 50 cents to 
$3 per acre. About 2500 bags of cotton are raised annually. 

Markets. — Augusta, Stone Mountain, Atlanta. 

Mineral Springs. — Bankston's springs, six miles from 
Lawrenceville, on the road to the Stone mountain, are said to 
be \ery mnch like the Madison springs. There is a limestone 
spring in the Sugar Hill district, twelve miles north of Law- 
renceville, and another on the farm of Mr. Elisha M. Winn, 
six and a half miles east of Lawrenceville. 

Minerals. — Gold is found in the Chattahoochee, in the 
Sugar Hill district, and in vai'ious places. Granite of excel- 
lent quality is abundant ; also antimony, iron, quartz, burr 
stone, &c. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This county has a fine cli- 
mate, and is generally exempt from diseases, except those which 
emanate from colds. Instances of longevity are numerous. 
Daniel Clover, aged 87 ; John Lawrence, 85 ; Stephen Har- 
ris, 90 ; Jonathan Johnson, 80; Lewis Dishons, 90 ; Owen An- 
drews, 90; Edward Jackson, 87; Sarah Hunt, 81 ; Mrs. Sha- 
dock, 100; Mrs. Ruth Liddel, 90 ; Mrs. Campbell, 90 ; John 
Davis, 110, who connected himself with the church when he 
was 99 ; Mr. Hunt, 100 ; John McDade, 95 ; George Thrasher, 
93; George Wilson, 100; and many others might be named, 
who reached a great age. There are now living, Nathan 
Dobbs, aged 92 ; Mrs. McCree, 93 ; Thomas Cox, 92 ; Leonard 
Wills, 92; John Brown, 90; John Bowen, 90; J. S. Head, 
85 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Haney, 84 ; Elizabeth Gower, 83. 



GWINNETT COUNTY. 297 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Wil- 
liam Nesbitt, Isham Williams, Ashel R. Smith, William Malt- 
bie, and Colonel Hutchins. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads are generally in good order. 
There is a fine bridge, called McAfee's Bridge, over the Chat- 
tahoochee, 220 feet in length, covered, and on stone arches. 
It is on the main road from Lawrenceville, west. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, Episcopalians, Universalists, and New Lights. Good 
schools are in Lawrenceville ; but generally speaking, too lit- 
tle attention is given to the subject of education. 

Mountain. — The Hog mountain is in the northern part 
of the county. 

Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — The streams, par- 
ticularly Ivy creek, afford many facilities for manufacturing 
purposes. In the county are, 2 wool-carding mills, 9 saw- 
mills, 26 grist-mills, 3 merchant mills, 7 distilleries. Three 
of these only do a regular business. 

Character of the People. — The citizens of this county 
are industrious and frugal ; and it is worthy of special remark, 
that they have always been noted for their promptness in re- 
sponding to the calls of their country in times of emergency. 
During the Creek outbreak in 1836, a call was made upon the 
county for volunteers ; and in less than two hours after the re- 
ceipt of the Governor's orders, two companies, having each 
100 men, were organized. The citizens contributed $600 to 
aid in fitting out these brave soldiers. In the Court House 
Square at Lawrenceville is a monument reflecting much cre- 
dit upon those who erected it. On one side of the monument is 
this inscription : " This monument is erected by their friends, 
to the memory of Capt. James C. Winn, and Sergeant Anthony 
Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in 
honourable combat, at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the 
Mexican commander, March 27, 1830." On the other side: 
" To the memory of Ensign, Isaac S. Lacy, Sergeant James 
C. Martin, and Privates William M. Sims, John A. V Tate, 
Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland (brothers), Henry W. 
Peden, James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett Company of 
Mounted Volunteers, under the command of Capt. H. Garmany, 



298 GWINNETT COUNTY. 

who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians, at 
Shepard's, in Stewart county, June 9, 1836. Their remains 
rest beneath this monument." 

Town. — Lawrenceville is the county town, and is eligibly 
situated on the ridge which divides the head waters of the Al- 
covy and Yellow rivers It is 90 miles N. N. W. of Milledge- 
ville, 30 miles S. of Gainesville, 45 miles W. of Athens, 21 
miles N. W. of Monroe, 28 miles N. of Covington, 16 miles 
N. W. of the Rock mountain, 24 miles N. E. of Decatur, 40 
miles from Marietta. It has a handsome brick court-house, 
jail constructed of granite, two churches, Presbyterian and Me- 
thodist, two hotels, (fee. Population 400. There are two 
academies, one for females, the other for males. The male 
academy stands upon a high hill, from which is presented a 
fine view of the Rock mountain. The citizens are quiet and 
orderly, but are sometimes disturbed by noisy persons from 
the country. A rigid police is much wanted. Incorporated 
in 1821. 

Name. — This county was named after the Hon. Button 
Gwinnett, who was born in England, came to Georgia in 1772, 
and settled on St. Catherine's island. For some time after the 
beginning of the revolutionary difficulties, he was in doubt as 
to the course he would take ; but the arguments of Dr. Lyman 
Hall, with whom he was intimate, convinced him of the jus- 
tice of the American cause, and in 1775 he commenced taking 
an active part in public affairs. In 1776, at the meeting of the 
General Assembly in Savannah, he was appointed a represen- 
tative to Congress, and his name is affixed to the Declaration 
of American Independence as a delegate from Georgia. He 
was a member of the Convention which met in February, 1777, 
to frame a constitution for the future government of the State. 
Upon the death of Mr. Bulloch, he became Governor of 
Georgia. A delegation from South Carolina called upon Mr. 
Gwinnett during the early stage of the Revolution, for the 
purpose of suggesting to him the expediency of recommend- 
ing that Georgia should place herself under the jurisdiction of 
the former ; but to the praise of Mr. Gwinnett let it be known, 
that he treated the suggestion with contempt. An unfor- 
tunate misunderstanding occurred between General Lachlan 



HABERSHAM COUNTY. 299 

Mcintosh and Mr. Gwinnett, which resulted in a duel. The 
parties fought near Savannah, at the distance of twelve paces. 
Both gentlemen were seriously wounded. Mcintosh reco- 
vered, but Gwinnett died twelve days after the combat — 
27th of May, 1777. 



HABERSHAM. 



This county is bounded, N. by Rabun and Union, E. by 
the Tugaloo river, S. by Franklin and Hall, and W. by Lump- 
kin. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. It is 31' miles long 
and 23 wide, containing 713 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee, the Soquee, and 
Middle rivers ; Duke's, Little Mud, Panther, Toccoa, Mossy, 
Shoal, Flat, Deep, Glade, Hazel, and other creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 there 
were in this county 7,216 whites, 1,195 blacks; total, 8,411. 
Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1767 58. Entitled 
to two members to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Clarkesville, Batesville, Dawson, Hollings- 
worth. Mount Yonah, Loudsville, Nacoochee, Walton's Ford, 
Toccoa Falls. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land. — This county is broken by mountains. The soil is 
formed mostly from the decomposition of granite. The most 
valuable lands are below the Currahee mountain, on Tugaloo, 
Middle, Hudson's, and Soquee rivers, adapted to wheat and 
corn, and command $10 per acre. The oak and hickory lands 
are valued at $3 per acre. The mountain and ridge lands can 
be purchased at almost any price. 

Average Product per Acre, Cotton, Markets. — Corn 
averages 15 bushels per acre, wheat 5 bushels. About 50 bales 
of cotton are annually produced. The markets are Athens 
and Augusta. Many of the merchants make their purchases 
in New- York, but most of them in Charleston. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is unsur- 
passed by any in the world. The Indians were accustomed 



300 HABERSHAM COUNTY. 

to say that they never knew fever to prevail in Habersham, 
and always represented it as the most healthy portion of their 
country. There are but few diseases. The instances of lon- 
gevity are the following, viz. : Robert Turner, a soldier of the 
Revolution, 96; Mrs. Turner 90; Mr. McCollum, nearly 100; 
John Gibbes, 95. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, and a few Episcopalians. The latter are chiefly 
persons from the seaboard, who resort to Clarkesville in the 
summer. Considerable attention is paid to the subject of edu- 
cation, and common schools are numerous. 

Manufactures, Mills. — There is no cotton factory in the 
county ; 3 gold-mills, 4 jug manufactories, 8 or 9 distilleries, 
20 saw-mills, 30 grist-mills, 1 flour-mill. The females of this 
county are remarkably skilful in weaving jeans. Beautiful 
saddle-cloths are also made, and sent to Clarkesville, where they 
meet with a ready sale. 

Roads, Bridges. — For a mountain country the roads are 
fair. On the Tugaloo river, on the road leading from Clarkes- 
ville to Pendleton, South Carolina, is an elegant covered bridge, 
resting on three arches, 12 by 16 feet. On the Chattahoochee 
is a bridge 183 feet long. The Unicoy turnpike road runs 
from North Carolina to Clarkesville, 40 miles, crossing the 
Blue Ridge. There is also a turnpike from Major Logan's, at 
Loudsville, across the Blue Ridge, through the Tesnatee gap, 
seven miles long ; cost $3,000. It is the property of Major 
Logan, pays a good interest, and is chartered for thirty years. 

Towns. — Clarkesville is most delightfully situated, near the 
southwest bank of the Soquee river, eight miles above its con- 
fluence with the Chattahoochee. The beauty of the village is 
greatly increased by the picturesque grandeur of the surround- 
ing country. On approaching the village, the first object 
which arrests the eye is the Blue Ridge. The Yonah moun- 
tain, ten miles distant, is in full view, and other mountains pre- 
sent themselves at a distance of from 8 to 20 miles. Clarkes- 
ville has become a favourite retreat of many families from South 
Carolina and Georgia, who have erected fine houses. The 
water is delicious. The court.house is of brick, but not well 
arranged. The jail is a plain wooden building. There are 



HABERSHAM COUNTY. 301 

three churches, Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian ; and 
a Baptist church will soon be erected. The hotels are three 
in number, and understand the art of making travellers com- 
fortable. This town, named after Governor John Clarke, 
was incorporated, and made the county site in 1823. Distant 
136 miles N. of Milledgeville, 58 from Athens, 50 from Pen- 
dleton, South Carolina; 12 from Tallulah Falls, 28 from Gaines- 
ville, and 24 from Clayton. 

Loudsville is in the western part of the county, 13 miles 
N. E. of Dahlonega, and 21 from Clarkesville, surrounded by 
mountains, and amidst the gold region. The place has been 
settled IG years, has one store, school, and a church belonging 
to the Methodists. 

Mount Yonah is east of Dahlonega ; has three stores, one 
blacksmith's shop, one tailor, one hotel, one distillery, one 
school and church. Population about 70. 

Nacoochee Valley, situated 12 miles N. W. of Clarkesville, 
has three stores, one hotel, one church, arid several mechanics' 
shops. The valley is about eight miles long and about half a 
mile wide. It is one among the most beautiful valleys in the 
world. The land is productive, rewarding the farmer with 
liberal crops of corn, wheat, &c. More than 1,200,000 dollars 
worth of gold has been found in this valley. 

Mountains. — Yonah, Ellick's, Sail's, Skitt's, Tray, and Cur- 
rahee. The latter deserves special notice. It rises gradually in 
a conical form until it reaches an elevation of 900 feet. On 
the east it sinks completely to the usual level of the land ; but, 
on the western side, after descending for many hundred feet, 
it blends with a ridge that unites it with the chain of the Al- 
leghanies. 

Falls. — The celebrated falls of Tallulah are in this county, 
and all who have visited them unite in saying that they merit 
a high place among the natural curiosities of the United States. 
The following account of these falls is from the pen of David P. 
Hillhouse, Esq.: " The stream is, by the Cherokee Indians, called 
in some places Tarrurah, at other places Tallulah. It is the 
western branch of the Tugaloo river, and the rapids are situ- 
ated about ten miles above its junction with the Chattooga, 
which is the eastern branch of the Tugaloo. The rapids are 
20 



302 HABERSHAM COUNTY. 

about 12 miles from Clarkesville. The river passes through a 
range or ridge of mountains, for somewhat more than a mile, 
forming for its bed an awful gulf, and for its banks stupendous 
fronts of solid rock, like those of Niagara, just below its great 
cataract, and of the Genesee river below the fall in that stream, 
a few miles above Lake Ontario. These banks of Tallulah 
are worn by its waters in many places into caverns and gro- 
tesque figures, and often the sides are perpendicular, and 
smooth beyond the means of art to imitate. Just at the head, 
and also at the foot of the rapids, the banks of Tallulah river 
are not more than ordinary height above common water mark. 
In the intermediate distance, the height of the banks varies 
from 200 to 500 feet perpendicular. The width of the river 
is from 15 to 100 feet. There are four perpendicular pitches 
of water, of from 50 to 80 feet, and a great many smaller cata- 
racts of from 10 to 20 feet perpendicular pitch. There are 
but two or three points by which a person can possibly descend 
to the bed of the river, and these are the tracks of small rivu- 
lets emptying themselves into the river on the west side, and 
making several very steep precipices, down which one may 
possibly pass by aid of the shrubbery that grows in the hol- 
lows. When arrived at the water's edge, to look out at the 
opening of the great cliffs above, is surprising, interesting, and 
alarming ! 

" These cliffs, combined with the foaming, roaring, bound- 
ing, impetuous current of water, exhibit novelty, beauty, and 
grandeur in the greatest degree. At the instant the visiter 
views the current some hundred feet below him, he shrinks 
back in apprehension of his destruction : still curious to view 
it more, he cautiously advances again, until by degrees he be- 
comes so familiar to the scenery, as to be perfectly delighted 
with it. At every step he beholds some new dress that gives ad- 
ditional interest to the prospect. But there is no tinselled or- 
nament to the banks of Tallulah. In a wild, uncultivated, and 
barren country, no art has been introduced to deface this grand 
exhibition of nature. Sculptured chasms and fonts, elevated por- 
tals, formidable stockades, impregnable fortresses, deep perpen- 
dicular cascades, and successive bounding currents, added to 
the many rainbows that continually shine (when the sun does) 



HABERSHAM COUNTY. 303 

through the spray that rises from the falHng water, and the 
variegated colours in front of the rocky banks of red, white, 
yellow, and brown, and the small rivulets that pour down into 
the gulf from the mountain's top, give novelty, beauty, sublim- 
ity, and awe to the rapids of Tallulah." 

The Toccoa falls are on a creek of the same name. The 
water falls more than 185 feet perpendicular. No description 
can give an idea of the beauties of this fall and the surround- 
ing scenery. 

Minerals. — A great variety of minerals is found in Ha- 
bersham. It was in this county that the first gold mines were 
discovered in Georgia, The following is a list of the princi- 
pal ones ; 

Loud's vein has been a rich mine ; not now in operation. 
Has been excavated to the depth of 135 feet. 

Gordon's, near Loudsville, is considertd rich. 

Lewis's, one mile from Loudsville, would be valuable were 
water convenient. 

Holt's, tvo miles from Loudsville, is thought to be rich. 

Richardson's mines, on Duke's creek, in Nacoochee valley, 
have yielded 150,000 pennyweights of gold. They are still 
worked. Forty hands employed. Deposit mine. 

White & McGie's mines. Vein and deposit. Have yield- 
ed 66,000 pennyweights of gold in eight years. 

Gordon & Lumsden's mines, on Duke's creek. Vein and 
deposit. Produced in 10 years 100,000 pennyweights of 
gold. 

Williams's mine, on the Chattahoochee, has been in opera- 
tion about 20 months, and paid fair wages. 

Little John's mine, on Duke's creek, is an excellent vein.. 
Has been worked two years, and has yielded 30,000 penny- 
weights. 

Horshaw's mine, on Sauly creek, has yielded largely. 

Iron is abundant. Some years ago there were iron works- 
on the Soquee river ; but for reasons unknown to us, they have 
been discontinued. In addition to the minerals already named, 
the county has cyanite, garnets, carnelians, augite, asbestos, 
tourmaline, rubies, plumbago. Three diamonds have been 
found in the county. 



304 HABERSHAM COUNTY. 

Character of the People. — The people of this section 
are accommodating and hospitable. To strangers they are 
particularly attentive, and take much pleasure in communicat- 
ing information in regard to the various objects of interest 
with which the country abounds. Some of the most intelli- 
gent men in the State reside in this county. 

Antiuuities. — In 1834, says Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer 
of Georgia, a subterranean Indian village was discovered in 
Nacoochee valley by gold miners, whilst excavating a canal. 
The depth to which it is covered varies from seven to nine 
feet. Some of the houses are imbedded in a stratum of rich 
auriferous gravel. They are 34 in number, built of logs from 
six to ten inches in diameter, and from ten to twelve feet in 
length. Cane baskets and fragments of earthenware were 
found in the rooms. Specimens of curious workmanship, such 
as crucibles and mortars, have been also found. 

Name. — This county was named in honour of Col. Joseph 
Habersham. This sterling patriot was born at Savannah, on 
the 28th of July, 1751. His father, James Habersham, was a 
native of England, and accompanied his friend the Rev. 
George Whitefield, to Georgia, in 1738, by whose advice he 
took charge of the Orphan House, situated about nine miles 
* from Savannah. He was a man of uncommon piety, and ne- 
glected no opportunity of inculcating upon the minds of his 
children the important truths of religion. The subject of this 
memoir was educated at Princeton College, whilst under the 
able presidency of Dr. Witherspoon. At an early period of 
his life he imbibed a love for independence ; and accordingly, 
when only 23 years of age, he was placed upon the first com- 
mittee appointed by the friends of liberty, on the 27th of July, 
1774. Not many months after this, several gentlemen met at 
the house of Ur. Jones to concert a plan by which access 
could be had to the magazine in Savannah, which contained a 
large quantity of powder. On the 11th of May, Mr. Haber- 
sham accompanied by Noble, W. Jones, Edward Telfair, Wil- 
liam Gibbons, Joseph Clay, and John Milledge, effected an en- 
trance into the magazine, took out the powder, sent a part of 
it to Beaufort, and concealed the remainder. Agreeably to 
notice given, a number of the sons of liberty met in Savannah, 



HALL COUNTY. 305 

on the 21st of June, 1775, to select a committee, whose duty- 
should be to co-operate with the other colonies in the strife of 
freedom, and Mr. Habersham was placed upon this commit- 
tee. In the following month, learning that a vessel had ar- 
rived at Tybee, with powder for the use of the oppressors of 
their country, a band of patriots headed by Mr. Habersham 
took possession of her, and sent a large quantity of the powder 
to Savannah, 5000 pounds of which were immediately des- 
patched to Boston, and were probably used at the memorable 
battle of Bunker Hill. Mr. Habersham shortly after this, had 
another opportunity of showing his great decision of character. 
Gov. Wright having rendered himself very obnoxious to the 
patriots, Mr. Habersham raised a company of volunteers and 
took the Governor prisoner. Such devotion to the cause of 
his country placed him in the foremost rank of that illustrious 
company, who had hazarded every thing in the noble cause 
of freedom, and accordingly he was appointed Major of the 
first battalion of troops raised in Georgia, In this new capa- 
city he gave proof of his merits as a soldier. On every occa- 
sion in which danger was to be encountered, or service per- 
formed, he was actively engaged. He was present at the siege 
of Savannah, and bore a conspicuous part in its dangers. Geor- 
gia was not unmindful of the worth of her faithful son. In 1785, 
he was elected Speaker of the General Assembly, and again, in 
1790, was elected to this high office. In 1795, he received 
from General Washington the appointment of' Postmaster 
General of the United States, the duties of which he discharg- 
ed, not only to the close of Washington's administration, but 
throughout that of the elder Adams. When Jefferson became 
President, Mr. Habersham resigned, and returned to Georgia. 
He closed his active and useful life on the 17th day of No- 
vember, 1815, in the 65th year of his age 



HALL. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Habersham and a corner of Lumpkin, E. by Franklin and 



306 HALL COUNTY. 

Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, W. by Forsyth and Lumpkin. Laid 
out by the Lottery Act of 1818. Length 30 miles, breadth 
24 ; '720 square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The principal streams are the 
Chattahoochee, Chestatee, Oconee and Little rivers. The 
creeks are numerous, among which are the following : Shoal, 
Flowery, Flat and Limestone, emptying into the Chattahoo- 
chee; Middle Wahoo, East Wahoo, and others. 

Post Offices. — Gainesville, Argo, Chestnut Hill, Gills- 
ville. Hog Mountain, Gailey's Mill. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The number of 
inhabitants in this county, in 1845, was 6,817 whites, and 
1,340 blacks; total, 8,163. The amount of tax paid into the 
State treasury, for 1848, $1, 773 65 cts. Sends one representa- 
tive to the Legislature. * 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens 
are generally well informed. One hundred and seventy 
newspapers are taken in the county. The people are ge- 
nerally temperate and hospitable, but rather shy of strangers. 
More industry is wanted, although there is great improvement 
as far as this is concerned. Hunting and rifle-shooting oc- 
cupy a large portion of the time of the people ; and they have 
the reputation of being expert with the rifle. 

Religion, Education. — The Baptists and Mefhodists are 
about both equally divided. There are a few Presbyterians. 
In the county are about seventeen Methodist churches, six- 
teen Baptist, and one Presbyterian. Education does not com- 
mand the attention which its importance requires. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land, Products, Market. 
— The bottoms of the Oconee river have the best soil, and are 
well adapted to the growth of corn. On the Oconee river 
there is a body of land in one locality consisting of 5000 acres, 
said to be very superior. On the Chattahoochee river there is 
also much good land. By far the largest portion of the land 
in this county is sandy. Corn, wheat, rye, and some cotton, 
are the productions. Corn averages on the rich lands eight 
barrels per acre. On other lands two barrels. Wheat ten 
bushels per acre. Cotton about 300 lbs. per acre. Athens 
has a large share of the business of this county. The best 



HALL COUNTY. 307 

lands sell at $12 per acre. The inferior kinds from $2 to $8. 
350 bags of cotton made in a year. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate in winter is 
variable ; in summer pleasant, and bracing. Most of the dis- 
eases are spring diseases. Cases of goitre, in a mild and mo- 
dified form, occasionally occur. Several medical gentle- 
men have instituted inquiries whether any cases of consump- 
tion have ever occurred in this county, and they have not been 
able to learn the occurrence of a single case. The instances of 
longevity are Mrs. Floyd, over lOG; Mrs. Young, 108; Mr. 
Young, son of this lady, 80; Mrs. Nancy Glaze, 102; Mr. 
Gowder, 96 ; Capt. Armour, over 80 — was in the battle of 
Vinegar Hill in Ireland. 

Mills. — Ten saw-mills, fourteen grist-mills, two merchant 
mills, one upon the Chestatee, the other upon the Chattahoo- 
chee. 

Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads are fair. Bridges 
two. Ferries two. 

Original Settlers. — Robert Armour, Messrs. Boyd, Bates, 
Stringer, Floyd, Young, and Nicholl's. 

Minerals. — To the geologist and mineralogist, this county 
offers an interesting field. A great variety of minerals exist. 
The first diamond ever discovered in Georgia, was found in 
Hall county. Dr. Daniell owns the diamond found about two 
► miles from Winn's ferry. Those owned by Dr. Banks and 
Major Bell, were found among the old gold diggings of the 
gold region of this county. One of the diamonds found here 
brought $200. It is the opinion of several scientific gentle- 
men, that if proper attention were paid to this subject, large 
quantities of diamonds might be found in a certain section of 
Georgia, of which Hall is a portion. This county is also fa- 
mous for gold. We give a list of the principal mines. 

The Glade mines are the most extensive, situated on Flat 
creek, about two miles from the Chattahoochee, thirteen miles 
north of Gainesville ; this is a deposit vein. These embrace 
sixty or seventy acres ; coin about 92 cts. per pennyweight; 
have been worked sixteen years ; owned by Dr. Banks. 
V, Hayden's mine, joining the above, on the same creek. 

Stocking Eater mine, on a branch entering into Flat creek. 
Deposit mine. 



308 HALL COUNTY. 

Smith's lot, on the same branch, a rich mine. 

On the Chestatee, the Chattahoochee, on Mud and Camp 
creeks, and in various other places, gold is found. 

More than a million dollars worth of gold have been ob- 
tained in Hall. 

The other minerals are iron, silver, lead, ruby, tourmaline, 
amethyst, emerald, cyanite, granite, soap-stone, and elastic 
sand-stone. 

Mineral Springs. — The Sulphur Spring, six miles N. of 
Gainesville, on the road leading from Gainesville to Clarkes- 
ville, has been known to the public for several years. The 
water pours from an excavation made in the rock, at the rate 
of one gallon in three minutes. The waters are strongly im- 
pregnated with sulphur and magnesia. These springs have 
been found to relieve obstinate cases of liver diseases, female 
derangement, &c. They are the property of Mr. L. A. 
McAfee, a gentleman eminently qualified to take charge of a 
watering establishment. If good accommodations, fine water, 
beautiful scenery, are recommendations of any place, then the 
Sulphur Springs of Hall county may be put down as among 
the most delightful spots in Georgia. 

The Limestone Spring, about two miles from Gainesville, is 
much frequented. 

County Town. — Gainesville is the seat of justice for this 
county, delightfully situated, with a climate equal to that of 
Italy. It has a fine brick court-house, built at an expense of 
eight thousand dollars, jail, &c. Distant from Milledgeville 
111 miles; 22 from Jefferson; 40 to Athens ; 30 to Law- 
renceville ; 30 to Clarkesville ; 45 to Carnesville. Gainesville 
is quite a handsome town. The citizens pay much attention to 
their grounds. Is is a place of considerable resort for per- 
sons from the low country. 

About thirty thousand dollars worth of goods are sold in 
Gainesville per annum. Population 400. 

Indian Mound. — Opposite to Winn's ferry is a mound 
50 yards wide. 

Name. — In a work entitled "Sketches of North Carolina," 
by Rev. Wm. Henry Foote, it is stated : 

" When it was necessary for the American forces to march 



HALL COUNTY. 309 

into the Cherokee country in Georgia to quell the Indians, a 
company was raised in Iredell for that expedition, and Rev. 
James Hall went with his friends as chaplain to the army. 
During the expedition, which lasted two months, the chaplain 
offered public prayers very regularly morning and evening, 
but had but one opportunity of preaching. On that occasion 
he took his stand under a large shady tree ; the army, consist- 
ing of about 4000 men, was drawn up around him ; and the sol- 
diers, in honour of the first gospel sermon preached in the In- 
dian territories, named the adjacent country after the chaplain. 
Hall county, of which Gainesville is the seat of justice." 

This is a mistake. The county was named after Dr. Ly- 
man Hall, a steady and inflexible patriot of the revolution. 
He was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and graduated at Yale 
College, 1747. After his collegiate course he studied medicine* 
and removed to Dorchester in South Carolina, and came to 
Georgia, accompanied by several persons, to whom a grant of 
31,950 acres of land was made, in what was then known as 
St. John's Parish, south of the Ogeechee river. The people of 
this parish were early and decided advocates of the cause of 
liberty, and before any general measures had been adopted by 
the colony, had sent a delegate to the Continental Congress. 
That delegate was Lyman Hall. Upon taking his seat in the 
Congress at Philadelphia, in 1775, a difficulty arose as to whe- 
ther the parish of St. John's should be considered as repre- 
senting the colony of Georgia. Mr. Hall stated his wish 
merely to hear and assist in the debates, as he only repre- 
sented a part of Georgia, and to vote only when the sentiments 
of Congress were not taken by colonies. Soon after this Geor- 
gia, by her provincial assembly, determined to join the other 
colonies, and Lyman Hall, in conjunction with others, was 
selected to represent the whole province. Owing to several 
causes, only three members from Georgia were present in the 
Congress at the signing of the declaration. Mr. Hall was one 
of these, and his name stands among those noble men who 
proclaimed the Independence of America. Mr. Hall was 
compelled to remove his family to the north when the British 
took possession of Georgia, and his property was confiscated. 
He returned to Georgia in 1782, and in the succeeding year 



310 HANCOCK COUNTY. 

was elected Governor of that State. He afterwards removed 
to Burke county, where he died, in the 67th year of his age. 
He was six feet high — manners easy and pohte. 

The following is the inscription upon the slab which covers 
the remains of this patriot: 

i., -i Beneath this Stone 

{\/\ryi r--'^--' rest the Remains of 

J^ ' the Hon. LYMAN HALL, Esq., 

I * k^-f-i, .|c« formerly Governor of this State, 

~'i "^ who departed this life the 19th of Oct., 1790, 
^t-.A'^'- in the 67th Year of his Age. 

^ « f In the Cause of America, he was uniformly a 

Patriot. 

In the incumbent duties of a Husband and a 

Father, he acquitted himself with affection and 

Tenderness — 
But Reader, above all, know from this Inscription 
^^ ■*" ' ' that he left this probationary Scene 

> as a True Christian and an 

Honest Man. 

" To these so mourn *d in Death, so lov'd in Life, 
The childless Parent and the widow'd wife, 
With tears inscribe this monumental Stone 
That holds his Ashes and expects her own." 



HANCOCK. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Greene and Talia- 
fero on the N., Warren on the E., Washington and a part of 
Baldwin on the S., and Putnam on the W. It was laid out of 
parts of Washington and Greene, in 1793. In 1807 a portion 
of it was added to Baldwin, and in 1825 a portion to Taliafero. 
Its medium length is 22 miles ; breadth, 20 miles ; 440 square 
miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The north fork of the Ogeechee river 
separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Put- 
nam. The other streams are Little Ogeechee river. Shoulder 



HANCOCK COUNTY. 311 

Bone, Powell's, Beaver Dam, Fort, Town, Buffalo, Dry Fork, 
Sandy Run, Fulsom's, and Island creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840, the popu- 
lation was 9,659; in 1845, 10,049. Amount of State tax 
returned for 1848, $4,468 45. Sends one representative to 
the Legislature. 

Post Offices.— Sparta, Devereaux's Store, Long's Bridge, 
Mount Zion. Powelton, Rock Mills, Shoals of Ogeechee. 

Towns. — Sparta is the seat of justice, distant 24 miles 
N. E. of Milledgeville, 14-8. W. Powelton, 22 W. Warrenton, 
28 E. Eatonton. It has the usual county buildings, a Presby- 
terian, Methodist and Baptist church, male and female acade- 
mies, stores, &c. Population 700. This place is proverbial 
for the intelligence of its inhabitants. It was made the seat 
of justice in 1797. 

Powelton, in the N. E. part of the county. Population 
150. Two churches and an academy. 

Mount Zion, 7 miles from Sparta. Population 200. Three 
churches. Settled in 1811. 

Early Settlers. — William Rabun, formerly Governor of 
Georgia, Gen. Henry Mitchell, Boiling Hall, Charles Aber- 
crombie. Gen. David Adams, and Henry Graybill. t, 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
county is on the dividing ridge between the primitive and 
secondary, or rather tertiary formations. The northern por- 
tion is very hilly, with a red aluminous soil. The southern 
portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands 
are on Shoulder Bone and its waters. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- 
ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peas, rye, barley, and 
ground nuts in small quantities. Cotton averages 550 pounds 
per acre ; corn 12 bushels ; and wheat from 5 to 6 bushels. 

Value of Land, Cotton, Markets. — The value of land 
ranges from $1 to $20 per acre. Sales are usually $2 50 
to 83. From the best estimates that could be made, there 
were made in the county in 1848, 12,000 bags of cotton. 
Savannah and Augusta are the markets. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild but 
changeable. The thermometer in Sparta has been known to 



312 HANCOCK COUNTY. 

fall thirty degrees in one night. Snow is unusual, not occur- 
ring more than once in three years. Rheumatisms, catarrhal 
fevers, are the most common winter diseases. Bilious and 
intermittent fevers occur in the summer and autumn. The 
cases of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, 
Dr. Timothy W. Rossitta, died in 1845, aged 92; was a sur- 
geon in the navy during the American Revolution, and resided 
in this county 45 years. Gen. Henry Mitchell, a soldier of 
'76, wounded whilst bearing the colours of liberty, died at 79. 
Mrs. Tabitha Marchman, 91. 

Paupers, Poor School Fund, &lc. — 

Number of paupers supported by the county, 21 
Whole amount paid for ditto, . . ^453 

Poor School fund from the county, $447 

State, . 108—8555 
Number of poor children in the county, . 228 

138 of whom are taught at the public charge. 
Deaf and dumb persons, ... 8 

Lunatics, ....... 5 

Education, Literature, Newspapers. — From the earli- 
est settlement of this county, the citizens have been particu- 
larly distinguished for their great attention to the subject of 
education. At this time there are four academies, besides 
twenty common schools in the county. Rev. Mr. Beman, 
near Mount Zion, has a select school. The merits of this 
gentleman as an instructer are well known. The schools at 
Sparta and Powelton have done much for the cause of female 
education. Several newspapers have been published in Han- 
cock. Farmers' Gazette was published in Sparta from 1803 
to 1806. The Missionary, by the Rev. Mr. Gildersleve, com- 
menced at Mount Zion about 1819 or 20 ; afterwards published 
in Sparta, then in Charleston, and has since been incorporated 
with the Watchman and Observer, in Richmond, Virginia. 
The Hancock Advertiser, by J. P. Norton, was published at 
Mount Zion and at Sparta, about 1834. 

Rocks, Minerals. — Granite in abundance. 



HANCOCK COUNTY. 



313 



Quartz Amethystine, 



On the plantations of Dr. 
Whitten and Mr. Al- 
fred Barkesdale. 

Ditto. 

Mr. Presly Harper's. 

Capt. Hardwiche's. 

Buffalo creek. 

Shoulder Bone creek. 



Agate of beautiful varieties, 

Red Jasper, at . 

Fine white Chalcedony, at 

Prase, on ... 

Carnelians, on . . . 

Beautiful green Chalcedony, on Buffalo creek. 

Lydian Stone, . . Mr. Hunt's.-- 

Brown Jasper, . . . Ditto. 

JiVodular Argillaceous Iron, Various places. 

Brown Hematite, . . Ditto. 

Sulphuret of Iron, associated 

with Quartz, . . Rev. Mr. Battle's. 
Ditto in small cubic crystals of 

Gneiss, on . . . Buffalo creek. 
Plumbago, in small quantities, Sarsnett's Mills. 
Felspar, .... 



Hornblend, 

Granular Epidote, 

Schorl, .... 

Asbestos, .... 

Brown Opal, 

Galena, .... 

Steatite, .... 

Bog Iron Ore, . 

Carbonate of Lime, in small 

quantities. 
Green Mica, 
Kaolin, abundant in . 

Zircon, a rare mineral, . 
Native Gold, 
Ditto in deposit, . 



W. A. Greene's. 

Ditto. 

Dr. Whitten's. 

Near Sparta. 

Shoulder Bone creek. 

Rock Mills. 

Mr. Foster's. 

Various places. 

Ditto. 



Mr. Greene's. 
Lower part of the 

county. 
Rev. Jesse Battle's. 
Near Sparta. 
Rev. Jesse Battle's. 



For the above list of minerals we feel much pleasure in 
acknowledging our obligations to Dr. Pendleton, of Sparta, a 
gentleman of rare attainments in science. 

Shells. — Shoulder Bone and Buffalo creeks afford fine 



314 HANCOCK COUNTY. 

specimens of the muscle. The Unio Hoptonensis, complana- 
tus, radiatus, Anodonta gibbosa, and Alasmadonta, inhabit the 
above-named waters. Dr. Terrel, several years ago, found a 
j pearl of considerable size and beautiful lustre, in one of the 
muscles of Fort creek, and Dr. Pendleton has recently found 
several in Buffalo creek. 

Mills. — Corn-mills, 5 ; corn and w^heat mills, 10; saw^- 
mills, 13. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyteri- 
ans. In the county are nine Methodist, nine Baptist, two 
Presbyterian, and one Protestant Methodist church. 

Roads and Bridges. — Roads and bridges are very good. 

Character of the People. — Of the people of this county 
it can be said that they have a high sense of religious and mor- 
al obligations. In science and literature, many of the citizens 
of this county have distinguished themselves. Love for Geor- 
gia, and for her institutions, is a prevalent feeling. The 
planters take a deep interest in the affairs of government. 
Excellent private libraries are numerous, and reviews and 
newspapers are liberally patronised. The compiler of this 
work here takes occasion to say, that from no section of the 
State has he received more important aid, than from the citi- 
zens of Hancock. To Tuttle H. Audas, Esq., Clerk of the 
Superior Court, a gentleman well acquainted with the history of 
his county, our thanks are due for valuable information. Han- 
cock is proud to own as her son Col. William G. Bonner, who 
has gained the applause of every true Georgian for his splendid 
map of the State. 

Distinguished Men. — Hancock has furnished her share of 
distinguished men. Hon. Dixon H. Lewis was born in Han- 
cock. Gov. McDonald was brought up in this county. Hon, 
W. T. Colquitt, A. H. Chappell, Hopkins Halsey, M. A. Coop- 
er, Gen. S. A. Bailey, Lieutenant Governor Horton, and 
Col. J. W. Fannin, both of Texas, were either born or 
raised in Hancock. 

Miscellaneous Notices. — Shoulder Bone creek is cele- 
brated as being the place where a treaty was made with the 
Creek Indians in 1786. It was signed by eight Commission- 
ers on the part of the State, and 59 head men of the Creeks. 



HANCOCK COUNTY. 315 

For the faithful performance of this treaty, the Indians agreed 
to leave in the hands of the Commissioners five of their people, 
namely: Chuuocklie Mico, of the Cowetas.; Cuchas, of the 
Cussetas ; Emathlocks, second man of the Broken Arrow ; 
and Enautaleche, nephew to the head man of the Swaglos. 

Mounds. — We are indebted to a gentleman of Hancock for 
the following account of some remarkable mounds in this 
county: 

" The principal mound is located in a second bottom, some 
400 feet north of the centre prong of Shoulder Bone creek, a 
tributary of the Oconee, and some 12 or 15 miles from its 
mouth. I should suppose the base of the mound 20 feet above 
the level of the creek. The mound, a few years ago, was 37 
feet high, and covered at least 5,800 square yards of surface, 
and in its form semi-oval, or the segment of a circle of some- 
thing like 2,000 feet. Around this, though not equidistant 
from the mound, are the remains of a ditch or entrenchment, 
containing about four acres, nearly square, and one side was 
more or less picketed, or zigzag in its course. I should sup- 
pose this excavation was some 10 or 12 feet wide, and how 
deep 1 cannot tell, as it was all in cultivation and filling up 
when I first saw it. In the line nearest to the mound, some 
40 feet east, was a very large excavation not yet filled up. 
Whether that was made to get earth to make the mound, or a 
reservoir for water, is conjectural. Near the mound, in the 
enclosure, is a smaller excavation, some 60 feet in diameter, 
from which a very large amount of human bones have been 
exhumed, both before and since I took possession of the land, 
and human bones have been ploughed up and washed up in other 
places of the enclosure, though none that I have heard of out- 
side. There were, and are now, the fragments of much broken, 
rude earthenware, and one of the jars, unbroken, is now in 
my possession. Also, rude beads, one musket barrel, and my 
hands within the last 10 years found a round iron ball, about 
1^ inches in diameter, about 300 feet from the large mound, 
near the spring in the neighbourhood. In the edge of the 
first bottom is another mound, not so large, a compound 
of clay and sand. When the country was first settled, the 
surrounding hills and valleys were pretty much covered 



316 HANCOCK COUNTY. 

with either cane or wild pea and other luxuriant plants. 
I understand the Indian, found here said they knew nothing 
about them. The large mound was evidently thrown up by 
human agency, for though it has never been regularly ex- 
amined, it has been excavated in various places." 

Name. — When the Legislature of Georgia named this por- 
tion of her territory Hancock, they designed to commemorate 
the services of John Hancock, whose name appears so conspi- 
cuous upon the Declaration of American Independence. Mas- 
sachusetts had the honour of giving birth to this illustrious 
man. He graduated at Harvard College, when he was only 
seventeen years old ; after which he was a clerk in the count- 
ing-house of his uncle, to whose wealth and business he 
succeeded in 1764; but his commercial arrangements did not 
prevent his taking an interest in the cause of his country's 
freedom. None exerted himself with more vigour in framing 
associations intended to hinder the introduction of English 
goods. When the good of his country required sacrifices, 
there were none which Mr. Hancock was unwilling to make. 
His patriotism was displayed in 1775, when it was proposed 
by the American officers who conducted the siege of Boston, 
to bombard and destroy the town, that the foe might be driven 
out. Mr. Hancock, whose property was thus exposed to destruc- 
tion, was among the first to request that no regard to his inte- 
rests should obstruct the operations of the army. When the 
Revolution broke out, he must have stood high among his 
countrymen, for he had the honour, in conjunction with Sa- 
muel Adams, to be made an exception to the pardon offered by 
the Royal Governor of Massachusetts, in the proclamation de- 
claring the province in a state of rebellion. In 1775, he was 
elected to the august station of President of the Continental 
Congress. In 1780 he was made Governor of Massachusetts, 
which office he continued to hold for several years. He died 
in 1793, the year in which this county was named after him. 
The author of Familiar Characters describes Mr. Hancock 
" as being nearly six feet in stature, of thin person, stooping a 
little, and apparently enfeebled by disease. His manners were 
very gracious, of the old style of dignified complaisance. As 
a public man, his country is greatly indebted to him." 



HARRIS COUNTY. 317 

HARRIS. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Troup and Meri- 
wether on the N., Talbot on the E., Muscogee on the S., and 
the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out from Troup and Musco- 
gee, in 1827. Length 20 miles, breadth 18 miles; 360 square 
miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee forms the western 
boundary of the county. West End, Standing Boy, Sowahachee, 
Mulberry, Flat Shoal, Old House, and Mountain creeks, empty 
into the Chattahoochee. 

Post Offices. — Hamilton, Cochran's Cross Roads, Ellers- 
lie, Mulberry Grove, King's Gap, Piedmont, Waverly Hall, 
Whitesville, Valley Place. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Population in 
1845, 7,166 whites, 6,972 blacks; total, 14,138. Amount of 
State tax returned for 1848, $4,922 49 cents. Sends two rep- 
resentatives to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Hamilton is the seat of justice, two miles north 
of Mulberry creek, at the extremity of the Oak mountain, and 
one mile south of the Pine mountain. It is a small place, sur- 
rounded by beautiful scenery. Population about 400. It con- 
tains a pretty court-house, a jail, two churches, one male school, 
one female school. Amount of goods sold per annum, $50,000. 
It is healthy, and the water good. Distant from Milledgeville 
110 miles; from Columbus 22|^ miles ; from Talbotton 22| ; 
from Greeneville, 22^ ; from La Grange, 22^ ; from West Point, 
22|^ ; and 1 1 from Whitesville. Incorporated and made the 
county site in 1828. 

Whitesville is on the road leading directly from Columbus to 
La Grange. Population 150. Distant from Columbus 27 miles. 

Valley Place, 10 miles N. E. of Hamilton, in the valley 
between the Oak and Pine mountains. One church, one 
school, two stores, &c. 

Cochran's, 7 miles N. of Hamilton. 

Ellerslie, 10 miles S. E. of Hamilton. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. 

Education. — This subject is generally appreciated, and 
schools are established in nearly every portion of the county. 
21 



318 HARRIS COUNTY. 

Mills. — Merchant-mills, . . , . 3 

Grist-mills, ... .6 

Saw-mills, ... . . 8 

Distilleries, ..... 2 

Productioms. — The productions are similar to those of 
Troup and the adjoining counties. 

Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. 

Corn " 4 barrels " " 

Wheat from 10 to 12 bushels " " 

Markets, Cotton. — Columbus and Griffin. Eight thousand 
bales of cotton are annually produced. 

Face OF the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land. — There is much variety in the face of the country. The 
Pine mountains enter the county near the N. E. corner. The 
Oak mountains enter the county at its eastern corner. Above 
the Pine mountains, east of the road leading to Columbus, the 
country is level, having a thin, light soil, productive but not last- 
ing. West of the road, from Columbus to La Grange, it is a 
broken, rich country, heavily timbered. As you approach the 
Pine mountains it assumes a rocky and knolly aspect. In the 
valley between the Oak and Pine mountains the soil is gray ; 
growth, Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak mountain, 
upon the head waters of Mulberry creek, and extending all the 
way down said creek, the soil is rich. 

Improved lands are worth $5 per acre. Unimproved lands 
from 3 to 4 dollars per acre. 

Character of the People. — The citizens of Harris are 
clever and spirited. In morality, intelligence, and benevo- 
lence, they are upon an equality with the people of the adjoin- 
ing counties. 

Early Settlers. — W. C. Osborn, W. Switzer, Hon. M. 
J. Welborn, John Greer, IN. Barden, S. Clay, R. R. Brown, 
Gen. McDougald, Gen. Low, and others. 

Minerals. — Gold has been found in the Pine mountains, 
and most of the minerals which exist in the adjacent counties 
are found in Harris. 

Bridges and Roads.- -Nothing very favourable can be said 
of the bridges and roads. Their condition would be improved 
by more attention on the part of the citizens. 



HARRIS COUNTY. 319 

Climate. — There is nothing which distinguishes the cli- 
mate from that of the neighbouring counties. In the mountains 
the an- is cool and invigorating. The diseases are such as 
commonly prevail in western Georgia. Among the cases of 
longevity we have learned the following. There are now 
living Mr. Arthur Redding, over 80 ; Mr. W. Swann, over 80; 
Mr. McCraw, 90. 

Antiquities. — There are two or three Indian mounds on 
Mulberry creek. 

Name. — Charles Harris, Esq., after whom this county 
was named, was born in England in the year 1772, and 
received his education in France. He came to Georgia 
in 1788, and studied law in the office of Samuel Stirk, 
Esquire, and gradually rose to high distinction in his pro- 
fession. He was regarded by many as the most profound 
lawyer in the State. His reasoning powers were great. 
He neither aimed at ornament nor eloquence. As an evidence 
of his great reputation as a lawyer, it may be stated tliat he 
was employed in the city of Washington, in an appeal case of 
great importance from the Court of Admiralty in Georgia, a 
large fee of five thousand dollars being given to him. Wm. 
Pinckney and Wm. Wirt, two lawyers of great celebrity, were 
associated with him, and such was his modesty, that although 
his pecuniary resources were very limited, he gave to the 
above-named gentlemen one thousand dollars each out of his fee. 
When the case came before the court, Mr. Pinckney rose and 
said, that Mr. Wirt and himself had concluded that nothing 
they could say to the court could possibly be necessary, 
or add any weight to the masterly reasoning given in the 
brief by the gentleman from Georgia. The brief was then 
read by Mr. Pinckney, and the decision of the court given in 
favour of the client of Mr. Harris. 

Mr. Harris was a gentleman of uncommon modesty, and 
although importuned in the most earnest manner to accept of 
honours offered to him by his fellow-citizens, with the excep- 
tion of those of Alderman and Mayor of Savannah, in one or 
the other of which offices he served for more than twenty 
years, he could not be prevailed upon to do so. More than 
once did he refuse the highest offices in the gift of the people 



320 HARRIS COUNTY. 

of Georgia. Gov. Jackson appointed him Judge of the East- 
ern Circuit, without consulting him ; Mr. Harris, however, 
anxious as he was to gratify his friend, decUned the appoint- 
ment, from a belief that the discharge of its duties would fre- 
quently call him from the enjoyment of the domestic circle, to 
which he was remarkably devoted. 

A year or two afterwards, whilst he was still a young man, 
he was elected by the Legislature of Georgia, Judge of the 
Eastern Circuit, without his solicitation or that of his friends, 
but he would not consent to take the appointment. When 
the retirement of Mr. Milledge from the Senate of the United 
States rendered it necessai'y to fill the vacancy, although there 
were many aspirants to this distinguished office, the Legislature 
and both parties (Crawford and Clarke) united in the selec- 
tion of Mr. Harris, if he would serve. An express was sent 
to Savannah to ascertain his views, but he positively refused 
the honour. A short time afterwards, ill health, the loss of his 
wife, to whom he was tenderly attached, and other domestic 
afflictions, caused him gradually to seek retirement, and he lost 
that tone of feeling which had given delight to all who had 
the happiness of his acquaintance. He died March 17th, 
1827, lamented by all classes of people. 

Mr. Harris was rather above the middle stature. His 
manners were affable and pleasing. His benevolence was 
proverbial. When the widow saw him she blessed him. 
When the orphans saw him they M'ere glad. Widows, orphans, 
the distressed, and the poor, looked up to him as a friend, 
whom they might approach at any time. Mr. Harris was of 
a highly respectable family. His father was William Harris, 
barrister, who was first cousin of Lord Malmesbury. His mo- 
ther was the sister of the hereditary Champion of England, 
Charles Dymock, who attended at the coronation of George 
the Third, and his father was one of the two squires of the 
Champion who attended the coronation. The Dymocks were 
a branch of the De Bergs, who had been Champions of Eng- 
land from the accession of the Norman family. 



HEARD COUNTY. 321 



HEARD. 



Boundaries. — This county is bounded on the N. by Car- 
roll, on the E. by Coweta, on the S. by Troup, and on the W. 
by Alabama. Laid out from Troup, Coweta, and Carroll, in 
1§30. 

Rivers, Creeks. — This county is well supplied with 
streams. The only river is the Chattahoochee, into which all 
the creeks in the county empty ; which are, the White Water, 
Sundalhatchee, Hillabahatchee, Brushy, and others. 

Population, Representation, Taxes. — In 1840, the po- 
pulation was 5,^39; in 1845, it was 5,998; so that in five 
years, there has been an increase of 669. Sends one repre- 
sentative to the Legislature. Amount of taxes returned for 
1848, $1,930 50. 

Post Offices. — Franklin, Berrien, Corinth, Enon Grove, 
Houstoun, McBride's Mills. 

Town. — Franklin is the seat of justice ; it is situated 
on the east bank of the Chattahoochee river, 145 miles from 
Milledgeville, 30 from West Point, 20 from La Grange, 33 
from Greeneville, 20 from Newnan, 25 from Carrollton, and 
30 from Wedowee, Alabama. Population 250. It was incor- 
porated and made the county site in 1831. There is an excel- 
lent brick court-house and a strong jail in Franklin. 

Corinth, 11 miles east, and Houstoun, 9 miles southwest of 
Franklin, are thriving villages. St. Cloud's and McBride's 
Mills do considerable business. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton factory doing a good 
business, 17 grist-mills, 13 saw-mills, 3 Hour-mills. 

Surface of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
surface is very hilly. About one-third of the county consists 
of rich oak and hickory land ; two-thirds are pine mixed with 
oak and hickory, and remarkably productive. All the lands 
rest upon a good clay foundation. The soil is light and easily 
cultivated. 

Average Products per Acre, Amount of Cotton. — 
Corn averages, per acre, . . 20 bushels. 
Wheat " " . . 15 " 

Cotton " "... 800 pounds. 



322 HEARD COUNTY. 

There are some small bodies of bottom lands upon the river 
and its tributaries which will yield 50 bushels of corn, or 2,000 
pounds of cotton per acre. Between 4,500 and 5,000 bags of 
cotton are made annually. 

Productions. — The leading productions are cotton, corn, 
and wheat ; rye, oats, and barley are produced in small quan- 
tities ; most of the fruits and vegetables known to middle 
Georgia are successfully cultivated. The forest trees are 
larger than any in the adjacent counties. 

Early Settlers. — Major Daniel Whitaker, Mr. C. B. 
Brown, Colonel Winston Wood, John Jean, Thomas Awbry, 
and Colonel Dent were among the earliest settlers. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptists, Protestant Methodists, and Presbyterians. In 
the county there are nine Methodist Episcopal churches, three 
Protestant Methodist, nine Missionary Baptist, two Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptist, and one Presbyterian. 

Indian Mounds, &c. — There are a few small mounds near 
the Chattahoochee. On Colonel Dent's farm some negroes 
ploughed up a gun, having on it the British coat of arms. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — No section of Georgia is 
favoured with a more salubrious climate. The diseases are 
few, and those which do prevail are manageable. The only 
instance of longevity which has come to our knowledge is that 
of Mr. James Stewart ; he has exceeded his threescore and 
ten, being over 80 years of age. He is one of the soldiers 
of " '76." 

Minerals. — Gold has been found in the bed of the Chatta- 
hoochee, and in all the creeks and branches on the west of it. 
On Black Jack mountain, near the Alabama line, is a vein mine, 
supposed to be valuable. Iron ore and some specimens of lead 
have been found. 

Roads, Bridges. — The public roads are not kept in good 
order. There are but few bridges. The interests of the 
county call for a bridge over the river at Franklin. 

Character of the People. — There is much republican 
simplicity in the manners of the people. They are improving 
in every thing calculated to make them good citizens and 
honest men. 



HEARD COUNTY. 323 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — Colonel Dent, of Franklin, is 
among the oldest settlers in the county, and he writes to the 
author of this work in the following manner : " I have never 
heard of a case of fever and ague here, and only a few cases 
of bilious fever. There is not a quart of stagnant water on 
the west side of the river in the county. It is the most hilly 
and the most healthy county in the State, and holds more valu- 
able water-power than any other territory that I ever saw of 
the same area. If the contemplated railroad from Atlanta to 
West Point is completed, and a bridge erected across the river 
at Franklin, Heard will be one of the most desirable counties 
in the State." 

Name. — This county received its name in honour of Ste- 
phen Heard, one among the most active officers of the revo- 
lutionary war. He was born in Ireland, and with his father, 
John Heard, emigrated to Virginia during tlie period of the 
French war. In those stirring times, education beyond the 
common branches was enjoyed by few, and Mr. Heard was 
not among that few. He served under Gen. Washington, 
during the French war, as a captain, and acquitted himself 
with honour. In 17 — , when hundreds of the people of Vir- 
ginia, attracted by the fertility of the lands in what was called 
the Broad River Country, in Georgia, were leaving the Old 
Dominion, Mr. Heard came to Wilkes county, and settled on 
Fishing creek. But little time was afforded him to cultivate 
the soil ; for hostilities having taken place between Great 
Britain and her colonies, he hastened to the standard of lib- 
erty, and under Col. Elijah Clarke, contributed his best efforts 
in defending the western portions of Georgia against the 
attacks of a cruel enemy. At the memorable battle of Kettle 
Creek, he acted a distinguished part, not only by encouraging 
the Americans by his patriotic speeches, but also by taking an 
active part in the engagement. During a portion of the time 
when Georgia was overrun by the British, and when gloom sat 
upon the countenances of all, he was President of the Execu- 
tive Council, and in this capacity did all in his power to 
inspire the desponding people with hope. After the war he 
resumed his agricultural pursuits, and was among the most 
influential men in Wilkes. He was Chief Justice of the 



324 HENRY COUNTY. 

Inferior Court, and a Trustee of the Academy in Washington. 
He died 15th November, 1815, and left four sons, one of 
whom, Col. Thomas J. Heard, of Elbert county, has been fre- 
quently a member of the Legislature. Mr. Heard was married 
twice. His first wife was a Miss Germany. During his 
absence from home, the tories came to his house and drove 
her off, and such was the exposure she suffered, that it brought 
on a severe sickness which finally terminated her life. His 
second wife was Miss Elizabeth Darden, who died in Elbert 
on the 5th of June, 1848, at the advanced age of 83 years. 
The brother of Stephen Heard, Major Barnard Heard, was 
taken prisoner by the tories in Wilkes and carried to Augusta 
in irons, where he was sentenced by a court-martial to be 
hung ; but on the day before the siege of the town commenced 
he made his escape, and fought on that occasion under Clarke 
and Jackson ; and after the battle he went to the British gar- 
rison, where he found his father, John Heard, who was quite 
advanced in years, almost exhausted by hunger, with another 
old man, both of whom he took by the hand, and brought 
them to the American post. 



HENRY. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
De Kalb, N. E. by Newton, E. by Butts, S. by Pike, and W. 
by Fayette. Laid out by the Lottery Act of l^J, and portions 
since that time added to other counties. It is 27 miles long 
and 15 miles wide, containing 405 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — South river, one of the head branches 
of the Ocmulgee, and Cotton river. The creeks are Trouble- 
some, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, Tussahaw, Little Walnut, 
Line, and Reeves. 

Post Offices. — McDonough, Double Cabins, Flat Rock, 
Forsterville, Locust Grove, Sandy Ridge, White House, 
Stock Bridge, Buena Vista, Spring. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population, 
according to the census of 1845, was 9,609 whites, and 3,786 



HENRY COUNTY. 325 

blacks; total, 13,455. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, 
$3,360 82. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. 

Towns, Public Places. — McDonough is the capital, and 
is pleasantly located on the waters of Walnut creek. First 
settled in 1822; incorporated and made the county site in 
1823. From Milledgeville it is distant 70 miles N. W., from 
Fayette ville 20, from Griffin 18, from Covington 21, from 
Jackson 16, from Indian Springs and from Decatur 28. The 
public buildings are a brick court-house, jail, three churches, 
and one academy. This town declined in business when Grif- 
fin was first settled, although it now begins to revive. The 
amount of goods sold in a year is over $50,000. Population 
500. Great effo rts are making to put a stop to the sale of 
ardent spirits in McDonough. 

Hollinsworth's Store, or Tucker's Cabin, is 14 miles N. of 
McDonough. 

Double Cabins, 6 miles N. of Griffin. 

Hale's Store, on Sandy Ridge, 10 miles E. of McDonough. 

White House, 7 miles N. E. of McDonough. 

Cotton River, 6^ miles N. of McDonough. 

Pittsfield, 8 miles W, of McDonough. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy, 
and there are few diseases except on the water-courses. The 
instances of longevity are the following. Mr. John Smith, 
between 90 and 100 ; Mr. James Daniel, over 80 ; Mr. John 
Treadwell, over 80 ; Mr. Jacob Coker, over 80 ; Mr. John 
Wyatt, over 83 ; Mr. Richard Card, over 80 ; Mr. John Oslin, 
80 ; Mr. Ezekiel Cloud, 92 ; Mr. Cuncle, 82. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists the most numer- 
ous, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Uni- 
versalists and Christians. There are about thirty churches in 
the county. Proper attention is paid to education. 

Markets. — Atlanta, Griffin, Macon, and Jonesborough. 

Mineral Springs. — Five miles east of McDonough, on 
Key's Ferry road, is a spring said to have mineral qualities. 

Mountain. — Little Rock mountain, in the N. E. corner of 
the county. 

Character of the People. — The citizens of this county 
are plain and unassuming in their manners, industrious, benevo- 
lent, and enterprising. 



326 HENRY COUNTY. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is uneven. The bottom lands are fertile, com- 
manding $15 per acre, and are well adapted to cotton and 
corn. The mulatto or hickory lands are productive, and sell 
for $10 per acre. Common gray lands are vi^orth from $5 to 
$6 per acre. Ridge lands from $1 to $2 per acre. 

Minerals. — Iron, tourmaline, flint, quartz, &c. Gold has 
been found on Walnut creek, but not in quantities sufficient 
to justify labour. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton factory near McDo- 
nough. 

Merchant-mills, . . 4 

Saw-mills, ... 8 

Grist-mills, ... 14 

Distilleries, . . . 6 or 7 

Roads. — The roads and bridges are much neglected. 

Average Product per Acre. — 

Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. 

Corn " . . 4 barrels " 

Wheat " . . 12 " 

Name. — This county bears the name of Patrick Henry, of 
whom Mr. Jefferson said he was the greatest orator that ever 
lived, and to whom Mr. Randolph applied the scriptural expres- 
sion, '' Never man spake like this man." The life of Mr. Henry 
has been written by the Hon. William Wirt ; but as this vol- 
ume may not be accessible to most of our readers, we shall 
freely make such extracts from it as will serve to give an idea 
of the principal incidents of the life, and the most striking 
features in the character of the great Virginia orator, states- 
man, and patriot. Patrick Henry was born on the 27th of 
May, 1736, in Hanover county, Virginia. The advantages 
of an education were within his reach, but so irksome did he 
find the restraints and confinement of a school, that he made 
but little progress in his studies. His gun and fishing-rod were 
preferred to Horace and Euclid. At the age of fifteen, he en- 
gaged in mercantile business, but its drudgery he found to be 
as ill suited to his taste as the confinement of a school, and 
at the expiration of a very short period, this was abandoned. 
At 18 years of age he married, and directed his attention to 



HENRY COUNTY. 327 

the culture of a farm, but his ignorance of agriculture, and his 
aversion to labour forced him to give up this business, and he 
again turned merchant, but succeeded no better than he had 
some years before. Henry now had recourse to the law, and 
after looking into Blackstone, and other principal law books, 
for a short time, he was admitted to the bar. No one thought 
that he could ever succeed in a profession which required an 
intensity of application to which he had given grounds to 
believe that he could not habituate himself. But to the as- 
tonishment of all, his first opportunity to show what he could 
do in his new profession, resulted in his being placed at the 
head of the bar. The cause in which he was first employed 
was that known as the " Parsons' cause." Mr. Wirt says, that 
Mr. Henry rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his 
exordium. The people hung their heads at so unpromising a 
commencement. The clergy were observed to exchange sly 
looks with each other, and his father is described as having 
almost sunk with confusion from his seat. But these feelings 
were of short duration, and soon gave place to others of a 
very different character. For now were those wonderful fa- 
culties which he possessed for the first time developed, and 
now was first witnessed that mysterious and almost superna- 
tural transformation of appearance which the fire of his own 
eloquence never failed to work in him ; and as his mind rolled 
along and began to glow from its own action, all the exuviae 
of the clown seemed to shed themselves spontaneously. His 
attitude by degrees became erect and lofty. The spirit of his 
genius awakened all his features. His wonder-working fancy, 
and the peculiar phraseology in which he clothed his images, 
produced an effect so great, that it is said, by one who heard 
him, " that he made their blood run cold and their hair to rise 
on end." In 1764, he again made one of his most brilliant 
efforts before a committee on elections, in the House of Bur- 
gesses ; and again in 1765, as a member of the House of Bur- 
gesses, when he introduced his resolutions on the Stamp Act. 
It was here that he said, " Caesar had his Brutus — Charles the 

First his Cromwell — and George the Third" upon which the 

Speaker cried out "Treason!" "Treason, treason!" echoed from 
every part of the house. Henry, nothing daunted, in a voice 



328 HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 

of thunder added, " may profit by their example. If this 
be treason, make the most of it." From this time Mr. Henry 
became one of the most influential men in America. All re- 
garded him as the champion of liberty. In his integrity the 
people fully confided, and honoured him with the most elevated 
offices in the land, viz.. Delegate to the first Colonial Con- 
gress ; in 1774, Governor of Virginia, &c. Until 1794 he 
was regular in his attendance upon the courts. Mr. Henry 
died on the 6th of June, 1799. In private life, no man was 
more amiable. In the truth of Christianity he was a firm be- 
liever, and did all that precept and example required to re- 
commend it to others. He left a large number of children. 



HOUSTOUN. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Houstoun is bounded N. by Craw- 
ford and Bibb, E. by Pulaski and Twiggs, S. by Dooly, and 
W. by Macon. It is 35 miles long and 25 wide. Square 
miles 875. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee flows along the eastern 
part of the county. Sandy Run, Spring, Mossy, Piney Woods, 
Groose's and Big Indian, empty into the Ocmulgee ; Hog Crawl, 
Lampkins and Tucsawhachee have their origin in this county. 

Post Offices. — Perry, Batesman's Store, Busbayville, Fort 
Valley, Hayneville, Graceville, Minerva, Wellborn's Mills, 
Wilna. 

Towns. — Perry is the county town, situated in the centre, 
upon the waters of Big Indian creek, 67 miles from Milledge- 
ville, 32 from the Central Railroad, 28 from the Ocmulgee 
'river, 35 from Macon, and 23 from Hartford. It contains the 
usual public buildings, three churches, two flourishing schools, 
one large hotel, three stores, four groceries, apothecary's shop, 
and a small bookstore, attached to the post-office. There are 
between 40 and 50 mechanics of all kinds. Population, 500. 
The water is pure. For a number of years past, it has been 
as healthy as any town or village in the State. The town is 
improving very fast. 

Fort Valley is 12 miles northwest of Perry ; has three 



HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 329 

stores, one Methodist church, one academy; 32 miles from 
the Central Raih'oad. Population, 250. 

Hayneville is in the southeast part of the county ; has 
two churches, three stores, academy, &c. Population, 140. 

Henderson, on the road leading from Perry to Vienna. Po- 
pulation, 150. 

Markets. — Savannah, Macon, and Hawkinsville are the 
chief markets. 

Manufactories, Mills. — There is a cotton factory on 
Mossy creek. Grist-mills, 13 ; saw-mills, 8. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens of 
this county are well informed, industrious, and generally tem- 
perate. The amusements are hunting and fishing. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists are the most 
numerous. The other denominations are the Methodists, 
Presbyterians, and a few Universalists. Education does not 
receive the attention which it merits. 

Population, &c. — According to the census of 1845, there 
were 7,078 whites, and 7,568 blacks. To Mr. Moore, the tax 
receiver for this county, we are indebted for the following infor- 
mation : — "In 1848 the number of polls was 1,197. Slaves, 
8,763." Amount of taxes returned to the State in 1848, f 5,517 
and 31 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Nature of the Soil, Quantity of Land. — The soil is 
rich, and mostly of a limestone formation. The first quality 
lands are on the rivers and creeks, adapted to cotton and 
corn. The lands generally lie level, and are easily cultivated. 
There are in the county 99,208 acres of second quality oak 
and hickory lands ; 40,005 acres of third quality oak and 
hickory lands; pine land, 182,068 acres; swamp land, third 
quality, 2,888 acres. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The generous 
soil of this county produces cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
potatoes, sugar-cane, rice, &c. The product of cotton, upon 
the oak lands, is from 7 to 800 lbs. per acre; corn, 18 to 25 
bushels per acre ; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels per acre ; rye, 6 
to 10 bushels per acre. 

Forest Trees, Fruits, Flowers. — Cypress, pine, oak, hick- 
ory, poplar, and maple, are the principal forest trees. 



330 HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 

The fruits are apples, pears, figs, plums, &c. 

This section of the State is rich in flowers : the fringe- 
tree, the silk-weed, trumpet-flower, and many others. 

Climate, Diseases. — This county is as healthy as most 
parts of Georgia similarly located. The season of 1847 was 
very wet, and there was much sickness among the inhabitants. 
In fact, all the sickness for the ten previous years would not equal 
that of this year. The diseases most common are bilious and 
intermittent fevers. The instances of longevity are the follow- 
ing : — Simpson Chance died at 90 ; Thomas Dozier at 84 ; 
Aaron Low at 80; Mrs. Ellen Dupree, 83. 

Early Settlers. — Howell Cobb, David Clark, Allen Wig- 
gins, Rev. J. Fulwood, Heardy Hunter, John Hardy, Wm. 
Smith, Robert Saunders. 

Name. — The Houstouns are among the most ancient and 
reputable families in Georgia. The name often occurs in the 
history of our State, when it was under the direction of the 
Trustees under the royal Government, and after it had in com- 
mon with the other colonies declared itself independent. A 
Dr. William Houstoun was employed, as early as 1732, to col- 
lect plants for the colony of Georgia ; and the public garden 
in Savannah was indebted to him for many tropical plants 
which he had obtained in the West Indies. Sir Patrick Hous- 
toun was a prominent man under the royal government, being 
Register of Grants, and one of the Counsellors, when John 
Reynolds was Governor of Georgia. John Houstoun, a son of 
Sir Patrick Houstoun, in honour of whom this county is named, 
was among the earliest and most zealous advocates of the co- 
lonies. On the 14th of July, 1774, a notice appeared in the 
Georgia Gazette, published in the city of Savannah, calling 
upon the inhabitants of the province to assemble, for the pur- 
pose of taking into consideration the oppressions of the colo- 
nies, to which was affixed the name of Mr. Houstoun, associa- 
ted with those of N. W. Jones, George Walton, and Archibald 
Bulloch. Pursuant to this call, a number of the citizens, not 
only of Savannah, but of several distant parishes, convened, 
and after nominating John Glenn, Esquire, Chairman, they 
appointed a committee of thirty gentlemen to prepare and re- 
port resolutions to be recommended to the whole province for 



HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 331 

its adoption. Mr. Houstoun was placed on this committee ; 
atid in the discharge of its onerous duties evinced much deci- 
sion and zeal. At a crisis so momentous, it was fortunate for 
Georgia that there were men like Mr. Houstoun, willing and 
able to serve her. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appoint- 
ed one of the representatives of the province to the Congress 
in Philadelphia ; and the same honour was conferred upon 
him the 2d of February, 1776. His name would have appear- 
ed on the Declaration of American Independence, had he not 
been called from Congress to counteract the influences of the 
Rev. Mr. Zubli, a delegate from Georgia, who had suddenly 
left Philadelphia for the purpose of using his efforts at home 
against the Declaration. On the 8th of May, 1777, Mr. Hous- 
toun was appointed a member of the Executive Council ; and 
on the 8th of January, 1778, was elected Governor of Geor- 
gia. The invasion of East Florida had long been a favourite 
object of Mr. Houstoun ; and soon after his elevation to the 
executive chair, he expressed to Major General Robert Howe, 
then in command of the Southern Department, his willingness 
to co-operate with him in this expedition. The force thought 
necessary for the expedition being raised, General Howe, ac- 
companied by Governor Houstoun, proceeded against East Flo- 
rida. Arriving at the St. Mary's river, numerous obstacles 
prevented further progress, and a council of war was called to 
decide whether a retreat would not be proper ; and it was de- 
termined that, under present circumstances, a retreat was not 
only expedient, but absolutely necessary. Governor Houstoun 
was a man of high spirit, and was unwilling to relinquish the 
command of the Georgia militia to General Howe ; and this 
misunderstanding between the Governor and the General was 
probably one of the principal causes which led to the failure of 
the expedition. In 1784 he was again Governor of Georgia. 
In 1787, in conjunction with John Habersham and Lachlan 
Mcintosh, he was appointed a Commissioner by the General 
Assembly on the part and behalf of the State of Georgia, for 
settling disputes respecting boundary, with the State of South 
Carolina ; but he differed in opinion from the other Commis- 
sioners, and protested against their proceedings. His protest 
may be found on page 666, in Marbury and Crawford's Di- 



332 IRWIN COUNTY. 

gest. Mr. Houstoun was by profession a lawyer, comparable 
to any of his day. He died at White Bluff, near Savannah, 
20th July, 1796. 



IRWIN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Dooly and Telfair, 
E. by parts of Telfair and Ware, S. by Lowndes and Thomas, 
and W. by Baker. It is about 52 miles long, and 28 wide. 
Square miles, 1456. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. 
Parts set off to Thomas and Lowndes in 1825. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee and the AUapahaw ri- 
vers are the chief streams. Little river rises in the northern 
part of the county. Among the creeks may be named, San- 
dy, Hat, Lake, Big House, Willocoochee, Indian, Domes, Lit- 
tle House, Deep, Warrior, Tyty, Pine Woods, &c. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation was 2145 whites, 321 blacks ; total, 2466. Amount 
of taxes for 1848, $823 66 cents. Sends one representative 
to the Legislature, 

Post Office. — Irwinville. 

Town. — Irwinville is the seat of justice, 112 miles from 
Milledgeville, 60 miles from Hawkinsville, and 30 from Jack- 
sonville. It has a court-house, tavern, and one or two stores. 

Early Settlers. — The Paulks, Youngs, Wilcoxes, and 
Hendersons. 

Markets. — Hawkinsville, Macon, and Albany. 

Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions. 
— Some parts of the county are broken. The lands are gene- 
rally pine-barren. Some excellent lands are in the eastern 
part of the county. The productions are cotton, sugar-cane, 
wheat, &c. The average product of cotton is 600 pounds 
per acre. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists 
are the prevailing sects. The schools are few, and more at- 
tention iHight to be paid to education. 



IRWIN COUNTY. 333 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are gene- 
rally good. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people 
are kind and sociable. Much time is devoted to hunting. 
Temperance has not advanced with so much rapidity as in 
other counties. 

Climate. — The climate is warm. The diseases are simi- 
lar to those of the adjacent counties. 

Mineral Spring. — There is a mineral spring on the Oc- 
mulgee river, 22 miles from Hawkinsville. 

Name. — General Jared Irwin, after whom this county was 
named, was of Irish descent. His parents emigrated to Meck- 
lenburg county, North Carolina, and came to Georgia when 
he was about seven years old. 

He served his country faithfully many years during the lat- 
ter part of the revolutionary war, and afterwards in campaigns 
on the Georgia frontiers, against the Indians. He at one time 
commanded a detachment of Georgia militia in the Creek 
country. In early life he lived in Burke county ; afterwards 
he removed to Washington county, which he often represent- 
ed in the Legislature. He was a Brigadier General of the mi- 
litia ; he was in the Convention for revising our State Consti- 
tution in 1789 ; in a Convention for the same purpose in 1795, 
and President of the Convention that formed the present Con- 
stitution in 1798. The Presidency of the Senate was fre- 
quently conferred upon him, at various periods, from 1790 to 
1818, when he died. As Governor, in 1796, he had the hon- 
our of signing the Act rescinding the Yazoo Law. He was 
again Governor, from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. 
At the close of the war of independence, he was a member of 
the first Legislature that convened under our present form of 
government. 

He was a very pure man, and an excellent neighbour, 
whom all around him looked upon as a guide. Hospitality 
was his chief virtue. In every station he occupied he exhi- 
bited his devotion to the public good. In his manners he was 
affable, and in his disposition kind. In religion, he was a Con- 
gregationalist. To the poor and distressed he was a warm 
friend. He died at Union Hill, in Washington county, on the 
22 



334 JACKSON COUNTY. 

Isl of March, 1818, aged 68 years. One of his sons, Jared 
Irwin, Jun., was at the first graduating class at Athens ; and 
another, Capt. John Irwin, commanded a company of cavahy 
in the Creek war, under the heroic General John Floyd, dis- 
tinguishing himself at the battle of Autossie, and in other en- 
gagements.* 



JACKSON. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. W. by Hall, N. E. by 
Franklin, E. by Madison, S. by Clarke, W. by Walton and 
Gwinnett. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide ; square miles, 414. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The branches of the Oconee flow 
through this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's, 
Cider and Beach creeks, are some of the streams. 

Post Offices. — Jefferson, Barber's Creek, Bascobel, Har- 
mony Grove, Mulberry, Marcus, Maysville, Farmers' 'and 
Mechanics' Mills. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population in 
1845 was 6,265 whites, and 2,728 blacks ; total, 8,993. Return 
of State tax for 1848 is 82,495 49. Sends two representatives 
to the Legislature. 

Town. — Jefferson is the seat of justice, situated on the 
waters of the Oconee river; has a brick court-house, jail, two 
hotels, one church, one academy, five stores, &c. Amount of 
goods sold per annum, $15,000. Distance from Milledgeville 
87 miles, from Athens 13, from Gainesville 20, from Law- 
renceville 30, from Carnesville 30, from Monroe 28, from 
Madison 40, and from Watkinsville 27. The town has de- 
clined in business within the last few years. It was made 
the county site in 1806, and incorporated in 1812. 

Minerals. — This county abounds with granite and quartz. 
Near Mr. Appleby's are found elegant crystallized quartz. 
.Some iron is found ; soapstone, mica, asbestos and tourmaline. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of Jackson 

* Furnished by Col. J. W. Jaclison. 



JACKSON COUNTY. 335 

is favourable to health. The diseases are fevers and pneu- 
monia. Instances of longevity are not rare. Among others 
are Mr. Henry Angling, aged 80 ; Mr. x\nios Stapler, 80 ; Mrs. . 
Brown, over 100. 

Character of the People. — The people of this county 
are not particularly noted for any one trait of character. They 
are on a par with many other sections of Georgia, as far as in- 
telligence is concerned. Newspapers are taken all over the 
county, but there is among the citizens a great lack of the 
spirit of enterprise and inquiry. Many of the ladies of this 
county are skilful with the needle. We have seen many spe- 
cimens of their silk, lace, &c., that reflect much honour upon 
their ingenuity and industry. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, and Universalists. The interest in the subject of 
education is daily increasing, and there are some good schools. 
Mineral Springs. — There is a mineral spring on the plant- 
ation of the Rev. Mr. Harrison, north of Jefferson. 

Nature of Soil, Productions, and Average Product 
per Acre. — Much of the soil of this county is unproductive, 
although there are some good lands on the branches of the 
Oconee. The productions are cotton and the different grains. 
Cotton averages per acre 400 pounds ; corn 2^ barrels per 
acre ; and wheat 7 bushels per acre. 

Name. — In attempting to give a history of the life of Ma- 
jor General James Jackson, to perpetuate whose memory this 
county received its name, according to the plan adopted in our 
biographical sketches, we frankly confess our inability to do 
him that justice which his valuable services most richly merit. 
We must therefore beg our readers to allow us to deviate 
from our rule in appropriating a larger space than is our 
custom to the life and services of this eminent patriot and 
soldier. Never had Georgia a more devoted friend, and to no 
man, we fearlessly affirm, does she owe so great a debt of gra- 
titude ; and yet, astonishing to say, there are thousands of our 
citizens wholly unacquainted with his history. It is the duty 
of Georgians to make themselves familiar with the character 
and actions of those gallant spirits who stood by their country 
in the hour of her greatest extremity, and who in the contest 



336 JACKSON COUNTY. 

for freedom hazarded life, property, and interest. A knowledge 
of the sacrifices they made, and the hardships they endured, 
will teach us to value the blessings of a free government ; and, 
stimulated by their noble example, we shall always manfully re- 
sist any encroachment upon our liberties. The history of Mr. 
Jackson is the history of Georgia at eventful periods, as our 
memoir will fully show. It is not our object to attempt to 
prove that Mr. Jackson was faultless. We are free to confess 
that he had many faults. And who has not faults ? That 
which we desire to prove to the citizens of Georgia is this — 
that if there be one worthy of the Revolution more entitled to 
their gratitude than another, this distinction belongs to General 
James Jackson. 

He was born at Moreton Hampstead, in the county of 
Devon, England, September 21st, 1757. His father, like many 
other impartial Englishmen, was opposed to the attempts made 
by Parliament to restrain the liberties of the colonies, and in 
his family circle would often speak in commendable terms of 
the resistance of America. Jackson, who, from his infancy, 
had exhibited an abhorrence against oppression, would listen 
most attentively to the conversation of his father, and thus 
gradually imbibed a sympathy for the colonies, whose consti- 
tutional rights were so unjustly violated, and accordingly he 
resolved to leave England and take up his abode in America. 
He arrived in Savannah in 1772, when only fifteen years of 
age, penniless, and an entire stranger to every one except 
John VVereat, Esq., who had been intimate with his father in 
England. Samuel Farley, Esq., attorney at law, a gentleman 
whose legal attainments had secured him an extensive prac- 
tice, pleased with the talents and industry of the youth, re- 
ceived him into his office, and superintended his studies. But 
the times were exciting. People spoke their sentiments freely 
in regard to the differences between Great Britain and her 
colonies, and expressed opinions that the time had arrived when 
it became the latter to assume a hostile attitude. Jackson laid 
aside his law-books, and, with his bosom burning with the love 
of liberty, associated himself with that portion of the citizens 
who had resolved no longer to wear the chains of slavery. 
Such men as Bulloch, Houstoun, Jones, and Hall, encouraged 



JACKSON COUNTY. 337 

the ambitious youth, because they saw in him, enthusiasm, 
courage, and talents. The first time that Jackson had an op- 
portunity of distinguishing himself was when an attack was 
proposed against Savannah, by a fleet of vessels commanded 
by Captain Barclay, aided by land forces under Majors Mait- 
land and Grant. The armed vessels grounded, and thus the 
expectations of the foe were defeated. A party of volunteers, 
among whom were John Morel, Thomas Hamilton, James 
Bryan, and James Jackson, then only nineteen years of age, 
proceeded to that part of the river where the vessels lay, and 
set them on fire, the crews, however, making their escape, with 
the loss of their clothes and arms. This affair gained him the 
approbation of his fellow-citizens, and upon the organization 
of a company of light infantry he was elected lieutenant, and 
afterwards captain ; but shortly afterwards resigned, from an 
impression that injustice had been done him by his colonel. 
About 1778, he was appointed brigade major, and the chroni- 
cles of this period speak highly of his military talents and fide- 
lity. In the battle at Medway, where General Scriven was 
killed, he commanded a party of volunteers, received a wound, 
and acquired fresh laurels for soldierlike conduct. After the 
fall of Savannah, in 1778, in company with his friend Mr. 
Milledge, he went to South Carolina, and joined the command 
of General Moultrie. During the progress of these sons of 
liberty, barefoot and clothed in rags, they were apprehended 
as spies by some American soldiers, and condemned to be 
hung. The gallows was actually prepared, and but for the 
timely arrival of Major Peter Deveaux, who accidentally heard 
of the transaction, these two patriots would have been exe- 
cuted. It is an incident worthy of notice, that both, at a sub- 
sequent period, became Governors of the State of Georgia, and 
successively Senators in Congress from that State. We are 
unable to say in what capacity he served under General Moul- 
trie ; but, whatever it was, we are sure that he was not want- 
ing in any of the attributes of a gallant and faithful soldier. 
In 1779, he was at the ill-fated siege of Savannah, attached, as 
it is thought, to the division of troops under Colonel Mar- 
bury. Here he exerted himself, with others of his brave asso- 
ciates, to recover the town. The result of that siege is well 



338 JACKSON COUNTY. 

known. The Georgia soldiers did tiieir duty, and many of 
them on that day sealed their devotion to liberty with their 
blood. Among the wounded was Lieutenant Edward Lloyd, 
a Georgian, who had his right arm carried away by a cannon- 
shot ; and Major Jackson, whilst aiding the surgeon in dress- 
ing the shattered stump, expressed to the wounded lieutenant 
his deep sympathy for the casualty which had happened to 
him; upon which the chivalrous Georgian observed, " that as 
bad as such a prospect presented to so young a man, he would 
rather be in his than in Captain Stedman's situation," an officer 
who had evinced cowardice or deserted his post on the morn- 
ing of the assault. Georgia being now in possession of the 
British army, many of its noble defenders were compelled to 
retreat to South Carolina, among whom was Major Jackson. 
In Aucrust, 1780, General Sumter was attacked at Blackstock's 
house by Col. Tarlton. Ramsey, Mills, Sims, and other Caro- 
lina historians, have given accounts of this engagement ; but in 
our opinion they have not done full justice to the Georgia 
troops, who acted a conspicuous part on that occasion. 

In our memoir of General Twiggs, we have referred to 
this subject ; and desirous, we may say resolved (at least as far 
as our exertions can effect it), to give the meed of praise to 
the little corps of Georgians who were engaged in this battle, 
we here affirm that it can be proved by indubitable testimony, 
that Major Jackson was unsurpassed in this action by any 
officer ; that his support of Col. Elijah Clarke was conducted 
with skill and efficiency ; and that the men under his command 
displayed an intrepidity that would have done honour to vete- 
ran troops. Tarlton fled from the field, and Jackson was 
ordered to pursue him; but, owing to the fleetness of his steed, 
Tarlton made his escape with a loss of 30 to 40 horses, which 
Jackson brought back. The battle of the Cowpens gave Jack- 
son another opportunity of evincing his unconquerable desire 
to serve his country. The arduous duties of his office as 
Brigade Major were performed with his accustomed energy 
and skill. Gen, Andrew Pickens, who had the South Caro- 
lina and Georgia militia under his command at the battle of 
the Cowpens, bears the following testimony in favour of Ma- 
jor Jackson: " Major Jackson, by his example, and firm, active 



JACKSON COUNTY. 339 

conduct, did much to animate the soldiers, and insure the suc- 
cess of the day. He ran the utmost risk of his Hfe in seizing 
the colours of the 71st British regiment, and afterwards intro- 
ducing Major McArthur, commanding officer of the British 
infantry, as a prisoner of war, to Gen. JMorgan." After this 
battle, he was engaged on a difficult tour of duty in North 
Carolina, which he executed in a manner so satisfactory to 
Gen. Greene,* that he authorized him to raise a partisan legion 
of infantry and cavalry, for service in Georgia. This he ac- 
complished in a short time, for few officers ever possessed to a 
greater extent the art of recruiting men. His eloquence on 
these occasions was powerful. When he described, in burn- 
ing words, the cruelties of the enemy, the perils and hard- 
ships of the Georgians — and when he avowed his willingness 
to share every danger with them, the eiFect upon the crowds 
that he addressed was irresistible. Shouts of " Liberty 
and Jackson for ever," rent the air, and forthwith offers of en- 
listment came from hundreds of lips. Having organized his 
legion, he received Gen. Greene's commission as Lieut. Colonel 
commanding, which was afterwards confirmed by Congress. 
The appearance of his legion, when equipped, must have been 
singular, for in the Colonel's own description of them, he says : 
" My dragoons were clothed and armed by themselves, except 
pistols ; even their caps, boots, and spurs. Their coats were 
made of deer-skins, dressed, and turned up with the little blue 
cloth I could procure." But what was dress to such men? 
They possessed iron hearts. Speaking of the sufferings of his 
men, the Colonel says : " My whole corps for months were 
without any thing to quench their thirst but the common swamp 
water near Savannah, and for 48 hours together without bread, 
rice, or any thing like it." At the reduction of Augusta, Col. 
Jackson's services were of the most valuable character. Just 
before that event, the militia had begun to manifest signs of 
despondency. Overcome by long service, destitute of almost 
every necessary of life, and giving up all hope of succours 

* He had been introduced to General Greene by General Morgan in a most 
shabby dress, for he was poor, and unable to purchase rich military clothing. 
It is said that his appearance was, to General Greene's eye, so remarkable, 
that he immediately formed a high opinion of him. 



340 JACKSON COUNTY. 

from Gen. Greene's army, they had formed the resolution of 
retiring home. Jackson being informed of this state of feel- 
ing, instantly repaired to the camp, and, by his animating ad- 
dresses, quelled the tumult, and called upon them, in a manner 
peculiar to himself, not to tarnish the laurels which they had 
already gained, by deserting their country in a time of so much 
need. His interference was effectual. The drooping spirits 
of the militia were roused, and they resolved to bid defiance 
to their foes. Nobly did these men fight. Jackson's arrange- 
ments at the beginning of the attack upon Augusta, contribut- 
ed in a great degree to the success of the American arms- 
He led one of the advance parties, and performed other peril- 
ous duties with great honour to himself After the surrender 
of the town, he received orders to level the fortifications, to 
collect as many men as possible, and join the army of Gen. 
Greene ; but, having marched about thirty miles, he found it 
impossible to reach the main army, and therefore returned to 
Augusta, of which he had been appointed commandant. 

In July he was ordered to advance towards Savannah, and 
take post midway between this town and Augusta. It was 
here that a conspiracy was formed in his infantry to kill Col. 
Jackson in his bed, but happily it was discovered by a soldier 
who acted as his waiter, named Davis. This honourable man 
observing that something uncommon was going on in the 
camp, determined to find it out. To accomplish his object, 
he mingled among the men, and branded the Colonel with 
many opprobrious epithets. Supposing they might have a 
useful accomplice in Davis, the conspirators divulged their 
secret to him, which he immediately communicated to Col. 
Jackson. The infantry were drawn out, the ringleaders 
instantly arrested under a charge of cavalry, tried by a court 
martial, and executed. Davis was rewarded for his fidelity by 
the Legislature, with a gift of 500 acres of land, a horse, sad- 
dle and bridle. Before Col. Jackson with his legion reached 
Ebenezer, he had several skirmishes with the foe, in which he 
was generally victorious. On the 2d of November, 1781, he 
determined to surprise the British post at the Ogeechee ferry. 
His approach to the post was conducted with so much address, 
that it was not perceived until the demand was made upon it 



JACKSON COUNTY. 341 

to surrender. OThe British commander was in the act of deliv- 
ering his sword to Col. Jackson, when Captain Goldsmith was 
killed by Captain Patrick Carr. This sanguinary action 
induced the commanding officer of the British to believe that 
the Americans designed to butcher his men in cold blood, and 
suddenly springing to a house which was the place of defence, 
he ordered his men to resume their arms and fight for their 
lives. The consequence was, that Jackson was compelled to 
abandon his enterprise. With his force much thinned, he 
proceeded about a mile, when he attacked a house in which 
were fifteen loyalists, commanded by Captain Howell ; and 
the whole party were either killed or taken prisoners. A few 
hours after this affair, he was attacked by a superior force, 
consisting of the whole British cavalry from Savannah, under 
Lieut. Col. Campbell, and compelled to retreat to a swamp ; 
but not until he had killed or disabled as many of the foe as 
he had men under his own command. Efforts were made to 
dislodge him, but the Colonel could not be easily caught. 
Taking advantage of the night, he retreated towards Ebene- 
zer. Upon reaching Ebenezer, he was ordered by General 
Twiggs to retreat to Burke county, for the purpose of re- 
inforcements. After his force had been considerably aug- 
mented, he was for some time engaged in cutting off" the 
foraging parties of the enemy. In February, 1782, General 
Anthony Wayne was ordered to Ebenezer, and Col. Jackson 
joined him. Between this period and the end of the war, he 
was incessantly employed in active duty. Wayne had the 
highest confidence in his skill and bravery, and accordingly, 
when any hazardous enterprise was to be accomplished, Jack- 
son was selected. On one occasion he was detached with 
thirty dragoons to destroy the rice on Governor Wright's 
plantation. Having performed this duty, in his retreat he 
passed through the camp of two hundred sick tories. Fortu- 
nate for this party that it fell into the hands of Gol. Jackson ! 
Their atrocities had long merited punishment, but to the hon- 
our of our magnanimous soldier, he left them unmolested. 
On the 12th of July, 1782, the British evacuated Savannah, 
and Gen. Wayne honoured Col. Jackson with the distinction of 
receiving from the British the surrender and keys of the town. 



342 JACKSON COUNTY. 

He entered it with iiis ever-faithful cavalry, having the proud 
satisfaction of being the first American officer who in actual 
command had been within its lines since its fall, in 1778. The 
following order will show in what estimation Col. Jackson was 
held by General Wayne, the commanding officer : 

" Head Quarters at Gibbons's, 
"July 10, 1782. 

"As the enemy may be expected daily to evacuate the town, 
the troops will take care to be provided with a clean shift of 
linen, and to make themselves as respectable as possible for 
the occasion. The officers are particularly called upon to 
attend to this order, and see it executed in their respective 
corps. No followers of the army are to be permitted to enter 
the town until the main body has marched in. Lieut. Col. 
Jackson, in consideration of his severe and fatiguing service 
in the advance, is to receive the keys of Savannah, and is 
allowed to enter the western gate, keeping a patrol in town to 
apprehend stragglers who may steal in with the hope of plun- 
der. Marauders may assure themselves of the most severe 
and exemplary punishment." 

After the war Col. Jackson took up his residence in Savan- 
nah, and married Miss Mary Charlotte Young, daughter of 
William Young, an ardent patriot, and devoted himself to the 
practice of the law, in which he soon became eminent. In 
July, 1782, the Legislature of Georgia, in consideration of his 
great and useful services to his country, presented him with a 
house and lot in the city of Savannah. When elected to the 
Legislature, with a magnanimity eminently characteristic of 
him, he laid aside his revolutionary animosity against some of 
the tories, who were greatly indebted to his exertions in pro- 
curing for them a release from the penalties of the confisca- 
tion acts. To induce him to advocate their restoration to citi- 
zenship, bribes were offered him by some, whose conduct in 
the war of the Revolution was marked by an extent of flagi- 
tiousness that admitted of no possible shadow of palliation ; 
but the high-minded patriot scorned every offer of this charac- 
ter. Sooner than he would have pleaded, for gold, the cause 
of treason, he would have submitted his head to the block. 
In 1784 he became Colonel of the 1st regiment, and in 1786 he 



JACKSON COUNTY. 343 

received the commission of Brigadier General ; the duties of 
which were peculiarly arduous, having charge of the opera- 
tions against the Indians, who were then making inroads upon 
our southern settlements. When only 31 years of age he was 
elected, in 1788, Governor of Georgia, but for reasons which 
he deemed satisfactory he refused to serve. About this time 
he was made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons, in 
Georgia, and honorary member of the State Society of the 
Cincinnati. In 1789 he was elected to represent the Eastern 
District in the first Congress held under the Federal Constitution. 
Between this period and 1806 he held almost every high office 
in Georgia, viz. : member of the Legislature, Major General^ 
member of the Convention that framed the present Constitution 
of the State, of which he wrote the greater part ; Elector for 
President and Vice-President ; Governor, and Senator to Con- 
gress In all the offices with which his countrymen honoured 
him, he strictly conformed to what he considered right. It 
was natural to expect, in the incipient stages of our govern- 
ment, that men intrusted with responsible offices would ex- 
pose themselves to opposition and calumny ; and Mr. Jackson, 
for the fearless and conscientious discharge of his duty, expe- 
rienced a full share of misrepresentation and abuse : but, no- 
thing daunted, he persevered in every measure which he 
believed would advance the interests and reputation of Geor- 
gia, and this the people of Georgia acknowledged more than 
once. In the year 1791, General Anthony Wayne, who had 
become a citizen of Georgia, and possessed very justly the 
veneration of her people, was induced, doubtless with honest 
purposes in himself, yet certainly, perhaps unconsciously, by 
the instigations of Gen. Jackson's adversaries, to become a 
candidate in opposition, for the same district in Congress. An 
animated contest was waged before the people. Gen. Wayne 
was returned. Gen. Jackson presented himself before the 
House of Representatives, in February, 1792, contested the 
return, personally conducted his claim to the seat, and obtained 
a decision, awarded without a dissenting voice, that General 
Wayne was not entitled to retain it. By the casting vote of 
the Speaker alone, the House refused to declare Gen. Jackson 
elected. The concluding speech of Gen. Jackson is repre- 



344 JACKSON COUNTY. 

sented to have been a display of brilliant oratory, followed by 
long continued applause. " With these sentiments, Mr. 
Speaker," said he, in closing, " I submit the facts I have 
brought forward to the House, and with them I commit the 
rights of myself, the rights of the State of Georgia, and I had 
almost said the rights of the United States, to their decision ; 
and I beg leave to repeat, that a free representation was what 
we fought for ; a free representation was what loe obtained ; 
a free representation is what our children should he taught to 
lisp, and our youths to relinquish only with their lives." 

The Legislature of Georgia, December 21st, 1791, passed 
almost with unanimity the following resolution : " Resolved, 
That the approbation and thanks of this Legislature be com- 
municated to Gen. James Jackson, a representative from the 
county of Chatham, for his exertions in bringing forward to 
public investigation an attack on the liberties and privileges of 
the citizens of this State in the last election for a member to 
represent this State in the Congress of the United States." 
In general politics he was attached to the Republican party, 
but acted always with independence, according to his sense 
of right. He was opposed to high duties, and to a bank of 
the United States, both upon expediency and constitutional 
grounds, and voted against the charter of the first bank. He 
was among the first that took ground for the South on the sub- 
ject of slavery. As early as February, 1790, he foresaw the 
difficulties now impending over the South. A few days pre- 
viously a petition had been sent from the Quakers, praying 
the abolition of the slave trade. On the 12th of February, a 
petition was presented from a Pennsylvania society for pro- 
moting abolition of slavery generally, calling upon Congress to 
"loosen the bands of slavery and promote a general enjoy- 
ment of the blessings of freedom.'' This last embraced the 
incendiary movements of the present day. Mr. Scott, a mem- 
ber from Pennsylvania, followed the presentation of this peti- 
tion by saying, that he could not perceive how any person 
could be said to acquire property in another, and declared that 
if he were a federal judge, and imported Africans were brought 
before him, he did not know how far he might go. It was 
then that Gen. Jackson uttered the words which brought upon 



JACKSON COUNTY. 345 

him the wrath of the writer of the Hfe of Roger Sherman. 
Every word Jackson then said, appHes at this day. In reply 
to Mr. Scott, he said that he " differed from the gentleman 
last up, and supposed the master had a qualified property in 
his slaves; that the contrary doctrine would go to the destruc- 
tion of every species of personal service. The gentleman 
said that he did not stand in need of religion to induce him 
to reprobate slavery ; but, if he is guided by that evidence 
which the Christian system was founded on, he will find that 
religion is not against it; he will see from Genesis to Revela- 
tion the current setting strong that way. There never was a 
government on the face of the earth but what permitted 
slavery. The purest sons of freedom in the Grecian Repub- 
lics, the citizens of Athens and Lacedemon, all held slaves. 
On this principle the nations of Europe are associated ; it is 
the basis of the federal system. But suppose all this to have 
been wrong, let me ask the gentleman if it is policy to bring 
forward a business at this moment likely to light up the flame 
of civil discord ; for the people of the Southern States will 
resist one tyranny as soon as another ; the other part of the 
continent may hear them down by force of arms, hut they will 
never suffer themselves to he divested of their property without 
a struggle. The gentleman says if he was a federal judge he 
does not know to what length he would go in emancipating 
these people ; hut I helieve his judgment would he of short 
duration in Georgia : pei^haps even the existence of such a 
judge might he in danger." We have given these extracts 
from Gen. Jackson's speeches, to show that he never lost sight 
of his duty to the South ; that he was always prepared to 
defend her rights. We come now to what we consider one 
of the most valuable services which Gen. Jackson ever ren- 
dered to the people of Georgia ; we mean the bold stand he 
took against the nefarious " Yazoo Act." We are candid 
when we affirm that the mere thought of the circumstances 
and history of this disgraceful procedure, causes us to feel a 
sickening emotion ; and we would not introduce this subject 
were we not desirous of doing justice to Gen. Jackson, and 
convincing the people of Georgia, that if he had done for them 
no other service than thwarting the purposes of the friends of 



346 JACKSON COUNTY. 

the Yazoo Act, this alone should endear him to their remem- 
brance. Several projects for the sale of large tracts of land 
had been presented at different times to the Legislature of 
Georgia. In 1794 and 1795, the General Assembly passed an 
act conveying to four associations, viz., the Georgia, the Geor- 
gia Mississippi, the Upper Mississippi, and the Tennessee 
companies, 35,000,000 acres of land for $500,000, lying be- 
tween the rivers Mississippi, Tennessee, the Coosa, Alabama, 
and Mobile. The bill was contested in both Houses. It passed 
by a majority of ten in the House of Representatives, and 
two in the Senate. The sale of this land produced much 
excitement through the State, for it was known that all who 
voted for the bill, with one or two exceptions, were directly 
or indirectly bribed. On their return home they were met by 
their constituents with marked disapprobation, and it is placed 
beyond all doubt that one member of the Legislature was 
killed on account of his vote. From the very beginning of 
this villainous scheme to defraud the State of Georgia of her 
western territory, Gen. Jackson was indefatigable in his efforts 
to oppose it. By correspondence with the most eminent citi- 
zens in the State, and by communications in the papers of the 
day, he evinced a determination to hold up to public scorn the 
agents in this wicked transaction. No opportunity was per- 
mitted to pass in which he did not show himself the uncompro- 
mising opponent of the scheme, which the Yazoo adventurers 
had proposed to enrich themselves. In the discussions which 
he had in public and private, in regard to this matter, he doubt- 
less allowed his feelings to get the ascendency of his judgment. 
Naturally excitable, it is admitted that, in the expression of his 
opinions, he often employed language to which his best friends 
took exceptions ; but it must be remembered that the Yazoo 
speculators left no method unemployed to lessen his reputation 
in Georgia. As early as 1794, when a Senator in Congress, 
he was, on two distinct occasions, approached by a man 
exalted in office, who affected to be his personal friend, and 
was offered any number of acres he could require, even to 
half of- a million, without paying a dollar, if he would embark 
his influence against the honour and interest of Geoi-gia. 
When bribes had no effect upon Mr. Jackson, his enemies 



JACKSON COUNTY. 347 

resorted to other methods to destroy his influence. His char- 
acter was assailed — and we may add, his Hfe often placed in 
jeopardy. The defeat of the Yazoo Act was the absorbing 
subject of his thoughts. In every step which he took, he 
firmly believed that he was engaged in a righteous cause. 
Noble man ! Heaven willed that you should live to see your 
efforts to defeat this scheme of unparalleled fraud, crowned 
with success. In 1795, whilst he was a Senator in Congress, 
many of his fellow-citizens, especially of Scriven and Chat- 
ham counties, requiring his aid to oppose the machinations of 
the Yazoo speculators, earnestly desired him to resign. He 
complied with their request, returned home, was elected a 
member of the Legislature, became a member of the commit- 
tee appointed to investigate the conduct of their predecessors, 
and, let it be known to the people of Georgia, and let them tell 
their children, that to Gen. James Jackson chiefly is due the 
credit of having this odious act repealed. The whole corrup- 
tion was overturned, and it was determined to obliterate it 
from history and to commit the very records of it to the flames. 
This was executed in a solemn manner. Tradition informs 
us that when the public functionaries were assembled in the 
State House Square in Louisville, to commit the registers of 
dishonour to the flames, a venerable man, whose head was 
whitened with the frosts of fourscore winters, unknown to 
any present, rode through the multitude, and made his way to 
the officers of the government. Alighting from his horse, he 
commenced an address, in which he stated he had been led there 
by a desire to see an act of justice performed ; that he did not 
think that earthly fire should be employed to manifest the in- 
dignation which the occasion required, but the fire should come 
from heaven. With his trembling hands, he took from his 
bosom, whilst a deathlike silence prevailed amidst the throng, 
a burning-glass, and applying it to a heap of papers, the con- 
flagration was completed. Meanwhile the old man retired 
unperceived, and no traces of him could afterwards be found. 
Citizens of Georgia ! long ere this ye should have erected a 
monument to the memory of your Jackson. In the establish- 
ment of the University in Athens, Mr. Jackson cheerfully 
co-operated with Baldwin, Milledge, and other friends of edu- 



348 JACKSON COUNTY. 

cation. No man was more anxious to advance the cause of 
literature in Georgia, and he always referred to his agency in 
the organization of our State University, with feelings of pe- 
culiar pride. In 1802, he was associated with Abraham 
Baldwin and John Milledge in ceding to the United States 
the State territory west of the Chattahoochee. Mr, Jackson 
died in the city of Washington on the 19th of March, 1806, 
whilst serving Georgia as Senator in Congress. He was buried 
four miles from Washington, but by order, of Congress his 
remains were removed to and interred in the Congressional 
burial yard, about the year 1836. On his tomb is the follow- 
ing inscription, the production of the Georgia delegation in 
Congress. On front side : 

" To the memory of Major General James Jackson, of 
Georgia, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grate- 
ful country — a soldier of the Revolution." 

On the reverse : 

" He was the determined foe of foreign tyranny, the 
scourge and terror of corruption at home. Died 19th of 
March, 1806, in the 49th year of his age." 

Mr. Jackson was about 5 feet 7 inches in height, stout, 
broad-shouldered, with a full breast, a large penetrating eye, 
high forehead, prominent features, and thin, sandy hair. His 
mind was strong, and much improved by reading and observa- 
tion. Although much employed, he found time to prepare a 
large volume of notes, in manuscript, on Ramsey's History of 
South Carolina, containing a vast amount of information in 
regard to the revolutionary war as carried on in Georgia. In 
the private relations of life he was kind and affable. Possess- 
ing a warm temperament, he was too apt to suppose himself 
slighted when really nothing of the kind was intended. To 
educate his children was with him an object of much solici- 
tude. Four of his sons are now living, polished, patriotic and 
useful citizens. To his servants he was proverbially kind. 
As we have already intimated, Mr. Jackson had his faults. 
He was often led to do things which, upon cool reflection, 
caused him pungent sorrow; and most of the difficulties in which 
he was involved, and which frequently caused the shedding of 
his blood, arose from the character of the times. Georgians ! 



JASPER COUNTY. 349 

Countrymen ! We have, for your information, given an ac- 
count of the services of Gen. James Jackson. He was your 
friend, and remember, that when Jackson thought that his 
mortal career was almost finished, he said "that if after 
death his heart could be opened, Georgia would be legibly read 
there." What a sentiment ! Treasure it up in your minds, 
citizens of Georgia ! 



JASPER. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Jasper county has Morgan and 
Newton on the N., Putnam on the E., Monroe and Butts on 
the W., and Monroe and Jones on the S. This county was 
laid out by the name of Randolph, in 1807 ; but the name was 
changed to Jasper in 1812. A part set off to Morgan in 1815, 
and a part to Newton, in 1821. Length, 24 miles, breadth 
16 miles. Square miles, 384. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee, which divides the county 
from Butts and Monroe, is the chief stream. The creeks 
are Herd's, Wise's, Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, 
White Oak, Wolf and Panther. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, this county had a population of 11,056, of 
which 4,562 were whites, and 6,494 blacks. Amount of State 
tax returned for 1848, $4,551 24 cts. Sends two representa- 
tives to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Monticello, Palo Alto, Shady Dale, Hills- 
borough, Mechanicsville. 

Minerals. — Gold, iron, granite, mica, quartz, felspar, jasper, 
tourmaline, garnet, rose quartz, amethystine quartz, and gra- 
phite. 

Mineral Springs. — There is a mineral spring three miles 
from Monticello, on Mrs. Wilson's plantation, the waters of 
which are said to be impregnated with medicinal qualities. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The morals 
of the people are improving. Industry and economy are traits 
in their character. Dancing is a fashionable amusement. 
23 



350 JASPER COUNTY, 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians 
and Baptists. Of churches there are 10 Methodist, 1 Presby- 
terian, 2 Oxford Baptists, 4 Anti-Missionary and 7 Missionary 
Baptists; total 24. Education is not neglected, but in this 
county as well as in most of the counties in the State, the system 
adopted for the education of the poor is defective. 

Markets, &c. — Covington, Madison, Macon, are the chief 
markets. 10,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is tempe- 
rate. The diseases are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. There 
are now living, Anthony Dyer, over 83 ; George Clark, 90 ; 
Mr. Caps, nearly 80 ; John Davidson, over 80 ; David Smith, 
over 80 ; Richard Carter, 83. Dr. Carroll died at the age of 
100; Jeremiah Campbell, a revolutionary character, was over 
80 ; Sion Barnett published the first proclamation connected 
with the Mecklenburg meeting, was present at the battles of 
Stono and Cowpens, and died at the age of 82 ; Littleton John- 
son, 86; Mr. Waters, 105, killed by fall from a horse; Mr. 
Abner Chapman, 86 ; Mrs. Chapman, 80 ; Mr. Yaney was at 
the siege of Savannah, and was within five steps of Pulaski 
when he was shot down. A negro man named Shade, at 
110; Gilbert Shaw, at 80, killed by a tornado, in 1842. 

Towns. — Monticello, so called from the residence of 
Thomas Jefferson, is the county site, situated on the waters of 
Murder creek. The court house is a handsome brick edifice, 
cost upwards of $12,000. The jail is a plain building. There 
are in the town, three churches, Methodist, Baptist and Pres- 
byterian, one county academy for males and one school for fe- 
males, two hotels, five stores, several mechanical shops, seven or 
eight lawyers, and four physicians. It is 35 miles W. N. W. of 
Milledgeville, 125 from Augusta, 28 from Forsyth, 36 from 
Marion, and 16 from the Indian springs. The citizens of this 
town are eminently distinguished for intelligence and polite- 
ness. More than $100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. 
The fire in 1843 destroyed property valued at $50,000. 

Hillsborough, 9 miles S. E. of Monticello, has one church, 
two academies, and one store ; population 100. Named after 
Mr. Isaac Hill, one of the early settlers of the county. 

Shady Dale, 8 miles from Monticello, has two churches, one 



JASPER COUNTY. 351 

academy, one tavern, one store. The population are said to be 
unsurpassed by any, for integrity and industry. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads are fair, and the bridges are 
kept in tolerable order. 

Early Settlers. — Jeremiah Cox, Richard Carter, Adam 
Glazier, Sylvanus Walker, Joel Wise, Charles Cargile, Wil- 
liam Scott, Stokely Morgan, Anthony Dyer, General J. W. 
Burney, Isaac Hill, Capt. Eli Glover, Major Pearson, Wil- 
liam Penn, the McClendons, Mr. Cargile, Thomas Broters, 
James Smith. 

Eminent Men. — Gen. Adams, Capt. Butts. 

Antiquities. — On Murder creek are several mounds, in 
which have been found many articles of pottery. In the S. 
W. part of the county have been found several excavations, 
supposed to have been made by De Soto in his search for the 
precious metals. 

Miscellaneous Observations. — On the 17th of May, 
1847, a portion of the county was visited by a severe hail 
storm, which wholly destroyed the crops, timber, stock, &c. 
The hail was as large as a man's fist, and twenty-seven days 
afterwards a large quantity was brought to Monticello. 

The following items are from the books of the clerk of the 
Superior Court of Jasper county: — On Monday, 21st of 
March, Judge Early presiding, it appeared that 23 names of 
grand jurors were called. Judge Early decided that no court 
could be held." Among the first indictments was one for 
cattle stealing. The first presentment was against a per- 
son for profane swearing. 

Nature of Soil, Face of the Country, Productions. — 
The surface is undulating, rather broken, particularly the east- 
ern half of the county, on account of the great number of 
streams. The upper portion is more level. The county, near 
the Ocmulgee, is hilly and productive. The lower part is 
aluminous loam, peculiarly adapted to grain and cotton. The 
other portion is composed of gray soil, adapted to cotton. 
There is, south of Monticello, an extent of country called the 
Glades, resembling the flat woods of Elbert. It is rather 
flat and rocky, covered with thorns and scrub oaks. The 
productions are the same as in the contiguous counties. 



352 JASPER COUNTY. 

Name. — The county of Jasper received its name in honour 
of Sergeant Jasper, whose gallant deeds in the war of the 
Revolution claim the gratitude of every American. It is be- 
lieved that he was an Irishman by birth, and that he emigrated 
to America before the Revolution, and settled in one of the 
middle districts of South Carolina. At the beginning of the 
war he enlisted in the second South Carolina regiment of 
infantry, under the command of the brave Col. Moultrie. 
In the attack which was made upon Fort Moultrie, 28th of 
June, 1776, Jasper was present, and gave the first proof of his 
daring courage. In the beginning of the action the flag-staff 
of the Americans was shot away. Jasper immediately took up 
the flag and fastened it on a sponge staff'. Taking it into his 
hand, amidst a galling fire from the ships of the enemy, he de- 
liberately planted it. An action like this could not escape 
attention. Gov. Rutledge presented him with a sword, and 
offered him a commission ; but with a modesty characteristic 
of him, he declined the latter. Such was the confidence 
placed in his bravery and enterprise that he received permis- 
sion from his commander to go and come whenever he thought 
proper. On one occasion he entered the British lines in dis- 
guise, and ascertaining their strength, returned to the Ameri- 
can camp and communicated it to the commander. 

The recapture of certain prisoners by Jasper, with the aid 
of his friend Newton, near Savannah, is peculiarly interesting. 
Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be 
brought from Ebenezer to Savannah for trial, he determined 
to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his compan- 
ion, at a spring two miles from Savannah, and about 30 yards 
from the main road, he waited the arrival of the prisoners. 
When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight 
men, and the prisoners in irons, stopped to refresh themselves 
at this spring, two of the guard only remained with the 
captives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, 
when Jasper and Newton sprung from their hiding place, and 
seized the guns, and shot down the two sentinels. The re- 
maining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to 
recover their guns, by threats of immediate death, and were 
forced to surrender. The prisoners were released, and Jasper 



JASPER COUNTY. 353 

and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, 
crossed the Savannah river and joined the army at Purys- 
burg. In the disastrous siege of Savannah the gallant Jasper 
lost his life. Shortly after the battle of Fort Moultrie, the 
lady of Colonel' Bernard Elliott presented an elegant pair of 
colours to the second regiment, to which Jasper was attached. 
Her address on the occasion concluded thus : " 1 make not the 
least doubt, under Heaven's protection, you will stand by these 
colours so long as they wave in the air of liberty." In reply, 
a promise was made that they should be honourably supported, 
and never should be tarnished by the second regiment. This 
engagement was literally fulfilled. Three years after they were 
planted on the British lines at Savannah. One by Lieutenant 
Bush, who was immediately shot down. Lieutenant Hume, 
in the act of planting his, was also shot down ; and Lieut. 
Gray, in supporting them, received a mortal wound ; and while 
Jasper was in the act of replacing them, he received a death 
shot. An officer called to see him, to whom he thus spoke : 
"I have got my furlough. That sword was presented to me by 
Governor Rutledge, for my services in the defence of Fort 
Moultrie ; give it to my father, and tell him that I have worn it 
with honour. If he should weep, tell him his son died in the 
hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott that I lost my life sup- 
porting the colours which she presented to our regiment. If 
you should ever see Jones, his wife and son, tell them that 
Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of the battle which 
he fought for them, brought a secret joy to his heart, when it 
was about to stop its motion for ever." Hon. R. M. Charlton, 
in his eulogy on Jasper, says : " Who has written his epitaph ? 
Who has built up his monument? Shame! shame upon us, 
that we are compelled to exclaim, in the language of the 
poet : 

" ' We carved not a line, we raised not a stone. 
But left him alone in liis glory.' " 

Sergeant Jasper married Miss Elizabeth Marlow, while he 
was stationed at Fort Moultrie. They had two children, Wil- 
liam and Elizabeth, both of whom were educated in Charles- 
ton. After the death of Sergeant Jasper, his widow married 
a Mr. Wagner, of Charleston. 



354 JONES COUNTY: 



JONES. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Jasper, and a por- 
tion of Putnam, on the North ; Baldwin on the East ; Twiggs, 
and a portion of Wilkinson, on the South ; Bibb and Monroe on 
the West. Laid out in 1807. It is 21 miles long and 18 wide ; 
square miles, 378. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The chief river is the Ocmulgee. The 
creeks are Cedar, Falling, Walnut, and Line. 

Post Offices. — Clinton, Blountsville, Larksville, and Tran- 
quilla. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gives to this county a population of 4,136 whites, and 
5,933 blacks: total, 10,069. Amount of State tax for 1848, 
$4,016 23 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legis- 
lature. 

Towns. — Clinton is the seat of justice, named after Gov. 
Clinton, of New- York ; situated near the centre of the county, 
22 miles W. S. W. of Milledgeville, 14 from Macon, 25 from 
Forsyth, 23 from Monticello, 28 from Irwinton, and 28 from 
Marion. It has a court-house, jail, two churches, Methodist 
and Baptist, male and female academies, two taverns, several 
boarding houses, stores, mechanics' shops, &c. Population, 300. 
The town is said to be healthy. Incorporated in 1816. 

Blountsville, a small place 10 miles from Clinton, 16^ from 
Milledgeville. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is generally hilly and broken. The soil is much 
worn, although still productive. 

Productions. — Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, barley, millet, 
and sugar-cane. Cotton will average 600 lbs. per acre ; corn, 
two barrels per acre. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is variable. 
Fever and ague are the most common diseases. Pneumonia 
sometimes prevails, and is generally fatal. An African, named 
; Sam, the property of J. S. Billingslea, at the time of his death 
"was supposed to have been 130 years old; Mrs. Rachel Amos 
died at 81 ; Mr. Arthur Harrup at 85. 



JONES COUNTY. 355 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists 
are the most numerous. In the county there are about 
twenty churches. 

Education is highly appreciated. Twenty-five schools in 
the county. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are in good 
order. 

Character of the People. — The people are generally 
moral. Few litigations occur, and seldom cases of a criminal 
character are brought into court. People generally are well 
educated. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton-gin factory in Clinton 
goes by steam, and employs at least one hundred hands. The 
profits of this establishment are 820,000 per annum. 

Massey's cotton-gin factory, 1 1 miles from Clinton, employs 
thirty hands. Flour-mills 7; saw-mills 8; grist-mills 12. 

Minerals and Mineral Springs. — There is a chalybeate 
spring at Antioch meeting-house, and a sulphur spring at 
Massey's. Iron, quartz, mica, and granite, are the chief 
minerals. 

Early Settlers. — William Butler, Samuel Dale, Roger 
M'Carthy, Robert Cunningham, John R. Gregory. 

Mounds. — There is a mound eight miles from Clinton, on 
the road to Milledgeville, and one on Cedar creek, near Blounts- 
ville. 

Name. — The Hon. James Jones, after whom this county 
was called, was born in the State of Maryland, and came 
to Georgia when very young, under the care of his uncle, 
the late Colonel Marbury. He received the principal part 
of his educationC'at the academy in Augusta. At the age 
of eighteen he was placed in the office of a gentleman 
eminent in the profession of the law, in the city of Savan- 
nah. After his clerkship he was admitted to the bar, where 
his talents were soon discovered ; but shortly afterwards con- 
necting himself in marriage, he declined the practice and be- 
came a planter. At the age of twenty-three, the people of 
Chatham county elected him to the Legislature. In that body 
he acquitted himself with independence, and was for several 
years placed first on the list of Chatham's representatives. In 



356 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

January, 1795, he was at Augusta, where the Legislature was 
then sitting, the firm opponent of the celebrated Yazoo Act ; 
but his efforts to defeat it were unsuccessful. But in 1796 he 
succeeded, with other patriotic men, in passing the law rescind- 
ing the Yazoo sales. In May, 1798, he was a member of the 
State Convention which framed the present Constitution, and 
warmly advocated that part of it which asserts the right of 
Georgia to the whole of her western territory. In October, 
1798, he was elected a representative to Congress by almost 
an unanimous vote of the people ; losing not more than 
three hundred votes out of nearly ten thousand. Mr. Jones 
was one among the most distinguished members of the 
republican party, and an eloquent speaker. He was op- 
posed to the administration of Mr. John Adams, and con- 
tributed much to the casting of the vote of Georgia for Mr. 
Jefferson. He died at his post at Washington City, on the 
12th of January, 1801, having given evidence, that he 
was Georgia's friend, who would have sacrificed life and 
fortune to serve her. His remains lie in the Congressional 
burial ground, by the side of those of his political and personal 
friend. Gen. James Jackson. His descendants are found in 
the family of the Hon. William Law, of Savannah, who mar- 
ried his daughter. 

There have been several other patriotic men in Georgia of 
the name of Jones. Among them, the venerable Noble Wim- 
berly Jones, the friend of Oglethorpe, who survived the Ameri- 
can Revolution, and lived to an extreme old age ; and his son, 
the late Judge Jones, who was a distinguished member of the 
Legislature from Chatham county, a judge of the Superior 
Court, and senator in Congress. 



JEFFERSON. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. E. by Richmond, E. 
by Burke, S. by Emanuel, W. by Washington, and N. W. by 
Warren. Laid out from Burke and Warren, in 1796. It is 
30 miles long, and 23 broad. Square miles, 690. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 357 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ogeechee is the principal stream, 
the tributaries of which are Rocky Comfort, Duharts, Dry, 
Big, and Spring creeks. Brushy and Reedy creeks discharge 
their waters into Briar creek. 

Post Offices. — Louisville, Reedy Creek, Sylvan Grove, 
Woodburn, Fenn's Bridge, Spear's, Turn Out. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave this county a population of 8,306, of which 3,535 
were whites, and 4,771 blacks. State tax for 1848, $3,289 90 
cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Religious Sects. — Episcopal and Protestant Methodists, 
Presbyterians, Baptists, and Associate Reformed Presbyte- 
rians. 

Education. — Some attention is paid to education. A con- 
siderable number of adults are unable to read or write. 

Face of the Country, Nature op the Soil, Value of 
Land, Productions, Markets. — The county may be called 
level. The soil is diversified. A large portion of the land 
was formerly very productive. The lands are divided thus : 
1st, the red stiff soil ; 2d, light chocolate ; 3d, sandy. Pro- 
ductions — cotton, corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. Cotton aver- 
ages 400 pounds per acre; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bush- 
els. The different fruits succeed very well. Land is worth 
$3 per acre. Amount of cotton produced annually 12,000 
bales. Savannah and Augusta are the markets. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. 
The diseases are intermittent and remittent fevers. The in- 
stances of longevity are, Mr. Aaron Tomlinson, who died at 
80 years of age. This gentleman was an officer in the Revo- 
lution, under General Greene. Mrs. Raiford died at 82 years 
of age. Dr. John Bouton was 87 when he died. Thomas Was- 
den was 80. William Lyon, over 88, a soldier of the Re- 
volution. General Solomon Wood died over 80. He was a 
captain in the revolutionary war. He distinguished himself 
by his opposition to the Yazoo law, held many offices in this 
county, and was highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens. John 
J. Schley died over 80. Jacob Sodown, a revolutionary sol- 
dier, was considerably over 80. There are now living, Mr. 
William Whigam, aged 80 ; Mr. Joseph Price, 79 ; Mr. Wil- 
liam Paradise, 82. 



358 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Towns, &c. — Louisville is the county town, situated on 
Rocky Comfort creek, 54 miles from Milledgeville, 26 from 
Saundersville, 25 from Waynesborough, 45 from Augusta, 10 
miles from the Central Railroad ,and 110 miles from Savannah. 
It was once a place of importance. It was made the seat of go- 
vernment for the State of Georgia, by the Constitution, on thg^^yty 
16th of May, 1795, and continued such until 1804, when it was 
removed to Milledgeville. Since that period it has deteriorated. 
It has now a court-house, built of the materials which formerly 
composed the state-house, a jail, church, academy, one tavern, 
five stores, &c. Population 100. It was in Louisville that 
the papers connected with the celebrated Yazoo Acts were 
publicly burnt. About $25,000 worth of goods are annually 
sold. 

Pine Hill, a summer retreat, four miles from Louisville. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads are tolerably well kept. The 
bridges are six. Two over Rocky Comfort creek ; two over 
Big creek ; four over the Ogeechee river ; all of which are 
generally in good condition. 

Mineral Springs. — There is a spring near the Warren 
line called Jefferson Bath, supposed to be impregnated with 
mineral virtues. 

Near Louisville is a spring formerly resorted to for its me- 
dicinal qualities. 

Character op the People, Amusements. — The people 
are moral, industrious, and kind. Temperance has produced 
a great change in the habits of the people. The amusements 
are chiefly hunting, fishing, and dancing. 

Mills, &c. — Eight saw-mills ; 13 grist-mills ; 2 flour-mills. 
One burr stone quarry near the Ogeechee. 

Original Settlers. — Wm. Hardwick, John Fulton, the 
family of the Clemmons's, Pattersons, Lawsons, Gambles, 
Capt. Wm. Haddon, Capt. Patrick Connelly, Andrew Berri- 
hill, the Shellmans, John Berrien, the Whiteheads, Hamptons, 
&c. The most of the settlers of this county were from Ire- 
land, and located themselves three miles below Louisville, at 
a place which they called Queensborough. 

Distinguished Men. — Under this head we record the 
names of Benjamin Whitaker, long the able Speaker of the 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 359 

House of Representatives, Judge Gamble, and Major John 
Berrien. The celebrated Patrick Carr, we believe, resided in 
this county. He was murdered, it is thought, by some of the 
descendants of the tories. 

Minerals, Rocks. — There are several localities in which 
shell marl is found, particularly on Brushy creek. Near 
Louisville is found burr stone, equal, it is said, to the cele- 
brated French burr ; nodular oxyde of iron, agate, chalce- 
dony, hornstone, carnelian. Fossils of great variety and inte- 
rest are abundantly diffused, such as the Clypeaster, Spantangus, 
Anunchyles, Turritella, Ammonites, &c. 

Name. — This county was called after Thomas Jefferson. 
For nearly a century was this illustrious man engaged in the 
service of his country ; and probably next to Washington, the 
people of the United States are more indebted to him than 
any other man. He was born at Shadwell, in the county of 
Albemarle, Virginia, April 2, 1743, and educated at the College of 
William and Mary ; after which he studied law under the cele- 
brated George Wythe, afterwards Chancellor of the State of 
Virginia. When his oppressed country demanded his assist- 
ance, he cheerfully rendered it. With his able pen, he zeal- 
ously defended the rights of the colonies. In 1774, he 
published his summary views of the rights of the colonies in 
America, one of the greatest productions of the day, and 
which contributed much to open the eyes of his countrymen 
to the nefarious designs of the British Parliament. In 1775, 
he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and 
continued until 1777 one of its brightest ornaments. The 
part which he acted in the Declaration of American Indepen- 
dence merits particular notice. On the 7th of June, 1776, 
Richard Henry Lee submitted his motion for independence. It 
was debated until the 10th, when its further consideration was 
postponed until the 1st of July, and a committee in the interim 
was appointed to prepare the Declaration. The committee 
consisted of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, 
Robert R. Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Adams 
and Mr. Jefferson were named as a sub-committee to prepare 
a draft. This was written by Mr. Jefferson, and submitted to 
Mr. Adams, who made no alterations. It was then presented 



360 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

to the whole committee, when FrankHn and others made some 
alterations. Some portions of it were omitted by Congress, 
but the spirit and arrangement remained the same as when 
reported. As a composition, the merit of it belongs to Mr. 
Jefferson. In 1777 Mr. Jefferson left Congress, and was 
employed for two years in revising the laws of Virginia. Im- 
portant statutes were made to conform to the republican senti- 
ments which the Revolution had introduced ; and by Mr. Jef- 
ferson's efforts, many wholesome changes were made in laws 
which militated against religious liberty. In 1779 he was 
elected Governor of Virginia. In 1781 he published his Notes 
on Virginia, a work which increased his fame as a philosopher. 
The work was written at his summer residence. " Whilst 
Jefferson was confined," says Tucker, " at Poplar Forest, in 
consequence of a fall from his horse, and was thereby pre- 
vented from engaging in any active employment, public or 
private, he occupied himself with answering the queries which 
Mons. De Marbois, then Secretary of the French Legation to 
the United States, had submitted to him respecting the physi- 
cal and political condition of Virginia, which answers were 
afterwards published by him under the title of Notes of Vir- 
ginia. When we consider how difficult it is, even in the pre- 
sent day, to get an accurate knowledge of such details in our 
country, and how much greater the difficulty must then have 
been, we are surprised at the extent of the information which 
a single individual had thus been enabled to acquire, as to the 
physical features of the State — the course, length, and depth of 
its rivers; its zoological and botanical productions; its Indian 
tribes ; its statistics and laws. After the lapse of more than 
half of a century, by much the larger part of it still gives us 
the fullest and the most acurate information we possess of the 
subjects upon which it treats. Some of its physical theories 
are, indeed, in the rear of modern science ; but they form a 
small portion of the book, and its general speculations are 
marked with that boldness, that utter disregard for received 
opinions which always characterized him ; and the whole is 
written in a neat, flowing style — always perspicuous, and often 
peculiarly apt and felicitous." 

In 1783, Mr. Jefferson was again elected a delegate to Con- 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 361 

gress from the State of Virginia ; and in 1784, was sent as 
Minister Plenipotentiary with Franklin, John Adams, Jay, 
and Laurens, to negotiate treaties with several European pow- 
ers. In 1785 he was appointed Resident Minister at the Court 
of France. Whilst in France, he was the object of admira- 
tion among literary men for his extensive knowledge. On his 
return to the United States in 1789, Washington appointed 
him Secretary of State, in which office he continued until De- 
cember 1793, when he resigned, and lived in retirement for 
several years. It was at this period that he was unanimously 
elected President of the American Philosophical Society. To 
fill a post which had been occupied by Franklin and Ritten- 
house, was considered by Mr. Jefferson as a great honour ; and 
whilst he presided over this useful society, employed his best 
exertions in advancing its objects. In 1797, when John Adams 
was electe4 President, Mr. Jefferson was chosen Vice-Presi- 
dent. When the period for another election arrived, he was 
elected President, to which office he was again elected in 
1805. On the 3d of March, 1809, Mr. Jefferson closed his 
political career, and with the exception of excursions which 
business required, he resided at Monticello. Here strangers 
and foreigners repaired to see the Sage of America. Forget- 
ting the exciting subject of politics, he devoted himself to 
science. He commenced the University of Virginia by his 
own private donations. Mr. Jefferson was particularly friendly 
to Georgia. Whilst Secretary of State, in his correspondence 
with Hammond, replying to his complaints respecting laws 
passed in Georgia, he says : " The following are the acts of your 
catalogue which belong to this head, with such short observa- 
tions as are necessary to explain them. Beginning at that end 
of the Union where the war raged the most, we shall meet with 
the most repugnance to favour. If the conduct of Georgia 
should appear to have been peculiarly uncomplying, it must be 
remembered that that State had peculiarly suffered ; that 
the British army had entirely overran it — had held possession 
of it for some years ; and that all the inhabitants had been 
obliged either to abandon their estates and fly their country, 
or to remain in it under a military government." Mr. Jeffer- 
son died on the 4th of July, 1826. During his sickness, he 



362 LAURENS COUNTY. 

was conscious that he could not recover. With each of his 
family he conversed separately, and to his daughter he present- 
ed a morocco case, which being opened after his decease, was 
found to contain a request that if any inscription was placed 
on his tomb, he should be described as the author of the De- 
claration of Independence, of the statutes of Virginia for re- 
ligious freedom, and the father of the University. On Monday 
before he died, he desired to know what was the day of the 
month, and upon being told that it was the 3d of July, he ex- 
pressed a wish to see the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, His wish was granted. His last 
words were, " I resign myself to my God, and my daughter to 
my country." 

His remains repose at Monticello. A granite obelisk 8 feet 
high, and a piece of marble, mark the spot where Jefferson 
lies. The following is the inscription upon his tomb : 

Here lies buried 
THOMAS JEFFERSON, 

Author of the Declaration of American Independence, 

of the Statutes of Virginia for religious freedom, 

and Father of the University of Virginia. 

Mr. Jefferson's life has been published, and those who de- 
sire to become familiar with his history will do well to refer 
to it. 



LAURENS. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded on the N. 
by Wilkinson and Washington, on the E. by Montgomery and 
Emanuel, on the S. by Montgomery, and on the W. by Pulaski. 
Laid out in 1807, and portions of it added to Pulaski in 1808-9. 
It is 32 miles long and 22 wide, containing 704 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Oconee, which flows through the 
county, is the only stream of any considerable size. The creeks, 



LAURENS COUNTY. 363 

all of M'hich are tributaries of the Ogeechee, are, Deep, Buckeye, 
Big, Shaddock's, and Pues, on the east side; and White Water, 
Palmetto, Turkey, Hunger and Hardship, Okeewalkee, and 
Tickee Hachee creeks on the west. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gives to this county 3,258 whites, and 2,760 blacks; 
total, 6,018. Amount of State tax returned in 1848, 1^1,757 45. 
Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Dublin, Laurens Hill, Buckeye. 

Towns, &c. — Dublin, the county seat, is situated half a mile 
from the Oconee river, 46 miles from Milledgeville, 60 from 
Macon, and 120 from Savannah. It has a good court-house, 
several stores, 65 houses, and 180 inhabitants. Colonel David 
McCormick and Jonathan Sawyer, Esq., were the most active 
in laying the foundation of this town. 

The public places are, Thomas Cross Roads, Hampton's 
Mills, Laurens Hill, Buckeye. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average 
Product per Acre. — The face of the country is rolling, The 
soil has a clay foundation, with sand and vegetable mould in 
the pine, and a good mixture of lime with mould and sand in 
the oak. The great vein of soft shell limestone — which, be- 
ginning at Cape Hatteras, and running S. W. to the Missis- 
sippi, passing through this county — will always be a valuable 
resource to the agriculturist, both in maintaining the original 
fecundity of the soil and in affording the means of restoration 
by carbonate of lime or marl, which, in more or less variety, 
and in quantity inexhaustible, is found in most parts of the 
county. On all these lands the average product, with the usual 
cultivation, may be stated in cotton at 500 pounds per acre, 
corn 12 bushels, wheat 10. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is as plea- 
sant as any in the United States — average temperature about 
70. Vegetation suffers little from the cold. The diseases are 
bilious fever and fever and ague, confined chiefly to the oak 
woods. Of the pine region, at the distance of three-fourths of 
a mile from the swamps, it may with truth be said that no por- 
tion of the world is more exempt from all those diseases which 
afflict man. 



364 LAURENS COUNTY. 

The instances of longevity are : Mrs. Elizabeth Hudson, 
91 years old at her death; Jonathan Jones, 80; James 
Darsley, 90. 

Mills. — Saw-mills 12, grist-mills 20. 

Original Settlers. — General Blackshear, Colonel McCor- 
mick, Jonathan Sawyer, Colonel Hampton, the Robinsons, and 
others. 

Religious Sects, Education, Character of People. — 
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. 
Education is at a low ebb. Competent instructors are needed. 
There is an academy at Dublin, besides several district 
schools. The people are no better or worse than those of 
other counties, where no efforts have been made to place edu- 
cation on an enlightened and permanent basis. The popula- 
tion is nearly stationary, and exhibits no great signs of im- 
provement. 

Eminent Men. — General Blackshear resided in this county. 
At the age of 16 he took up arms in defence of his country. 
In 1790 he came to Georgia, and defended the lives and pro- 
perty of the people during the incursions of the Indians on the 
frontiers. He died in 1817, at the age of 74, leaving behind 
him the character of a valued citizen, honest man, and brave 
soldier. The Hon. George M. Troup, so conspicuous in the 
history of our State, is a resident of this county. 

Additional Remarks. — The oak and hickory lands consti- 
tute one-third of the cultivated lands of the county ; the remain- 
der are, for the greater part, the open pine woods and wire- 
grass. The wire-grass lands are easily susceptible of improve- 
ment : a little manure is sufficient to give from ten to twelve 
bushels of corn, ten to twelve of wheat, and 200 bushels of sweet 
potatoes. The wire-grass itself is valuable. There is no other 
known grass in the south, which resists the cold and furnishes 
food to cattle, sheep, and hogs, and in the spring or early sum- 
mer, to the table of the farmer the finest butter, rich in flavour 
and beautiful in colour. It is true that, as the season advances 
and winter approaches, this grass, like every perennial, be- 
comes coarser and tougher, and is therefore less relished ; but 
never so coarse or tough as not to afford aliment sufficient to 
sustain life. Besides the wire-grass, there is the lightwood. 



LAURENS COUNTY. 365 

the poor man's fuel, and charcoal — a fire kindled in three mi- 
nutes for warmth, cooking, and for every household purpose. 
Should the time ever come when steam shall be found to be 
cheaper for every mechanical operation, upon an extensive 
scale, than water-power, the pine forests will be invaluable. 
Every material for building, of excellent quality, and abundant, 
is furnished by these forests. Tar and turpentine might now 
be made to great advantage. Such a combination of advan- 
tages makes this county, as well as others in the same parallel, 
a garden spot to the poor man, and a wide field to the manu- 
facturer of cotton and wool, whenever he shall find it his inte- 
rest to prefer steam to water-power. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sugar-cane, &c. 

Name. — Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, whose name 
this county bears, was the son of the Honourable Henry Lau- 
rens, President of Congress, and was born in 1755, in Charles- 
ton, S. C. He received his early education in his native 
city, and in 1773 accompanied his father to Europe, and 
was placed at one of the best colleges at Geneva. In classical 
learning, polite literature, mathematics, and philosophy, he be- 
came a proficient. He was entered a student of law in 1774, 
but finding that the claims of Great Britain were interfering 
with the liberties of his country, he became anxious to place 
himself in the American army ; but his father expressing a 
wish that he should remain in England until his studies were 
completed, he continued until he was of age. He returned to 
Charleston in 1777, joined the army, and was immediately ap- 
pointed by General Washington his aid-de-camp. He dis- 
played great gallantry at Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- 
mouth. After the battle of Monmouth, he attached himself to 
the army in Rhode Island, and greatly increased his reputation 
as a military man. In the session of Congress, 1778, this body re- 
solved, that " John Laurens, Esq., be presented with a continen- 
tal commission of Lieutenant Colonel, in testimony of the 
sense which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited 
services as a volunteer in the American army, and of his brave 
conduct in several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island, 
on the 29th of August last." Mr. Laurens, however, declined 
this honour ; for however desirous of military fame, he was 
24 



366 LEE COUNTY. 

unwilling to accept an office which he thought might expose 
him to the jealousy of older officers. In 1779, the operations 
of the enemy were directed chiefly against the more southern 
States ; and as the post of danger was the one he always de- 
sired, he repaired to South Carolina. At Coosawatchie, defend- 
ing the pass with a few men against the whole of Provost's 
army, he was wounded. Garden, in his Revolutionary 
Anecdotes, says, " he probably was indebted for his life to 
the gallantry of Capt. Wigg, who gave him his horse to carry 
him from the field, when incapable of moving, his own being 
shot under him." He headed the light infantry, and was 
among the first to mount the British lines at Savannah. In 
the siege of Charleston he displayed great intrepidity. In 
1781 he was sent by Congress on a special mission to France, 
to ask for a loan of money, and to procure military stores. 
For his success in this business he was honoured with the 
thanks of Congress. Upon his return, he immediately rejoin- 
ed the American army, which was then commencing the siege 
of Yorktown. The terms of the capitulation were arranged 
by him, and he received with his own hand the presented 
sword of Cornwallis. After this he repaired to South Caro- 
lina, a portion of which was still in the possession of the enemy ; 
and whilst leading a detachment against a foraging party 
of the British army, near Combahee, in South Carolina, the 
27th of August, 1782, hereceiveda wound which terminated his 
life. His character is thus given by Allen : " Colonel Laurens, 
uniting the talents of a great officer with the knowledge of 
the scholar and engaging manners of the gentleman, was the 
glory of the army and the idol of his country."* 



LEE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded on the 'N. by Sum- 
ter, on the E. by Dooly, on the W. by Randolph, and on the S. 

* Ramsey's South Carolina. Allen's Biographical Dictionary. Garden's 
Revolutionary Anecdotes. 



LEE COUNTY. 367 

by Baker. It is 40 miles in length, and 25 miles in width ; 
square miles 1000. 

Lee county constitutes a portion of the territory acquired 
from the Creek Indians, lying between the Flint and Chatta- 
hoochee rivers, and west of the Chattahoochee, and was laid off 
in 1826 ; since which period, portions of it have been added 
to Muscogee, Marion, Randolph, and Sumter. 

Towns. — Starkville is the seat of justice, situated nearly in 
the centre of the county; 130 miles S. W. of Milledgeville, 15 
miles N. of Albany, and 25 miles south of Americus. The court- 
house and jail are inferior buildings, constructed of wood. It 
has a church of the Baptist denomination, stores, shops, and one 
hotel. Population, 100. The water is not good. The town 
was made the county site in 1832, and named after Major Ge- 
neral John Stark, of revolutionary memory. 

Palmyra is situated on Kinchafoona creek, 10 miles from 
Starkville, and 5 from Albany. This was once a flourishing 
village ; but owing to its proximity to Albany, audits unhealth- 
iness, it is on the decline. About 10 families reside here. 

Diseases. — Intermittent and remittent fevers, but they are 
easily managed. Congestive fever, which sometimes occurs, is 
more difficult to manage. The western portion of the county is 
considered healthy for this part of Georgia. 

Mills. — Eight saw-mills, eight grist-mills, one merchant- 
mill. 

Nature of the Soil, Average Products, Value op 
Land. — The lands in the western part of the county are of an 
inferior quality, having a reddish, thirsty, sandy soil. The 
central portion is of a grayish soil, much cut up by shallow 
ponds. Where it is sufficiently elevated it pi'oduces corn and 
cotton well. The eastern part is mixed with oak and hickory, 
not having many tall trees. The central part is pine land. 
The southern portion is the most fertile, having a large pro- 
portion of red oak and hickory land, generally supposed to 
contain lime, but examinations prove that this is a popular er- 
ror. These lands lie mostly on Fowl Town creek. In the 
fork of Fowl Town and Kinchafoona creeks there is pine 
land, equal to any in the world. On Kinchafoona and 
Muckalee creeks, are many rich plantations of hammock 



368 LEE COUNTY. 

land, and adjoining uplands. Average product of cotton, per 
acre, is 800 pounds ; corn, 20 bushels per acre ; wheat, 10 
bushels. To orchards little attention is paid. The average 
value of the best lands is f 10 per acre. 

Original Settlers. — Among the first settlers were Wil- 
liam Howard, Aaron Jones, Lewis Bond, and John Bullbright. 

Post Offices. — Starkville, Chenuba, Palmyra, Sumter- 
ville, Chickasawhatchie. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 2,370 whites, 2,706 blacks; total, 5,076. Amount 
of State tax for 1848, $2,066 41. One representative to the 
Legislature. 

Minerals. — The minerals are burr-stone and various fossils, 
such as pectens, asplanorbis, spantangus, &c. 

Caves, Subterranean Streams. — There are a great many 
small caves and subterranean streams in this county. 

Roads and Bridges. — These are commonly kept in good 
order. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, and 
a few Presbyterians and Episcopalians. Education has not 
engaged much of public attention. There are some good 
schools in the county. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river forms its eastern 
boundary. The creeks are, Kinchafoona, Muckalee, Fowl 
Town, McClendon's, Middle, Chickasawhatchie, Sugar, Moss, 
Chehaw, Butler's, Chokeefichickee, Muckaloochee, Hiloka, 
and others. 

Name. — On the 7th of June, 1776, a member of Congress, 
from the State of Virginia, moved " that the colonies declare 
themselves free and independent." That member was Richard 
Henry Lee, to honour whose eminent services this county was 
named. He was born January 20, 1732, and received his edu- 
cation in England. Upon his return home, he spent much of 
his time in the pursuits of literature. When 25 years old he 
was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and in all 
the debates of that assembly took a leading part, evincing 
proof of uncommon powers of mind. To this gentleman has 
been attributed the credit of originating the plan of corres- 
ponding committees between the different colonies, a mea- 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 369 

sure which was afterwards found to be so highly useful. In 
1774, he was a member of the first general Congress, where 
he became one among the most prominent men, employing his 
eloquence and pen in favour of every measure which he re- 
garded as beneficial to his country. His speech in the Congress 
of 1776, when he made his celebrated motion for Independence, 
produced a change in the minds of many who doubted the 
propriety of taking so firm a stand, and was followed by the 
appointment of a committee to take the subject under con- 
sideration, of which Mr. Lee would have been chairman, had 
not the indisposition of some of his family required his pre- 
sence at home. 

The British, knowing the agency which Mr. Lee had in the 
declaration of his country's independence, made several efforts 
to secure his person. On two occasions he but barely escaped 
his enemies. In 1778 he was again elected to Congress. In 
1780 he resigned his seat from ill health. Between this period 
and 1784 he served in the Legislature of Virginia ; and as the 
commander of the militia in his county, protected it against 
the enemy. 

In 1784 he was chosen President of Congress, after which 
he served his country in various capacities. In 1792 ill health 
forced him to retire from the cares of public life, and in 1794, 
June 19, this illustrious man descended to the grave, leaving 
behind him a character for talents, eloquence, and patriotism, 
which will be commensurate with the liberties of America. 



LIBERTY. 

History of the Settlement, Origix of its Name. — While 
Georgia was a colony under the trustees, the excellent charac- 
ter of its lands attracted the attention of a company of persons 
who had emigrated from Dorchester, New England, and settled 
on the northeast bank of Ashley river, about 18 miles from 
Charleston. In 1752 they proposed a settlement in Georgia, 
and sent three persons to view the lands. On the 16th of May 



370 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

they arrived at Midway, so called from its supposed equal dis- 
tance from the rivers Ogeechee and Alatamaha. Having exa- 
mined the country, they returned and made their report. About 
this period the Council of Georgia granted them 31,950 acres 
of land. In the beginning of August, 1752, six persons set off 
by land, and seven more by water, to survey the lands and 
make settlements, but both parties returned without accom- 
plishing their objects. " On the 6th of December, 1752, Mr. 
Benjamin Baker and family, Mr. Samuel Bacon and family, 
arrived at Midway, and proceeded to form a settlement. Soon 
after, JMessrs. Parmenus Way, William Baker, John Elliott, 
John Winn, Edward Sumner, and John Quarterman, arrived 
and began to settle. Finding a general disposition in the peo- 
ple to remove, the Rev. Mr. Osgood went into the new settle- 
ment in March, 1754, and the whole church and society gra- 
dually collected and settled there."* This settlement formed 
a considerable part of what, in the early division of Georgia 
into parishes, was called St. John's parish. In 1777, the pa- 
rishes of St. James, St. Andrew, and St. John, by an act 
of the Legislature, were formed into Liberty county ; the 
spirited determination of her inhabitants at the breaking out 
of the Revolution to send delegates to Congress before the 
rest of the province had acquiesced in that measure, having 
induced the Legislature to change the name of St. John's 
parish to that of Liberty county. 

Situation, Boundaries, Extent. — Liberty county extends 
from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, where it takes in the 
island of St. Catherine's, sixty or seventy miles into the inte- 
rior, where it is connected with Tattnall county on the west. At 
this latter point it has a breadth of between thirty and forty 
miles, but at its eastern extremity it is narrowed to a distance 
of ten or fifteen miles. It is bounded on the N. by the xMedway 
river, and partly by the Cannouchee ; and on the S. by the South 
Newport river, Mcintosh county, and the Alatamaha. 

Nature of the Soil, Products, Market. — The eastern 
part is intersected by many large and dense swamps. The 
surface is level, and the soil is composed mostly of sand and 

* A short account of the Congregational Church at Midway, Georgia, by 
John B. Mallard, A. M. 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 371 

clay. In the vicinity of the swamps the clay is very 
pure and tenacious. The western portion has generally 
a sandy and barren soil. In many parts the surface is covered 
over with a very coarse white sand and gravel. The products 
are cotton, rice, corn, oats ; wheat is cultivated in small quan- 
tities in the upper part of the county. Many of the planters 
make their own sugar and syrup, and a small quantity is ex- 
ported. Cotton may be said to average 100 pounds per acre, 
corn 15 bushels ; two thousand five hundred bags of cotton 
are made in a year, and about four or five thousand bushels 
of rice are annually exported. Savannah is the market. 
Fifty thousand bushels of rice were exported in 1848. 

Value of Land, Waste Lands. — The average price of. 
land is 82 50 per acre. In this county there was at one time 
a quantity of land lying waste, but of late the quantity has been 
diminished. 

Timber Tkees, Fruit Trees. — Several varieties of the 
oak, pine, palmetto, ash, gum, cypress, magnolia, poplar, maple, 
and hickory. The orange tree thrives. Apples, peaches, and 
grapes succeed in the northern part of the county. 

The late Dr. John M. B. Harden, M. D., in an able article 
on the soil, climate, and diseases of Liberty county, in the 
Southern Medical and Surgical Journal for October, 1845, gives 
a catalogue of the different plants found in Liberty county, and 
observes, " that the Sylva and Flora of this county are unsur- 
passed by any in the world." 

Post Offices. — Hinesville, Riceborough, Walthourville. 

County Town, Villages. — Hinesville is the county 
town, situated in the northwest part of the countyj 180 miles 
southeast of Milledgeville, and 40 miles horth of Savannah ; it 
has a neat court-house, jail, one Metho'dlst church, one aca- 
demy, and three or four stores. Population about 200. This 
town was named after C. Hines, Esq., who for several years 
represented the county in the State Legislature. It is remark- 
ably healthy. 

Walthourville is situated in the northwest part of the 
county, about six or seven miles from Taylor's creek. Popu- 
lation, 500. It has two flourishing academies, male and female, 
two churches, and two stores. Distance from Riceborough 
10 miles, from Savannah 40 miles. 



372 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

Dorchester is a village lately settled, about five miles from 
Sunbury, and contains 12 families and an academy. It is a 
pleasant and healthy place. 

Riceborough is situated on North Newport river, 31f miles 
S. S. W. of Savannah, and 28^^ N. of Darien. The stationary 
population does not exceed 25 whites and as many blacks. It 
contains three or four stores, and is the principal shipping port 
of the county. 

Sunbury is on the S. side of Medway river, on a bold bluff, 
eight miles E. S. E. of Riceborough. It was built in 1758. 
Immediately after the Revolution it was quite a flourishing 
seaport, having about 40 families residing in it, and 12 or 
15 square-rigged vessels have been seen in its harbour at one 
time. Tradition says that the first masonic lodge ever organ- 
ized in Georgia, held its first meeting under an old oak tree 
in Sunbury ; and also, that the St. George's Society, now the 
Union Society of Savannah, held a meeting under the same 
tree. A piece of this tree is still preserved in the family of the 
Sheftalls, in Savannah. Sunbury was taken by the British in 
the war of the Revolution. The remains of the old fort, from 
which Colonel Mcintosh sent to the British commander the 
gallant reply, " Come and take it," are still to be seen. The 
venerable Dr. Mc Whir* resided in Sunbury whilst it was in the 
height of its prosperity, and kept a school to which pupils 
resorted from almost every part of Georgia. Sunbury is now 
a deserted village, inhabited by not more than six or eight 
families 

Roads and Bridges. — In no part of Georgia do the citizens 
pay so much attention to their roads, as in Liberty county. 
On account of the numerous swamps, there has been an 
immense amount of labour expended in the construction of 
bridges and causeways ; the bridges are generally small. The 
longest bridge is at Riceborough, at the head of the tide navi- 
gation of North Newport river. Riceborough was formerly 
known by the name of '■' The Bridge." 

Population, Taxes, &c. — The census of 1845 gives to 
this county 1,854 whites, 5,517 blacks; total, 7,871. State 
tax for 1848, $3,629 41 cts. One representative. 

* See under head of Eminent Men. 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 373 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — Liberty county for many 
years after its first settlement was very sickly, but for ten or 
fifteen years past it has proved to be as healthy as any other 
county with the same population in our State. Dr. Harden, 
in an article on the climate of Liberty county, remarks : "Many 
causes have contributed to bring about this state of things. For 
many years after its first settlement the culture of rice was the 
chief business of the inhabitants. At present the dry culture 
system is every where adopted, and nothing but cotton and 
corn is raised as articles of export. Some of the people early 
introduced the custom of removing from their plantations 
during the summer and fall seasons ; but it was not generally 
adopted until of late. It is now very rare for families to 
reside on their plantations during the sickly seasons, and in- 
deed many have entirely abandoned them for healthier loca- 
tions in the pine lands. But probably a more important 
cause for the improved health of the county may be 
found in the change of the habits of the people. The 
black population is better fed and clothed now than formerly, 
and the habitations of both white and black are greatly im- 
proved. The use of intoxicating drinks has been almost en- 
tirely given up, and less drastic and poisonous medicines are 
now employed." The most common diseases are fevers, 
rheumatism, and bowel affections ; two or three cases of goitre 
have occurred. Many instances of longevity are found among 
the blacks. 

Religious Sects, Number of Churches. — The religious 
sects are the Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and 
Methodists. There are about twelve churches in this county. 

Education. — The people of Liberty, from their earliest 
settlement, have paid much attention to the subject of educa- 
tion. Excellent schools are found in different portions of the 
county ; and it is believed that a greater number of young 
men from Liberty county graduate at our colleges, than from 
any section of Georgia. Indeed, it has become proverbial 
for furnishing able ministers and instructers. Number of poor 
children, HI. Educational fund, $96 26. 

Societies. — The Medway and Newport Library Society 
was formed in 1752, and has about 700 volumes, kept, we regret 



374 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

to learn, in a very bad state of preservation. The other So- 
cieties are the " Auxiliary Bible Society," the " Female Edu- 
cation Society," the " Ladies' Missionary Society," and the 
" Association for the Religious Instruction of Negroes." An 
Agricultural Society was organized in 1844, and holds an 
annual fair on the 1st day of January. 

Improvement of Lands. — The planters have until lately 
paid little or no attention to the preservation of their lands ; 
the practice heretofore being to wear out the virgin soils, and 
clear new lands. They are beginning, however, to find the 
advantages of a system of manuring, and other recently intro- 
duced improvements. On account of the low prices of the 
Sea Island cotton, some of the planters are reclaiming the old 
rice fields and swamps. 

Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is 
$2,838. Stock in trade, $3,850. Money at interest, 856,573. 

Eminent Men. — This county claims some eminent men, 
among whom the following may be named : 

Dr. Lyman Hall, who was one of the signers of the Declara- 
tion of American Independence, resided for many years in this 
county. 

Major Moses Jones, aid to General Lachlan Mcintosh, 
was cut in two by a cannon ball, whilst planting the standard 
of his country on the ramparts at Savannah. 

Doctors Dunwoody and Axon, were distinguished prac- 
titioners of medicine. 

Benjamin Baker, at the age of 23, attended Gen. Oglethorpe 
in his expedition against St. Augustine. During the Re- 
volution he suffered many hardships. In 1776, " he was 
engaged for almost a week in studying and writing for the 
public, comparing several constitutions of government, and en- 
deavouring from these to compile one suitable for the province 
of Georgia." For more than twenty-seven years he was clerk 
of the Medway church. At his death he left several volumes 
of manuscripts. Colonels William and John Baker, his sons, 
were active soldiers in the revolutionary war. 

General Stewart resided in this county. 

Dr. McWhir claims Liberty county as his residence. This 
venerable man was born in Ireland, 1759, and came to Ame- 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 375 

rica in 1783. For ten years he conducted a school in Alex- 
andria, of which Gen. Washington was a trustee. In 1793 he 
came to Georgia and established himself in Sunbury, where he 
conducted a school for several years. He then devoted him- 
self to the improvement of the moral condition of the people 
of Liberty, Bryan and Mcintosh counties. Although now 
nearly 90 years of age, his intei^est in his Master's cause 
seems undiminished, and his only regret is, that on account 
of the infirmities of age, he is not able to do more. Dr. 
McWhir was the founder of the first Presbyterian church or- 
ganized in Florida. 

Mr. Audley Maxwell was a member of the fii'st General 
Assembly in Georgia, which met in Savannah, on the 15th day 
of January, 1751. 

Dr. J. M. B. Harden, who died about two years since, was 
a resident of this county. He was born on the 19th day of 
January, 1810, in Bryan county. He early discovered a love 
of, and an aptness for learning ; and after the usual prepara- 
tion at home, he was sent to a public school in the village of 
Sunbury. He did not, however, remain here long. When 
only eleven years of age, he was deprived by death of his father's 
guardian care. By this providence, the physical, moral, and 
intellectual care of six orphan children devolved upon his 
mother, and under whose watchful eye her son completed 
his scholastic studies. In the autumn of 1826, he was 
transferred from his maternal home to the office of Dr. 
William C. Daniell, of Savannah, there to pursue the study 
of medicine, a profession of his own choice. Dr. Daniell 
soon estimated his abilities, and gave him proper direc- 
tions in his course of study. His esteem for his preceptor 
ripened into friendship, which he cherished all his life. Hav- 
ing pursued his medical studies with ardour and delight, till the 
fall of 1828, his preceptor thought him qualified, and recom- 
mended him to attend a course of medical lectures. For this 
purpose he visited Charleston, and remained until the close of 
the lectures in the spring of 1829. After his return home he 
continued his studies with unabated zeal ; and in the fall of 
that year Dr. Daniell recommended to him the propriety of ap- 
plying at once to the Medical Board of Georgia for a license 



376 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

to practice. Being then only nineteen years of age, he 
hesitated, lest his age should prove a barrier to a success- 
ful application. After mature reflection, he yielded to the 
suggestions of his friends, and carried with him from Dr. 
Daniell letters to several members of the Board, highly com- 
mendatory of his qualifications ; and after a thorough and sat- 
isfactory examination, he received a license. On his re- 
turn, he commenced his professional career in the midst of his 
relatives and friends, among whom he had grown to manhood. 
His skill and devotion to his profession soon gained for him 
the esteem and confidence of the neighbourhood, and his pros- 
pects were every way flattering. He continued the practice 
at home but a short time, when he received an invitation from 
Dr. Raymond Harris, then of Liberty county, an experienced 
physician, to associate with him in the practice of the profes- 
sion. Dr. Harden accepted this overture, and in the fall of 
1830 removed to Liberty county, and soon entered a wide field 
of usefulness. Here he remained until December, 1832, when 
he contracted a marriage with Miss Le Conte, which event 
fully determined him to fix his permanent abode in that county. 

In the winter of 1835 and '36, he returned to the Medical 
College of Charleston, where he received his degree of Doctor 
of Medicine, and the award from the Faculty of a silver cup, 
with suitable inscriptions, for his Thesis, written in Latin. He 
then returned home and resumed his practice with renewed 
vigour and success. His exposures to the inclemency of the 
weather in attending on the sick, and his laborious application 
to his books, sowed the seeds of disease in his constitution, 
which gradually wasted his physical strength, so that a few 
years before his death he had abandoned his practice, except 
under special and peculiar circumstances. He died on the 
morning of the 16th of February, 1848, under the roof, and 
in the embrace of his only sister, near Tallahassee, in Florida. 

In manners, Dr. Harden was kind and conciliating, pos- 
sessing social feelings, and delighting in the society of his 
family and friends. He was conscientious and honourable 
in all his dealings with mankind, and his friendships were 
sincere and confiding. 

He was an excellent mathematician, and well versed in 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 377 

ancient and modern history. He was particularly skilled in 
the sciences allied to his profession, as chemistry and botany, 
and had made great progress in astronomy, geology, con- 
chology, zoology, &c. &c. 

Liberty county claims several other eminent men, but the 
plan of this work will not allow an extension of the list. 

Original Settlers. — Benjamin Baker, Samuel Bacon, 
Parmenus Way, John Stevens, Richard Spencer, Richard Ba- 
ker, Josiah Osgood, Samuel Way, John Elliott, John Quarter- 
man, Rev. John Osgood, Sarah Mitchell, John Mitchell, Sam- 
uel Burnley, Edward Way, Edward Sumner, William Baker, 
and others. 

Dr. Stevens, in his History of Georgia, says : " The acces- 
sion of such a people was an honour to Georgia, and has ever 
proved one of its richest blessings. The sons of that colony 
have shown themselves worthy of its sires ; their sires were 
the moral and intellectual nobility of the Province." 

Character of the People. — The character of the people 
generally is upright and virtuous, and they are unsurpassed for 
the great attention paid to the duties of religion. 

Miscellaneous Observations. — It may be gratifying to 
many of our readers to be made acquainted with the history 
of the Midway church, in this county, and we take pleasure 
in giving the following abridged account, for which we are 
indebted to John B. Mallard, Esq. 

The first house for public worship was erected on Midway 
Neck, near the plantation of Mr. Thomas Mallard. About 
1754 measures were taken to build a new meeting-house. Mr. 
James Maxwell was employed to saw the lumber, and the Rev. 
Mr. Osgood, Samuel Burnley, Richard Baker, Ed'vard Sum- 
ner, and Benjamin Baker, to determine its size and form. It 
was erected at the Cross Paths, on the north side of the north 
branch of Newport swamp, 44 feet by 36, with a gallery 18 
feet in its story, and pitched roof, hipped at one end, and a 
small steeple at the other. The steeple was placed west, and 
the pulpit north. This house was destroyed by fire in 1778, by 
a body of armed men, under the command of Col. Provost. At 
the close of the Revolution a coarse building was put up near 
the place where the old meeting-house stood, 40 feet by 30, with 



378 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

posts in the ground, and the sides filled up with poles. The 
present meeting-house was built in 1792. The body of the 
house measures 60 feet by 40. Its gallery is large and com- 
modious. Near the foot of the pulpit stands a marble font 
presented to the church by the Rev. Dr. McWhir. There is 
a large cemetery connected with this church. 

List of the pastors of the Midway church, from its organ- 
ization to the present time : 

Rev. John Osgood, Rev. Moses Allen,* Rev. Abiel Holmes, 
D. D,, Rev. Cyrus Gildersleeve, Rev Murdock Murphey, 
Rev. Robert Quarterman, Rev. J. S. R. Axon, 

Mounds, Minerals, &c. — In many places in the county 
are to be found mounds, and in, and around them, various 
instruments for domestic and warlike purposes, such as ar- 
rows, spear-heads, pottery, &:c. In various places, a few feet 
below the surface, oyster shells may be found. 

Marl occurs in many localities, and sometimes it is very rich 
in carbonate of lime. Beautiful crystals of the sulphate of lime 
have been found in Bulltown swamp. Petrified wood is dug 
up at various depths, and on the North Newport and Medway 
rivers, the stumps and trunks of cypress trees and arrow-heads 
are found at the depth of four feet. 

Remarkable Seasons. — On the 15th of August, 1752, oc- 
curred one of the severest hurricanes ever experienced in 
the United States, and this county had its share of the calami- 
ties resulting from it. On the 8th day of September, 1804, 
another great hurricane occurred. The last great hurricane 
took place on Wednesday night, the 14th of September, 1844. 
Dr. Harden says : " It commenced to blow from N. E. about 
3 o'clock in the afternoon, and gradually increased until pro- 
bably 1 o'clock at night, when its violence was greatest. The 

* This gentleman was born in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 14, 1748. About 
1777 he was established at Midway. At the reduction of Savannah by the 
British troops, Mr. Allen was taken prisoner. The Continental officers were 
sent to Sunbury on parole, but Mr. Allen, who was Chaplain to the Georgia 
Brigade, was denied this privilege. He was sent on board a prison-ship, and 
in attempting to recover his liberty by swimming to land, he was drowned. 
His body was washed on an island, and was found by some of his friends. 
They requested of the Captain of a British vessel boards to make a coffin, but 
were refused. 



LIBERTY COUNTY. 379 

wind then suddenly shifted S. E., and soon began to moderate. 
The rain, or rather mist, that fell had a saltish taste for miles 
in the interior, evidently being mixed with spray Irom the sea- 
water. The appearance of desolation that was presented to 
the eye the next morning was awful in the extreme." 

Island. — St. Catherine's Island is about 13 miles long and 
one and a half miles wide. The soil is sandy, and is ca- 
pable of the highest cultivation by the application of manure. 
Sea Island cotton, corn, sugar-cane, peas, potatoes, are the pro- 
ductions. The yield of cotton is from 150 to 200 pounds per 
acre. Corn 20 to 25 bushels per acre. Potatoes 400 bushels 
per acre. It is high, dry, and healthy. The island is owned 
by three gentlemen, who cultivate it with 300 slaves. 

St. Catherine's Island is celebrated as being formerly the 
residence of that celebrated half-breed Indian woman, Mary 
Musgrove, who married the Rev. Mr. Bosomworth. She was 
styled and recognized by General Oglethorpe as queen of the 
Creek Nation. She was artful, perfidious, and ambitious, and 
exerted a despotic sway over the tribe. She asserted claims 
to the site of Savannah and the surrounding country, and 
threatened the infant colony with her vengeance, and was ap- 
peased only by concessions to her of the islands of Ossabaw, 
St. Catherine's, and Sapelo. Twenty years since, the man- 
sion in which Bosomworth and his queen resided, was stand- 
ing. It was singular in its construction and appearance, being 
wattled with hickory twigs, and plastered within and without 
with mortar made of lime and sand, and surrounded by spa- 
cious piazzas. Tradition designates the spot where this extraor- 
dinary woman was buried. 

Historical Notices. — Liberty county was the theatre of 
many important events during the Revolution. We can only 
name a few. At a meeting held in the city of Savannah 
to decide whether deputies should be sent to join the de- 
puties of the other colonies, at the general Congress, it 
was decided in the negative, and St. John's parish, now 
Liberty county, dissented from this negative, and resolved, 
"that if the majority of the other parishes would unite with 
them, they would send deputies to join the General Com- 
mittee, and faithfully and religiously abide by and conform to 



380 LIBERTY COUNTY. 

such determination and resolutions as should be entered into 
and come from thence recommended ;" and the articles of the 
Continental Association, emanating from that body, were adopt- 
ed by the people of St. John's. On the 23d of January, the 
forty-five members of the Provincial Congress entered into a 
non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation asso- 
ciation. To these proceedings the people of St. John's took 
exceptions, and their Committee withdrew from the Provincial 
Congress. On the 9th of February they addressed a letter to 
the General Committee in Charleston, praying to be received 
into their association ; but their petition was refused. On 
the 25th of March, they met and elected Dr. Lyman Hall 
as a delegate to Congress. At this period the parish of St. 
John's possessed nearly one-third of the entire wealth of the 
province, and its inhabitants were remarkable for their upright 
and independent character. " Alone she stood, a Pharos of 
Liberty in England's most loyal province, renouncing every 
fellowship that savoured not of freedom, and refusing every 
luxury which contributed to ministerial coffers. Proud spot of 
Georgia's soil !" 

The decided conduct of the people of St. John's exposed 
them to great suffering, for the enemy laid waste all before 
them.* Several engagements occurred in this county. At 
BuUtown Swamp, Col. John Baker, with a party of mounted 
militia, fell into an ambuscade, in which he. Captain Coop- 
er, and William Goulding, were wounded. About one mile 
and a half south of Midway church, the brave General 
Scrivenf fell into an ambuscade and was mortally wounded. 
At Sunbury, and at several other places, the patriots of Liber- 
ty displayed a courage which would have done honour to any 
people. The following is taken from McCall's History of 
Georgia : 

" On the 4th of June a party of British officers were en- 
gaged to dine with Mr. Thomas Young, at Belfast, on the 
river Medway, to celebrate the King's birth day ; Capt. Spen- 
cer, who commanded an American privateer, got intelligence 



* See Biograpliy of General Daniel Stewart. 
f See Biography of General Scriven. 



LINCOLN COUNTY. 381 

of the intended feast, and prepared to surprise them. He pro- 
ceeded up the river in the evening, and landed with 12 men ; 
and between 8 and 9 o'clock at night, Spencer entered the 
house and made Col. Cruger and the party of officers prisoners 
of war. As Spencer intended to carry off some negroes, he 
kept his prisoners under a guard until the morning, when he re- 
ceived their paroles and permitted them to return to Sunbury. 
Col. Cruger was soon after exchanged for Col. John Mcintosh, 
who had been taken prisoner at Brier Creek." 

In the year 1788 the inhabitants suffered much from the 
depredations of the neighbouring Indians. Several skirmishes 
took place, in which the Indians were generally worsted. 
Colonels Stewart and Maxwell, Lieuts. Way, Winn and Jones, 
and many others, were active soldiers during these trying 
times. 



LINCOLN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by El- 
bert, N. E. and E. by the Savannah river, S. by Columbia, W. 
by Wilkes. Laid out from Wilkes, in 1796. It is 22 miles long 
and 9 miles wide, containing 198 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah river separates the 
county from South Carolina, Broad river from Elbert, and 
Little river from Columbia. The creeks are Fishing, Mills, 
Pistol, Gray's, Lloyd's, Cherokee, Shivers, Soap, Dry Fork, &c. 

Post Offices. — Lincolnton, Double Branches, Goshen. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation was 7,899; of these 4,383 were whites, and 3,526 
blacks. State tax returned for 1848, $2,228 29 cts. Sends 
one representative to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Lincolnton is the seat of justice, situated on the 
waters of Soap creek, in the centre of the county, having a 
brick court-house, built in 1823 at a cost of $4,000, a jail, one 
church, common to Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, 
one academy for children of both sexes, one store, two black- 
smiths, one wheelwright, four lawyers, two doctors, and two 
25 



382 LINCOLN COUNTY. 

or three societies, among which is a division of the Sons of 
Temperance, and which has wrought marvellous changes in 
the habits of the people. Lincolnton is distant 90 miles N. E. 
of Milledgeville, 18 from Washington, 36 from Elberton, 22 
from Appling, 40 from Edgefield, 37 from Abbeville, 7 from 
the Savannah river, and 27 from the Georgia Railroad. Popu- 
lation, 150. Incorporated in 1817. 

Lisbon, on the south side of Broad river, was laid out as 
early as 1786. Small place. 

Goshen, 6 miles N. of Lincolnton, having a church, hotel, 
school, and several mechanics' shops. 

Leathersville, 6 miles S. of Lincolnton. 
Character of the People. — A great change has taken 
place in the character of the people, the effect we are told of 
religion and temperance. A few persons are still to be found 
regardless of morality and order ; but upon the whole the 
citizens of Lincoln will not suffer by a comparison with those 
of any section in the State. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity, — The climate is healthy, 
although within the last four or five years there has been 
much sickness in this county. There are several instances of 
longevity. Absalom Tankisley, is over 80; Peter Guice, over 
80; Mrs. Linville, over 90; Emily Glaze, over 80; Mrs. 
Betsey Paradise, 85 ; Mrs. Crossin, 81 ; Abraham Booth, a 
soldier of the Revolution, died at the age of 100; John Matthews 
died at 84 — was at the battle of Brandy wine ; William Nor- 
man, also a revolutionary soldier, died at "79 years of age; 
Mrs. Hill died in this county at the age of 100. Seven of her 
sons were captured by the Indians, and six of them stoned to 
death. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average 
Product. — The face of the country is hilly, and liable to 
wash into gullies after a rain. The lands on the Savan- 
nah and Little rivers and Fishing creek are productive ; dark 
mulatto soil, adapted to corn ; producing from three to five 
barrels per acre. The red and gray soils are adapted to cotton ; 
but .much broken and easily washed. Most of the county 
is under culture. In addition to cotton and wheat, the land 
produces peas, tobacco, and potatoes ; cotton averages 500 



LINCOLN COUNTY. 383 

pounds per acre ; corn two barrels, wheat five bushels. Very 
little attention is paid to orchards. 

Market. — Augusta is the market. Between 4 and 5000 
bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Minerals. — A variety of minerals is found in this county. 
Gold on Mr. John Benson's land, on Fishing creek, two and 
a half miles from Danburg, and in two or three other places. 
Novaculite is found on a hill two miles from Lincolnton. It 
is seen projecting above the surface of the earth through four 
or five acres of ground, and is therefore probably quite exten- 
sive. It is found very much inclined, or nearly in a vertical 
direction. There are several varieties of colour in the same 
locality. That which is found exposed to the atmosphere is 
mostly of a yellowish straw-colour, but that which is taken 
from beneath the surface is mostly of a greenish white.* Ame- 
thystine quartz, on the plantation of Mr. Hogan, 6 miles from 
Limestone. Iron ore and granite in every part of the county. 

Roads. — The market roads are kept in good order ; the 
others are much neglected. 

Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills, 8; grist-mills, 12; flour- 
mills, 2; no large distillery. 

Religious Sects, Education.- — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians. Universalists, and Roman Catholics. There are six 
Methodist, seven Baptist, and two Union churches. Some 
attention is paid to education, but not as much as is necessary. 

Amusements. — The amusements are few ; pony racing in 
some sections, dancing and hunting. 

Mountain. — Graves' mountain, near the line of Wilkes and 
Lincoln, six miles S. VV. of Lincolnton, 300 feet high. Fine 
view from the summit. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the 
Graves', Suttons, Bussys, and Bentleys. 

Eminent Men. — Col. John Dooly, an officer of the Revo- 
lution, resided in this county. (See biography of Dooly, page 
210.) Thomas W. Murray lived in this county, and repre- 
senled its interests in the Legislature. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — At Lincolnton, at various 

* Silliman's Journal, vol. xvi. p. 185. 



384 LINCOLN COUNTY. 

times for the last five years, curious sounds, resembling those 
of distant thunder, have been heard. The noise has been so 
great as to produce a shaking of the glasses, fences, &c. 

There is a young gentleman novv^ living in this county, Mr. 
Sterne Simmons, who is 25 years old and weighs 504 pounds. 

Name. — Major General Benjamin Lincoln, to commemo- 
rate whose worth this county was named, deserves a high rank 
in the fraternity of American heroes. He was born in Hing- 
ham, Mass., January 23, 1733, in the same house in which he 
died on the 9th of May, 1810. He was not favoured with a 
good education; but by reading, compensated in a great mea- 
sure for this defect. For forty years he followed the occupa- 
tion of a farmer, although during this period he was honoured 
with many civil and military offices. Having taken a firm 
stand in favour of his country, he determined to devote himself 
to her liberties ; and Washington, knowing his integrity and abi- 
lity, recommended him to Congress as an excellent officer, and 
he was appointed by that body a Major General in the conti- 
nental establishment. He w^as in several engagements with 
the enemy, in one of which he received a severe wound, which 
occasioned lameness during the remainder of his life. Wash- 
ington selected him to take the chief command of the southern 
department. Upon coming to Charleston, in 1778, he found 
himself embarrassed by circumstances which would have en- 
tirely discouraged any man not possessing unconquerable 
energy. In the attack upon Savannah in 1779, in conjunction 
with the French, he was repulsed. At the siege of Yorktown 
he distinguished himself, and his name is to be found among 
those of the general officers whose services were particularly 
mentioned. In 1781 he was chosen by Congress Secretary at 
War, which he resigned, October, 1783. In 1786-7, he was 
appointed to command a detachment of militia to oppose 
Shay's insurrection ; and by his prudent measures the insur- 
rection was suppressed. In 1789, Washington appointed him 
Collector of the port of Boston, which office he held until within 
two years of his death. In Lincoln's character strength and 
softness, the estimable and amiable qualities, were happily blend- 
ed. His mind was quick and discriminating. As a military 
commander he was judicious, brave, and indefatigable. From 



LOWNDES COUNTY. 385 

early life he had been a communicant of the church. He was 
about five feet nine inches in stature ; his face round, his 
eyes blue, and his complexion light. He wrote essays on va- 
rious subjects. He was a man of true piety. All his trusts 
he performed with incorruptible integrity.* 



LOWNDES. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Irwin, E. by 
Ware, S. by Hamilton and Madison counties in Florida, and 
W. by Thomas. Laid off from Irwin, and organized in 1825. 
Its length from N. to S. is 52 miles, breadth 40, and contains 
2080 square miles. 

KivERs, Creeks. — The rivers are the Allapahaw, Little, 
and Withlacoochee. Among the creeks are the Allapahoo- 
chee, Ocopilco, Allapacoochee, Cat, Camp, Mule, &c. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population 
has been steadily on the increase. The census of 1845, gave 
this county 4,437 whites, 1,662 blacks; total, 6,099. Amount 
of State tax for 1848, $2,169 91 cents. Sends one representa- 
tive to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Troupville, Allapahaw, Ocopilco, Piscola, 
Sharp's Store, Flat Creek. 

Towns. — Troupville is the seat of justice, immediately in 
the fork made by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and 
Little rivers. It has the usual county buildings, three hotels, 
two churches, four stores, several mechanics' shops, two 
physicians, and four lawyers. It is distant from Milledgeville 
180 miles S. ; 40 from Thomasville ; 75 from Waresborough, 
and 75 from Irwinville. It is a healthy and pleasant village. 
Population about 20 families. Made the county site in 1828. 
Named after George M. Troup. 

Early Settlers. — Rev. William A. Knight, Benjamin 
Serman, Bani Boyd, William Smith, and others. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, and 
a few Presbyterians. There are churches in almost every 

* Thatcher's Journal. Sullivan's Letters. Sanderson's Lives. 



386 LOWNDES COUNTY. 

neighbourhood. The people have, until within a few years 
back, been rather unmindful of the great blessings of education, 
but are now beginning to be more solicitous for the welfare 
of their children, and schools are springing up in various parts of 
the county. Number of poor children, 307 ; educational fund, 
$266 24 cents. 

Roads, Bridges. — These are generally good. Almost all 
the roads are natural ones, depending but little upon the labour 
of the inhabitants for their good qualities. 

Mills. — 16 saw and grist-mills, 8 grist-mills, 2 rice-mills. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The ge- 
neral face of the country is level. The land is divided into 
pine and hammock. Of the former, there are 629,629 acres ; 
of the latter, 43,000 acres. The whole of the land is produc- 
tive, and some of the hammock lands produce as well as any 
land in the State. The southern and western portions con- 
tain the largest bodies of good land. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Rice, cot- 
ton, corn, wheat, and indeed almost every thing grows finely 
in this county. It is supposed the product of cotton per acre 
stands thus : from 800 to 1,000 pounds of black seed, and 
from 1,000 to 1,400 pounds of green seed. Corn produces 
from 15 to 20 bushels per acre. 

Markets. — The farmers usually carry their produce to 
Newport and Columbus in Florida, Centreville and the bluffs of 
Ocmulgee in Georgia. The want of a convenient market is the 
most serious inconvenience under which the farmers labour. 

Springs. — The beds of almost all the streams abound 
in springs, impregnated with various mineral substances, 
chiefly sulphur. One of these, discovered in the bed of the 
Withlacoochee, has been turned to account by some of the 
citizens, and is now a place of considerable resort. Around 
it a small village has sprung up, containing a store, church, 
and fine school. The village is called Boston, after the disco- 
verer of the spring, Thomas M. Boston. 

Minerals. — The rocks which are found are chiefly sand- 
stone, limestone, and flint. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — Almost every stream of note 
in this county has some natural curiosity connected with it. 



LOWNDES COUNTY. 387 

Many of the streams disappear and are not seen for miles, 
when they again make their appearance, and flow as tran- 
quilly to their destination as if nothing strange or unusual had 
happened to them. Others present caves in their banks, into 
which a part of the stream is diverted, and at the entrance you 
will often find a thriving mill. Among the curiosities of this 
county may be placed the large open ponds, covering some six 
square miles, without any tree or stump in them. A portion 
of the surface of these ponds is covered with beautiful and rare 
botanical specimens. The streams and ponds abound in fish 
of various kinds. The woods are filled with game of all 
sorts. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$9,162. Value of stock in trade, $18,035. Money at interest, 
$37,434. 

Antiquities. — Within a few miles of Troupville are the 
ruins of an old town. Large live oaks grow in front of the 
ruins in straight rows, and so regular in their distance that it 
is scarcely probable they are of spontaneous growth. Roads 
are also discernible. These are wide and straight. 

Name. — William Jones Lowndes, in honour of whom this 
county is named, was the youngest child of Rawlins Lowndes, 
by his second wife, a native of Georgia. His father we be- 
lieve was born in South Carolina. For talents and integrity 
Rawlins Lowndes was one of the most distinguished men in 
South Carolina before, during, and after the Revolution. His 
son, Wm. J. Lowndes, was born in or about the year 1781, 
and received his education altogether in Charleston. The first 
school in which his talents became remarkable, was that under 
the care of the Rev. Mr. O'Gallaher, a Catholic priest of great 
learnirjg and liberality. After a while this seminary was ex- 
tended by a junction with two other schools, one under the 
Rev. Arthur Buist, a Presbyterian, and the other under the 
Rev. Henry Purcel, an Episcopalian. In this academy 
Lowndes was decidedly the best scholar, and the most dis- 
tinguished for exemplary deportment. At the close of one of 
the terms, Addison's Play of Cato was performed by the stu- 
dents with great applause, and Lowndes acted the part of 
Juba. 



388 LOWNDES COUNTY. 

He studied law in Charleston, and when admitted to the 
bar, associated himself with the late John S. Cogdell. 

In the year 1807, when the frigate Chesapeake was attacked 
by the Leopard, a British 60 gun ship, all Americans were 
fired with indignation. About this time Mr. Lowndes raised 
a uniform company, called the Washington Light Infantry, 
and was elected their first Captain. 

In 1812 Mr. Lowndes was elected a member of Congress 
for Charleston District, and soon acquired distinction. He 
grew up very rapidly ; his figure was tall, his health impaired 
by study, and his voice feeble. His first speech was not gene- 
rally heard in the House, but when published, was read and 
admired. After that it was remarked that the members of 
both parties in Congress, when he was speaking, would quit 
their seats and crowd around him, to listen and profit by his 
strong arguments, urged in the best forensic language. Mr. 
Lowndes united cordially with the Southern delegates in every 
motion for carrying on the war with England, with all possi- 
ble energy, both by sea and land. At the close of the war, 
when the first bill was brought forward for chartering the Bank 
of the United States, in January, 1815, he voted against it, 
believing that it placed too much patronage in the hands of the 
President. 

In 1818 he became Chairman of the Committee of Ways 
and Means, and so continued until he resigned his seat in Con- 
gress in 1822, on account of ill health.* He had served ten 
years in that body, during one of the most eventful eras in 
A.merican history. Mr. Lowndes's speeches have been pub- 
lished in most of the newspapers in the United States, and 
still may be read with interest ; but his official reports, while 
Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, are consi- 
dered to be of the highest character and authority. In the 
winter of 1821, the members of Congress and other influential 
citizens, began to discuss the relative merits of men who would 
be suitable candidates for the next Presidency. The Legisla- 
ture of South Carolina was then in session ; the members of 
that body felt a lively interest in the result of that election, and 
in a conclave with the influential citizens who generally visit 
Columbia upon such occasions, met and nominated Mr. 



LOWNDES COUNTY. 389 

Lowndes, to be supported by them as a candidate for the Pre- 
sidency. Other States and districts adopted the suggestion ; 
and in his answer to the communication sent to him, he made 
the memorable remark, " that the Presidency was an office 
which no man should either seek or decline ;" a maxim that 
should ever be in the minds of American statesmen. It was 
an opinion then expressed by many of the best informed poli- 
ticians, that had Mr. Lowndes's health enabled him to remain 
in the United States, he would have been most probably 
elected President. At that election there were very serious 
and strong objections made to the other two candidates, but to 
him none could be offered. Mr. Lowndes had hoped, by re- 
tirement, to recover his health, but the prostration had gone 
too far, and his physicians, finding that there was no improve- 
ment in his health, recommended a sea voyage and change of 
climate. He accordingly sailed in October, 1822, for Europe ; 
but his disease was too deeply seated, and he died on the 
voyage. The newspapers of the day spoke highly of his 
character. 

" He was mild and unobtrusive. In modesty, unequalled. 
Whilst living he would have rebuked the faintest expression of 
praise. He lived for the happiness of those around him. He 
was a great man. Wisdom and virtue gave him a moral and 
political power." 

Mr. Taylor, of New York, said of him, in his place in 
the House of Representatives of the United States, " that the 
highest and best hopes of the country looked to Mr. Lowiades 
for their fulfilment. The most honourable office in the civilized 
world, the chief magistracy of this free people, would have 
been illustrated by his virtues and talents." 

Mr. Lowndes was remarkably happy from his youth in all 
his domestic concerns, being always associated with nume- 
rous friends and affectionate relations. He married early in 
life the daughter of Thomas Pinckney, who still survives him. 
He left three children, two sons and a daughter, now the wife 
of Lieut. J. Rutledge, of the U. S. Navy. 

For the above sketch of Mr. Lowndes, we are principally 
indebted to Dr. Joseph Johnson, of Charleston, S. C. 



390 LUMPKIN COUNTY. 

LUMPKIN. 

Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham 
and Hall, S. by Forsyth, W. by Cherokee and Gilmer. Laid 
out from Cherokee, in 1838. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gives to this county 8,979 whites, 1,175 blacks; total, 
10,154. Amount of taxes paid into the State treasury, for 1848, 
$1,689 66. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Amicalolah, Auraria, Barrettville, Calhoun, 
Crossville, Dahlonega, New Bridge, Pleasant Retreat, Me- 
chanicsburg. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The rivers are the Etowah, Ches- 
tatee, Tesnatee ; the creeks are Yellow, Amicalolah, Shoal, 
Nimble Will, Cain, Yahoola, Town, &c. 

Mountains.— The Blue Ridge is in the northern part of the 
county ; Walker's mountain in the eastern part. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Old 
and New Presbyterians, Universalists, Episcopalians, and Ro- 
man Catholics. Education has been very much neglected, but 
recently a new spirit has been awakened on this subject, and 
efforts are making to introduce schools in every section of the 
county. According to the Digest of the State for 1848, the 
number of poor children in this county was 958. The educa- 
tional fund is $830 85. 

Original Settlers. — The original settlers were C. J. 
Thompson, Colonel Riley, Gen. Fields, Lewis Roiston, Mr. 
Leathers, and J. Blackwell. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of this 
county is pleasant, but subject to great and sudden changes. 
Some fever prevails on the water-courses. Lumpkin can 
show a long list of persons who have attained to a great age, 
Mrs. Young, now living, is over 100. John J. Williams is over 
90 — was in the battle at King's Mountain. Mr. John Hames 
is over 100; Samuel Evans, 85 ; Mr. Harper, 89 ; John Alex- 
ander, 84. Mr. Allen died in this county at the age of 115 
years ; Mr. Watts died at the age of 90 ; Mr. James Boyd was 
over 100 years, and his wife, Nancy Boyd, over 94 years. 
Richard Ledbetter, a revolutionary soldier, at his death was 



LUMPKIN COUNTY. 391 

100 years old ; Mrs. Smith lived to the age of 103 ; Mrs. Sally 
Bright died at the age of 112. 

Character, Amusements. — The gold mines have brought 
together a large number of persons, and consequently the 
population of this county is composed of a great diversity of 
character. Many of the operatives in the mines are dis^fpated 
and regardless of the future. The permanent inhabitants are 
intelligent and spirited. Fishing, dancing, hunting, and pic- 
nics, are the favourite amusements. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions, Average Product, 
Fruits. — Some fine bodies of land are on the rivers and 
creeks. The soil is dark and easily cultivated, peculiarly 
adapted to corn and w^heat, worth $20 per acre. The hickory 
and oak lands have a mulatto soil, producing corn, wheat, and 
tobacco, valued at $5 per acre. The ridge lands are valuable 
only for timber and mining ; value $1 per acre. Average pro- 
duct of corn per acre, six barrels. The crops of wheat and 
rye are uncertain. Apples succeed well. Some attention 
is paid to horticulture. Dr. Singleton has raised oranges and 
lemons of remarkable size in his garden at Dahlonega. 

Gold Mines. — Dr. Singleton's mines embrace 2,080 acres 
in the vicinity of Dahlonega, most of which were originally 
purchased for farming purposes, but subsequently found to 
contain gold. Some have been profitable, others would hardly 
pay the cost of working. On one single branch, known as 
Stover's Branch, more than 150,000 pennyweights of gold 
have been found. Some of the branch mines have been 
worked over, three or four times, and proved a source of 
profit to the operators. 

We consider this an appropriate place to give a general 
account of the gold mines in Cherokee Georgia, for which our 
thanks are due to Dr. Stevenson, formerly of Canton, a gen- 
tleman of science, and perfectly familiar with the mining ope- 
rations. 

" The first discovery of gold in this State was made on 
Duke's creek, Habersham county, in 1829. The mass weighed 
three ounces. After this, discoveries were rapidly made in all 
directions from Carolina to Alabama, and some of the mines 
were immensely rich. The gold obtained for the first few 
years was from the alluvion of the streams ; after which many 



392 LUMPKIN COUNTY. 

diluvial deposits were found, and subsequently many rich 
veins. The gold in the veins is generally embedded in sul- 
phuret of iron and quartz, sometimes in quartz alone, and in a 
few instances in micaceous and talcose slate, the auriferous 
pyrites being interspersed in minute crystals through the slate. 
The first mentioned class are common, and abound every 
where, running parallel with the formation of the country, the 
general direction of which is N. E. and S. W., corresponding 
with the Alleghany chain of mountains. These veins are 
usually enclosed in micaceous or talcose schist, some in chlo- 
rite and hornblend, rarely in gneiss or granite. In some in- 
stances the root of the vein is slate, and the floor granite or 
gneiss. The decomposition of the different strata varies from 
50 to 100 feet, and decreases as you near the mountains, 
where the overlaying rocks terminate and the veins cease to 
be auriferous. A few veins have been found which traverse 
the formation in which they are enclosed, and in every instance 
the gold is found to contain from 15 to 66 per cent, of silver, 
whereas all parallel veins are alloyed with copper, from -^ to -^\-, 
and without a trace of silver. Of the former class is the Potosi 
mine, in Hall county, which runs N. W. by W., is one foot 
wide (average), and was immensely rich in pockets. The first 
cropped out and extended about 12 feet deep by 15 laterally, 
yielding over 10,000 dwts. Some 10 feet from that, another 
pocket occurred, much richer, the gold being enclosed in felspar 
with octahedral crystals of quartz radiating from it, without a 
particle of gold. These veins are evidently of comparatively 
recent formation. Ore which yields 25 cents per bushel is 
considered profitable, provided the veins are large enough to 
furnish abundantly, and there is no extra expense. Where 
there is much water it requires expensive machinery, and the 
ore must be rich, and the vein of considerable size, to justify it. 
Many mines have, and do yet yield much more — from 50 cents 
to 100 cents per bushel, and a few even more, even reaching 
to several hundred dollars per bushel. Of such are the Calhoun 
and Battle Branch veins, and also the celebrated 1052 mine 
near Dahlonega. These are technically called pocket veins, 
as the gold is found in limited portions of them, the rest with- 
out any. The greatest depths yet reached do not exceed 80 



■\ 



LUMPKIN COUNTY. 393 

feet below the water level, nor more than 140 feet below their 
outcrop ; whereas, in the old world, they have gone more than 
2,000 feet. We consequently can form no opinion relative 
to their productiveness. Generally the mines are abandoned 
as soon as the water appears ; the operators being men of but 
little capital, and ignorant of the proper mode of working be- 
low the water level. Another and more powerful reason is, 
that, with but few exceptions, the veins become poorer as you 
descend, and below the w^ater very poor. The mode of work- 
ing the mine or ores is by amalgamation. The ore is first 
reduced to powder, either wet or dry, by the action of stamps 
or pestles, weighing from 100 to 500 pounds; after which it 
passes through different sized screens or grates, and then 
through various amalgamating machines, by which the quick- 
silver is made to take up the particles or dust of gold, forming 
an amalgam, which is distilled in a retort, saving the quick- 
silver for further use, and the mass of gold is melted in a cru- 
cible, into bars or ingots for coining. Its average fineness is 
23 carats. From the best information I possess, the amount 
obtained from 1829 to 1838, was 16,000,000 dwts., and from 
that time until now, 4,000,000; every year diminishing, not- 
withstanding the great improvements in machinery and in- 
creased practical knowledge. I am of the opinion, however, 
that by introducing the smelting process, as practised in Russia, 
the mines of Georgia and North Carolina could be made to 
yield several millions per annum with the same force that 
now digs but half of a million. Mr. Van Buren, while Presi- 
dent, was kind enough to send a special despatch to the Em- 
peror of Russia, at my request, for information on the subject, 
which only confirmed me in the opinion I had formed. The 
result of over a hundred trials, made here and at the north, on 
auriferous pyrites, gave a mean yield of 42 times as much as 
by the best system of amalgamation extant. This seems ex- 
travagant, but nevertheless it is true. I speak of sulphurated 
ores — iron or copper pyrites, in which the gold is in a state of 
chemical combination, without metallic properties — a salt, on 
which quicksilver cannot act; and, having no specific gravity, 
it is impossible to save it ; nor do we get any except such as 
have been revived by volcanic heat, and aggregated, so as to 



394 LUMPKIN COUNTY. 

give it gravity. I have tried some such ores, which yielded 
66 times more than we got by mills. I have known many 
miners to work over their sand five or six times, and still make 
a profit. Now, by working by fire, the mines would last 
longer and pay much larger profits. It certainly would be bet- 
ter to make $100 per day from three bushels of ore, than from 
100 or 200 bushels. It is true, the expense is greater, but the 
profits may be made to reach fivefold more than they do. 
See the Russian statistics, and you observe that, previous to 
the introduction of this system, the government mines yielded 
but from ten to twelve millions ; and since, with a less number 
of hands, they yield from 60 to 120 millions." 

The following are the principal gold mines in Lumpkin 
county : — 

Singleton's mines, near Dahlonega, embracing more than 
2,000 acres. 

Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, has yielded enor- 
mously. 

J. E. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, five miles 
from Dahlonega, has been a very rich deposit mine, and is not 
yet exhausted. 

Cain creek a'nd Yahoola creek are celebrated localities. 
On the latter is the famous lot, 1052, which once created such 
a sensation among the gold speculators. 

In almost every portion of this county gold exists. Evi- 
dence of its existence meets the eye of the traveller in every 
direction. Since this was written, several valuable mines have 
been discovered. A correspondent of the National Intelligencer 
thus describes the appearance of things in this county. " On 
approaching Dahlonega, I noticed that the water-courses had 
all been mutilated with the spade and pickaxe, and that their 
waters were of a deep yellow ; and, having explored the coun- 
try since then, I find that such is the condition of all the streams 
within a circuit of many miles. Large brooks, and even an 
occasional river, have been turned into a new channel, and 
thereby deprived of their original beauty. • And, of all the hills 
in the vicinity of Dahlonega which I have visited, I have not 
seen one which is not actually riddled with shafts and tunnels." 
No section of Georgia deserves more attention than the gold 
region of Lumpkin county. 



LUMPKIN COUNTY. 395 

Towns. — Dahlonega, the capital of this county, is situated 
14 miles from the Blue Ridge, on a high hill, commanding a 
view of Walker's, Mossy Creek, and Yonah mountains. 
It is 141 miles from Milledgeville, 25 from Gainesville, 30 from 
Clarkesville, 30 from Gumming, 35 from Blairsville, and 35 
from Ellijay. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail 
of logs. It has eight or ten stores, four groceries, two capital 
hotels, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, 
one market-house, one engine-house, one academy, one ma- 
sonic lodge, one printing office, in which the Dahlonega Watch- 
man is published, &c. Dahlonega is a thriving place. The 
amount of goods sold is stated to be $75,000 per annum. 
The character of the population has undergone a great change 
within a few years. Religion and morality have warm 
advocates ; and a more orderly population cannot be named. 
Gold is often found in the court-house square, particularly af- 
ter a shower ; and the little boys often pick up pieces of gold, 
weighing from ^ of a dwt. to one dwt. Population about 
1,000. The town was incorporated in 1833, and became the 
seat of the public buildings in 1835. The U. S. Branch Mint 
establishment is located in this town. The building is quite 
large, and cost $70,000, and the machinery $30,000. Dr. 
Singleton was the first superintendent appointed by General 
Jackson. The Indian name for Dahlonega was Tau-lau-ne- 
ca, meaning yellow money. 

Auraria, alias Nuckollsville, is situated six miles from Dah- 
lonega, on the road leading to Gainesville. 

Leather's Ford is situated on the Chestatee river, 11 miles 
below Dahlonega, inhabited mostly by persons engaged in mi- 
ning operations. Population about 30. 

Minerals. — Besides gold, magnetic iron exists in great 
quantities on the head waters of Amicalolah creek ; native cop- 
per in Singleton's mines ; small particles of silver are some- 
times found ; also lead, antimony, cyanite, rubies, asbestos, 
sulphate of iron, quartz, granite, pyrites, &c. 

Roads, Bridges. — When the nature of the country is 
taken into consideration, the roads may be said to be good, al- 
though there is room for great improvement. There are seven 
or eight bridges in the county. 



396 LUMPKIN COUNTY. 

Miscellaneous. — The value of town lots is 834,505. Va- 
lue of stock in trade, $29,360. Money at interest, $12,366. 

Falls. — Amicalolah Falls are 17 miles west of Dahlonega, 
near the road leading to Tennessee. The name is said to be 
a compound of two Cherokee words, " ami,'' signifying water, 
and " calolah," rolling or tumbling. A writer* in the Orion, 
vol. ii., page 352, thus describes these falls : " The view from 
the top does not (as is the case at Tallulah) comprehend the 
whole extent of all the cascades ; but, on some accounts, is 
preferred. The range of mountains to the south and west, 
as it strikes the eye from the summit of the falls, is truly sub- 
lime ; and the scene is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. The 
view from the foot embraces, as strictly regards the falls them- 
selves, much more than the view from above, and is therefore 
perhaps the better ; both, however, should be obtained, in or- 
der to form a just conception of the scene ; for here we have 
a succession of cataracts and cascades, the greatest not ex- 
ceeding 60 feet, but the torrent in the distance' of 400 yards 
descending more than as many hundred feet. This creek has 
its source upon the Blue Ridge, several miles east of the falls; 
and it winds its way, fringed with wild flowers of the richest 
dyes, and kissed in autumn by the purple wild grapes, which 
cluster over its transparent bosom ; and so tranquil and mir- 
ror-like is its surface, that one will fancy it to be a thing of 
life, conscious of its proximate fate, rallying all its energies for 
the startling leap ; and he can scarcely forbear moralizing 
upon the oft recurring and striking vicissitudes of human life, 
as illustrated in the brief career of this beautiful streamlet." 

Name. — This county was named in honour of Wilson 
Lumpkin. This gentleman is a resident of Athens, Clarke 
county, Georgia, in the enjoyment of fine health, and devoting 
himself to the pursuits of agriculture. From memorandums 
obligingly furnished us by this distinguished gentleman, we 
are able to furnish the people of Georgia with the follow- 
ing memoir. Mr. Lumpkin was born in Pittsylvania coun- 
ty, State of Virginia, on the 14th January, 1783. When 
he was one year old his father removed to Georgia, and settled 

* General Hansell, of Marietta. 



LUMPKIN COUNTY. 397 

in that part of the State then known as Wilkes county, now 
Oglethorpe county. At this period the means of education 
were very limited, there not being a good grammar-school 
within twenty miles of his residence; and being unable to 
send his children from home to be educated, they received no 
other instruction than that which is acquired in a common 
country school. When young Lumpkin was fourteen years 
old, his father held the office of Clerk of the Superior Court 
of Oglethorpe county, and knowing that many advantages 
would be enjoyed by his son in an office of this kind, he em- 
ployed him in copying, writing, &c. This was of incalculable 
benefit to his son, compensating in no small degree the want 
of a regular education, and introducing him to many gentle- 
men of the legal profession. He imbibed a great fondness for 
reading, and during the time that he continued in this office 
he devoted all his leisure moments to reading law. A short 
time after he was twenty-one years of age, he was elected a 
member of the Legislature for Oglethorpe county, by almost 
an unanimous vote, and for several years contmued a mem- 
ber, discharging his duties with zeal and fidelity. He served for 
several years both as a member of the House of Representatives 
and Senate of the United States. When he was solicited to 
become a candidate for the office of Governor of Georgia, 
he reluctantly consented, and was elected, and at the close 
of his executive term was re-elected. Mr. Lumpkin has 
filled many other responsible offices, but the limits fixed to 
these sketches will not allow us to enumerate all of them. We 
cannot however consent, in justice to a faithful public servant, 
to omit the following. In 1823, Mr. Lumpkin was commis- 
sioned by President Monroe to ascertain and mark the bound- 
ary line between Georgia and Florida. Under a commission 
of General Jackson, he was one of the first Commission- 
ers appointed under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. The 
records of the country will bear testimony to the ability and 
justice with which he discharged that delicate and difficult 
trust. When the Legislature of Georgia created a Board of 
Public Works, with a view of commencing a systematic 
course of Internal Improvement, it provided for a Board to 
26 



\ 



398 MACON COUNTY. 

consist of six members. Of this Board, Mr. Lumpkin was ap- 
pointed a member. The act also directed that a civil engi- 
neer should be appointed, to take a general survey of the 
State, with a view to report upon the expediency of canals 
and railroads ; and it also directed that a member of the Board 
should accompany the engineer. Mr. Lumpkin was selected, 
and in his report he recommended a route, which varied very 
little from the present location of our railroads. It will be 
seen from this short sketch, that Mr. Lumpkin has been an 
active man all his life. To the interest of this State he has 
devoted much labor. He enjoys better health now than 
at any period before he was sixty years old, works every 
day, and reads more than at any former period of his 
life. He never had a lawsuit or arbitration. He has been 
a member of the Baptist church for nearly fifty years, and is 
an active and liberal supporter of many benevolent institu- 
tions. 



MACON. 

Boundaries. — It is bounded N. by Crawford, E. by Hous- 
toun and a part of Talbot, S. by a portion of Dooly and Sumter, 
and W. by Marion. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint* river flows through the 
county, and has the following tributaries : viz. Beaver, Juni- 
per, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head, Spring, and 
Beaver creeks. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- 
lation as given in the census was 3,324 whites, 1,870 blacks ; 
total, 5,194. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $1,701 83 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Lanier, Grangerville, Hamburg, Mar 
shallsville, Martin's Store, Horse Head, Newson's Mills, 
Fredonia. 

Towns, — Lanier is the seat of justice, situated on the 

* The Indian name of Flint river is Thronateeska. 



MACON COUNTY. 399 

west side of the Flint river, 80 miles from Milledgeville, 22 
from Perry, 25 from Knoxville, and 25 from Americus. It 
has the usual county buildings, two churches, two hotels, three 
stores, &c. Population about 200. It is a very pretty village. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- 
try is level. The eastern bank of the Flint river averages 
from 100 to 200 feet high, for several miles. West of the 
Flint river, pine land mostly prevails, the greatest part of 
which is fertile. East of the Flint river, the lands are mixed, 
generally productive. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, and other products 
peculiar to this section of Georgia. 

Education, Religious Denominations. — Education is not 
neglected, although more attention ought to be paid to it. 
Number of poor children, 295 ; educational fund, 8255 84. 
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are gene- 
rally kept in good order. 

Character op the People. — This county has an intelli- 
gent population. 

Market. — Macon is the market. 

Rocks, Minerals, Fossils, Mounds. — Marl exists in con- 
siderable quantities on the plantation of I. E. Helvenstein, 
Esq., Buck's creek. The banks of the Flint river contain 
numerous interesting localities, in which are found curious 
fossils. On the Flint river are several mounds. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$7,825 ; value of stock in trade, $7,704. Money at interest, 
$18,690. 

Miscellaneous. — There are several fine hedges of the Che- 
rokee rose in this county. Col. John Young has his entire 
plantation enclosed by hedges of this description, and all his 
cross-fences are of the same. He has now almost eight miles 
of fence of this kind on his plantation. Col. Young was the 
first gentleman to introduce these hedges in Macon county, 
and many are following his example. 

Name. — The Hon. Nathaniel Macon, whose name this 
county bears, was one of the few patriots of the American Revo- 
lution who survived to tell the trials of that day to the present 



400 MACON COUNTY. 

generation. In the memorable year 1776, then not 18 years 
old, and while a student at Princeton, New Jersey, burning 
with youthful ardour, and fired with holy enthusiasm in the 
cause of public liberty, he abandoned his collegiate studies, 
and performed a short tour of duty in a company of volun- 
teers ; thus in his youth evincing an attachment to those prin- 
ciples which in after life he supported with so much firmness, 
ability, and undeviating consistency. After his return from 
New Jersey, hearing of the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, 
in the spring of 1780, he joined the militia troops of his native 
State, as a common soldier, and continued with them until 
the provisional articles of peace were signed, in the fall of 
1782. During this eventful period, he gave proofs of that in- 
difference for office and emolument, and that unaffected de- 
votedness to his country's good, which his future history so 
conspicuously illustrated. He served in the ranks as a com- 
mon soldier, and though command, and places of trust and 
confidence, as well as of relative ease and security, were often 
tendered him, he invariably declined them ; desiring only to 
occupy the station, and to share the hardships and perils com- 
mon to the greatest portion of his fellow soldiers. And al- 
though in very humble circumstances as to property, he never 
would charge or consent to receive one cent for such services. 
He gave his heart and soul to the cause in which he embark- 
ed. He loved his country, and like a dutiful son gave her in 
time of need — 'twas all he had — his personal service. And even 
when that country smiled with prosperity, and, with a munifi- 
cence deserving all praise, made liberal provision for the 
soldiers of the Revolution, he declined the proffered bounty. 
Often has he been heard to say, (disclaiming all imputation 
upon others,) that no state of fortune could induce him to ac- 
cept it. In those times, too, were developed those noble traits 
of Roman character which attracted to him the confidence 
and esteem of his countrymen ; and becoming generally known 
throughout the State, they won for him a popularity to which 
his country is indebted for his long, useful, and illustrious 
services in the public councils. His countrymen elected him 
while yet in the army, and scarcely twenty-four years of age, 
a member of the Legislature, without his solicitation or even 



MACON COUNTY. 401 

knowledge ; and, reluctant to part with his comrades in arms, 
he was induced only by the persuasions of his commanding 
officers to accept the station. After serving in that capacity 
many years, he was chosen, at the age of thirty-two, a member 
of Congress, in the House of Representatives, and took his 
seat at the first session of the second Congress, in 1791, which 
he filled uninterruptedly, under successive elections, till the 
winter of 1815, when he was chosen by the Legislature a Se- 
nator in Congress, without his solicitation, and in one sense 
against his wish ; for his maxim was, " frequent elections and 
accountability at short intervals." In January, 1816, being 
then at Washington in the discharge of his duties as a member 
of the House of Representatives, he resigned his seat in that 
body, and assumed his new station as Senator. On that oc- 
casion he declined and rejected double pay for travelling, al- 
though abundant precedents entitled him to it. The Legis- 
lature continued to him his honourable distinction and high 
trust, until November, 1828, when he was induced, by a "sense 
of duty," springing out of his advanced age and infirmities, to 
resign, resigning also at the same time his offices as Justice of 
the Peace, and Trustee of the University of North Carolina, 
both of which he filled for many years. During his congres- 
sional career, he was chosen in 1801, at the first session of 
the seventh Congress, Speaker of the House of Representatives, 
and continued to preside over the deliberations of that body, 
until the tenth Congress. The duties of the chair were dis- 
charged by him with distinguished abilities, and an impar- 
tiality which secured the esteem and aflfectiorl of his political 
friends, and won the confidence and admiration of his politi- 
cal adversaries. Not being able from severe indisposition to 
attend at the commencement of the tenth Congress, a new in- 
cumbent was elected to the chair. He was several times 
elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and the last time 
chosen to that station he declined its acceptance. The office 
of Postmaster-General was twice offered him. But office 
however hio-h, or emolument however great, had no charm for 
him. His engagement was always to his constituents, and 
that he was determined to fulfil to the letter. No lure could 
tempt him to lay it down. His was the ambition that 



402 MACON COUNTY. 

prompted only to virtuous deeds. He sought with great 
earnestness and untiring industry the path of duty, and fear- 
lessly pursued it — obliging no one from favour or affection, 
and yielding nothing to the suggestion of resentment or en- 
mity. Indeed, there was no passion he would gratify at the 
expense of duty. In 1835, his fellow-citizens again called him 
from his cherished retirement, by electing him a member of 
the Convention, charged with the important duty of revising 
and reforming the Constitution of his native State, of which 
body he was chosen President by unanimous suffrage. In 
•1836, he was chosen an elector of President and Vice-Presi- 
dent — on the Republican ticket — and at the proper time re- 
paired to the seat of government, and performed the duty re- 
quired of him. This was the closing act of Mr. Macon's pub- 
lic life. 

Of his political creed it is scarcely necessary to speak. 
His unconquered consistency — the frank and manly avowal 
of his opinions on all proper occasions — the prominent and 
distinguished part it was his lot to act in support of every re- 
publican administration, sufficiently proclaim it. Suffice it to 
say, he was a republican of the old school, and possessed, with- 
out qualification or abatement, the affection and confidence of 
a Jefferson, a Madison, a Monroe, and a Jackson ; and of the 
whole host of distinguished statesmen with whom he was a 
co-labourer in the cause of democracy and free government. 
His political principles were deep-rooted; he became attached 
to them from early examination, and was confirmed in their 
correctness from mature reason and long experience. They 
were the principles of genuine republicanism ; and to them 
through life he gave a hearty, consistent, and available sup- 
port. With them he never compromised ; and the greater the 
pressure, the more pertinaciously he stood by them. Adopt- 
ing, to the fullest extent, the doctrine which allowed to man 
the capacity and the right to self-government, he was a strict 
constructionist of the Constitution of the United States ; and 
never would consent, however strongly the law of circum- 
stances — the common plea of tyrants — might demand it, to 
exercise doubtful powers. Jealous of federal authority, his 
most vigilant efforts were directed towards restraining it with- 



MACON COUNTY. 403 

in due limits. A democrat by natm'e as well as education, he 
was persuaded, that on the popular part of every government 
depend its real force, its welfare, its security, its permanence, 
its adaptation to the happiness of the people. 

Though so long honoured and so many years the depositary 
of public confidence and public trusts, he had the rare merit 
of never having solicited any one to vote for him, or even in- 
timated a wish that he should ; and, though no one ever shared 
more fully the confidence and esteem of a large circle of warm 
and influential friends, his is the praise of never having soli- 
cited the slightest interest for his own preferment. 

But it was in private life the rare excellences of this gi-eat 
and good man shone brightest. " To be and not to seem," 
was his maxim. Disdaining the pride of power — despising 
hypocrisy, as the lowest and the meanest vice — with an honest 
simplicity and Roman frankness of manners, he gave to inter- 
course an ease and freedom which made his society and con- 
versation sought after by all who knew him. Industry, eco- 
nomy, and temperance distinguished the character of Mr. 
Macon, during every portion of his long life, and he was 
always truly exemplary in the discharge of every social and 
domestic duty. His love of justice and truth, and his integrity 
of heart commanded universal confidence, esteem, and respect. 
In his dress, his manners, his habits, and mode of life, he in- 
dulged no fondness for superfluities ; but he never denied him- 
self the use of what was necessary and convenient. 

The vainness of ostentation and the littleness of pride were 
alike disgusting to him. His neighbours, even the humblest, 
visited him without ceremony, and in all their difficulties ap- 
plied to him for advice and comfort, which he never failed to 
afibrd in a manner the most acceptable. The society of his 
neighbourhood, embracing an unusually large circle, seemed 
as it were to constitute but one family, of which he was the 
head and the guide ; and the rich stores of his mind were com- 
mon property. Such was the moral influence which he ex- 
erted around him, that his example and his precept were allowed 
the force of law. His heart was the seat of the benevolent 
affections ; and that he enjoyed, while living, the happiness 
that attends their constant exercise, was sufliciently attested 



404 MADISON COUNTY. 

by the many, of both sexes and all ages, who attended his 
interment, with tears and deepest sorrow ; and that he was 
not wanting in the offices of humanity, was proven by the 
heart-rending scenes exhibited in the moans and lamentations 
of his numerous black family, when they were permitted to 
view, for the last time, his mortal remains. They, indeed, had 
cause for sorrow. Never had slaves a kinder master. In every 
thing connected with their health and comfort he made the 
most liberal and ample provision — in food, raiment, bedding, 
and dwellings. In their sickness, his attentions to them were 
those of a kind and tender friend. Nor did he neglect their 
moral instruction and discipline. He was fond of reading, but 
his favourite study was man. To this predilection did he owe 
that consummate knowledge of the human character, and those 
practical lessons of wisdom, of so much consequence to the 
conduct of life, which gave him rank among the " wisest and 
best." He died in Warren county, North Carolina, on the 
29th day of June, 1837, in the 79th year of his age.* 



MADISON. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Madison is bounded N. by Frank- 
lin, E. by Elbert, S. by Oglethorpe and a part of Clarke, and 
W. by Jackson. Laid out from Oglethorpe, Jackson, Frank- 
lin, and Elbert, in 1811, and additions made to it in 1813, '19, 
'23, '29, '31. Length 14 miles, breadth 13. Square miles, 182. 

Rivers, Creeks. — North and south prongs of Broad river. 
Mill Shoal, Brushy, Holly, Fork, Blue Stone, and Shoal creeks. 

Post Offices. — Danielsville, Brookline, Madison's Springs. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave to this county 3,615 whites, 1,699 blacks; total, 
5,314. Amount of State tax for 1848, $1,498 70 cents. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Town. — Danielsville, named after General Allen Daniel, 
situated on a high, uneven surface, is the capital. Distant 
from Milledgeville 87 miles N., 15 from Athens, 23 from Lex- 

* Furniphcd by the Hon. Mr. Edwards, of North Carolina. 



MADISON COUNTY. 405 

inrfton, 8 from the Madison Springs, 23 from Jefferson, and 
20 from Carnesville. This is quite a small village, having a 
court-house, jail, two stores, mechanics' shops, one Pres- 
byterian church, and one or two schools. Population 35. 
Healthy and quiet village. Made the county site in 1812. 
Incorporated in 1817. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, 
Presbyterians, a few Universalists and Reformed Methodists. 
In the county are six Baptist churches, two Presbyterian, 
three Methodist. Education is beginning to be appreciated. 
Number of poor children 210; educational fund, il82 13 
cents. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant 
and healthy. Fevers occur on the water-courses. There 
are several instances of longevity. Mr. James Pittman is 93 ; 
Mrs. Lettuce Milligan 89, and reads without glasses ; Mr. 
Stephen Groves is over 98 ; Mr. James Thompson is 80 ; Mr. 
James Caruth is over 80 ; Mr. James Saunders is 80 ; Capt. 
Robert L. Tate, 80. 

Early Settlers. — Samuel Long, Jacob Everhart, Sa- 
muel Woods, Stephen Groves, and others. 

Minerals. — Gold on Broad river, eight or nine miles E. of 
Danielsville. Large quantities of iron ore; and several years 
ago iron works were in successful operation. Four miles be- 
low Danielsville, on the south fork of Broad river, granite, 
quartz, and the minerals of the adjoining counties are found. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people 
of this county have the reputation of being industrious and fru- 
gal. Hospitality is one among their most prominent charac- 
teristics. The amusements are dancing, hunting, fishing, 
quiltings, and sociables. One or two instances of gander-pull- 
ing, have occurred within a few years past. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions, Value of Land. — 
Good lands are on Blue Stone creek peculiarly adapted to 
corn, wheat, and cotton. Value about i4| per acre. The 
lands on the north fork of Broad river are very inferior. On 
the south fork the lands are productive, valued at about f 8 
per acre. The northwest part of the county is poor ; the 
land hardly worth $1 per acre. The productions are cotton. 



406 MADISON COUNTY. 

corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, sweet potatoes, and Irish pota- 
toes. Fruits and vegetables do well. 

AvER.VGE Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 400 
pounds per acre ; corn, 2h barrels ; wheat, 5^ bushels. Two 
thousand bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Average Price of Grain, Provisions, Labour. — Corn 
averages 61 ~5 per bushel ; wheat, 75 cents ; butter, 12^ cents 
per pound ; eggs, 6 cents per dozen ; pork, 4 cents per pound ; 
bacon, 7 cents ; beef, 2^ ; turkeys, 75 cents per pair ; fowls 
20 cents do. ; geese, 50 cents do. ; tallow, 8 cents per pound ; 
wax, 20 do. Board at hotels, 88 per month. White men hire 
at f 8 per month ; negro men, at 860 per annum ; negro women, 
at 845 do. 

Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The market roads are kept in 
good order. There is only one bridge of importance in this 
county. Ferries, eight. 

Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 13 ; grist-mills 14 ; flour- 
mills 3 ; and a number of small distilleries. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
82,150. Value of stock in trade, 811,000. Money at interest, 
844,790. 

Mineral Springs. — Madison Springs, 23 miles N. W. of 
Athens. The water is impregnated with iron, and efficacious 
in the cure of several diseases, and is much resorted to in the 
summer. 

Miscellaneous. — Austin Dabney. — In the beginning of 
the revolutionary conflict, a man by the name of Aycock 
removed to Wilkes county, having in his possession a mulatto 
boy who passed for and was treated as his slave. Aycock 
was not the bravest of men, and when called upon to do mili- 
tia service manifested much uneasiness, and did his duty so 
badly, that his Captain consented to exchange him for his mu- 
latto boy, then eighteen years of age — a stout, hardy youth — 
upon Aycock's acknowledging that he was the son of a white 
woman, and consequently free. The boy had been called 
Austin, to which the Captain added Dabney. 

Dabney proved himself a good soldier. In many a skirmish 
with the British and tories, he acted a conspicuous part. He 
was with Col. Elijah Clarke in the battle of Kettle Creek, and 



MADISON COUNTY. 407 

was severely wounded by a rifle-ball passing through his thigh, 
by which he was made a cripple for life. He was unable to 
do further military duty, and was without means to procure 
due attention to his wound, which threatened his life. In this 

suffering condition he was taken into the house of Harris, 

where he was kindly cared for until he recovered. His grati- 
tude to the good people by whose attention he was restored, 
was never forgotten. He laboured for Harris and his family 
more effectually than any slave could have been made to do. 

After the close of the war, when prosperous times came, 
Austin Dabney acquired property. In the year 18 — he 
removed to Madison county, carrying with him his benefactor 
and family. Here he became noted for his great fondness for 
horses and the turf, and was seldom without a fine racer. 
He attended all the races in the neighbouring counties, and 
betted to the extent of his means. His courteous behaviour 
and good temper always secured him gentlemen backers. His 
means were aided by a pension which he received from the 
United States, on account of his broken thigh. 

In the distribution of the public lands by lottery among the 
people of Georgia, the Legislature gave to Dabney a lot of 
land in the county of Walton. The Hon. Mr. Upson, then a 
representative from Oglethorpe, was the member who moved 
the passage of the law. The preamble was as follows : — 
" Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the State 
of Georgia, passed on the fourteenth day of August, 1780, it 
is stated that the said Austin Dabney during the Revolution, 
instead of advantacjinof himself of the terms to withdraw him- 
self from the American lines and enter with the majority of 
his colour and fellow-slaves in the service of his Britannic 
Majesty and his officers and vassals, did voluntarily enrol 
himself in some one of corps under the command of Colonel 
Elijah Clarke, and in several actions and engagements behaved 
against the enemy with a bravery and fortitude which would 
have honoured a freeman, and in one of which engagements 
he was severely wounded, and rendered incapable of hard 
servitude ; and policy and gratitude demand a return for such 
service and behaviour, from the Commonwealth ; and it was 
further stated in said act that said Austin should be entitled 



408 , MADISON COUNTY. 

to the annuity allowed by this State to wounded and disabled 
soldiers ; and the said Austin having petitioned the Legislature 
for some aid in his declining years ; and this body considering 
him an object entitled to the attention and gratitude of the 
State." 

At the election for members of the Legislature the year after, 
the county of Madison was distracted by the animosity and strife 
of an Austin Dabney and an Anti- Austin Dabney party. Many 
of the people were highly incensed that a mulatto negro should 
receive a gift of the land which belonged to the freemen of 
Georgia. Dabney soon after removed to the land given him 
by the State, and carried with him the family of Harris, and 
continued to labour for them, and appropriated whatever he 
made for their support, except what was necessary for his 
coarse clothing and food. Upon his death, he left them all of 
his property. The eldest son of his benefactor he sent to 
Franklin College, and afterwards supported him whilst he 
studied law with Mr. Upson, in Lexington. When Harris 
was undergoing his examination, Austin was standing outside 
of the bar, exhibiting great anxiety in his countenance ; and 
when Harris was sworn in, he burst into a flood of tears. 
He understood his situation very well, and never was guilty 
of impertinence. He was one of the best chroniclers of the 
events of the war, in Georgia. Judge Dooly thought much of 
him, for in the war of the Revolution he had served under his 
father. Col. Dooly. It was Dabney's custom to be at the pub- 
lic house in Madison, where the Judge stopped during court, 
and he took much pains in seeing his horse well attended to. 
He frequently came into the room where the judges and law- 
yers were assembled on the evening before the court, and 
seated himself upon a stool or some low place, where he would 
commence a parley with any one who chose to talk with 
him. 

He drew his pension in Savannah, where he went once a 
year for this purpose. On one occasion he went to Savannah 
in company with his neighbour, Col. Wyley Pope. They tra- 
velled together on the most familiar terms, until they arrived 
in the streets of the town. Then the Colonel observed to 
Austin that he was a man of sense, and knew that it was not 



MADISON COUNTY. 409 

suitable for him to be seen riding side by side with a coloured 
man through the streets of Savannah ; to which Austin replied, 
that he understood that matter very well. Accordingly, when 
they advanced along the principal street, Austin checked his 
horse and fell behind. They had not gone very far before 
Col. Pope passed by Gen. James Jackson's house, who was 
then Governor of the State. Upon looking back, he saw the 
Governor run out of the house, seize Austin's hand, shake it 
as if he had been his long-absent brother, draw him off his 
horse, and carry him into his house, where he stayed whilst in 
town, and was treated with marked kindness. Col. Pope used 
to tell this anecdote with much glee, adding that he felt cha- 
grined when he ascertained that whilst he passed his time at a 
public house, unknown and uncared for, Austin was the hon- 
oured guest of the Governor. 

Name. — This county receives its name from James Madi- 
son. This illustrious man was born in Virginia, on the 5th 
day of March, 1751. About the age of twelve, he was placed 
under the care of able teachers, and after the usual prepara- 
tory course, he became a member of Princeton College, where 
he graduated. Upon his return home he pursued an extensive 
course of reading, and thus laid the foundation for that emi- 
nence to which he afterwards attained. At the commence- 
ment of the difficulties between Great Britain and her colo- 
nies, he warmly espoused the cause of the latter ; but, owing 
to ill health, did not join the army. At 25 years of age, Vir- 
ginia honoured him with a seat in the Legislature. He was 
also a member of the Council of the State, until his election to 
Congress in 1779. The journals of this body show that he dis- 
tinguished himself as an active and leading member. Many 
of the state papers of this period were composed by Mr. Ma- 
dison, and are acknowledged to have been the product of a 
mind well trained. 

In 1784, '5 and '6, he represented his State in the Legisla- 
ture. During these periods questions of great importance 
were discussed in the Virginia Legislature, and in all of these 
he took a conspicuous part. In the Federal Convention at 
Philadelphia for framing the Constitution, no member distin- 
guished himself more than Mr. Madison. The debates of this 



410 MARION COUNTY. 

Convention, were preserved by him. In the interval be- 
tween the close of the Convention at Philadelphia for fram- 
ino- the Federal Constitution and the meeting of the State 
Legislatures to sanction it, that celebrated work, the Federal- 
ist, was written, and the chief contributions to it, were made 
by Mr. Madison. He was in Congress in 1789, and remained 
a member until 1797. In 1801 Mr. Jefferson gave him the 
office of Secretary of State, which office he held through eight 
years of Jefferson's Presidency. In this department he estab- 
lished his reputation as a consummate statesman. "On the com- 
plicated questions of the conflicting rights of war and peace, 
colonial commerce, contraband trade, impressment of seamen, 
search and seizure of ships, and others too numerous to men- 
tion, Mr. Madison did nof present one view unmarked with 
a power of research, of argument, and of reasoning, unsur- 
passed in the annals of diplomatic writing."* In 1809 he was 
elected President of the United States, and was re-elected for 
a second term. The history of his administration is the his- 
tory of the country at a very trying period. Mr. Madison, at 
the close of his term, had the satisfaction of seeing his coun- 
try prosperous. At sixty-six years of age he retired from the 
turmoils of public life, and resided on his estate in Virginia. 
For twenty years his chief enjoyments were derived from his 
farm and books. In 1829, although eighty years of age, he 
was prevailed upon to become a member of the Convention 
which sat in Richmond to amend the Constitution of the 
State of Virginia. At the age of eighty-five his mind was 
bright, his memory retentive, and his conversation highly de- 
lightful and instructive. He closed his mortal career June 
28, 1836. 



MARION. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded North by Talbot, East by 
Macon, South by Sumter and Stewart, and West by Musco- 
gee. Laid off in 1827, from Lee and Muscogee. Length, 
about 41 miles ; breadth 30 ; square miles, 1,230. 

Rivers, Creeks. — There are no very large streams in this 



MARION COUNTY. 411 

county. The creeks are the Kinchafoonee, Juniper, Buck, 
Pine Knot, Uchee or Richland, and White Water. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave this county a population of 6,552; of these 4,701 
were whites, and 1,851 blacks. Amount of State tax for 
1848, $2,293 and 31 cents. 

Post Offices. — Pea Ridge or Buena Vista, Tazewell, 
Glenalta, Pineville, Trycam, Poindexter. 

Towns. — Buena Vista, made the county site in 1847, 
is situated 7 miles southwest from Tazewell, 101 from 
Milledgeville, 33 from Columbus, 28 from Talbotton, and 26 
from Americus. A fine brick court-house is in the progress 
of erection. It has two large taverns, two churches, four dry 
goods stores, two groceries, seven lawyers, three physicians, 
&c. Amount of business done is over $40,000 per annum. 
Population about 200. It is a healthy village. 

Tazewell, formerly the county site, is about 25 miles from 
Flint river. Population about 100. Since the removal of the 
county buildings, the place has declined. 

Pineville, a small village in the western corner of the coun- 
ty, 15 miles from Tazewell. 

Glenalta is in the northern part ; has a store, doctor's shop, 
&;c. 

Poindexter is in the southeast part. 

Nature of the Soil. — There is a great diversity in the 
soil. In some parts the land is red and stiff; but the most 
of it is a loose sandy soil, and very productive. A consider- 
able portion bordering upon Talbot is poor pine land. 

Productions. — Cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, peas, and sugar 
cane. It has been ascertained that ^'om 12 to 1,500 lbs. of 
sugar can be produced to the acre. 

Value of Land, Markets, Cotton. — Lands are worth 
from $3 to $20 per acre. Columbus and Macon are the mar- 
kets. From 8 to 10,000 bales of cotton are annually pro- 
duced. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are neglected. Bridges 
are in good order. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Missionary 
Baptists are the most numerous. There are a few Anti-Mis- 



412 MARION COUNTY. 

sionary Baptists, Episcopalians, and Presbyterians. In some 
neighbouriioods there are good schools, and we are happy to 
hear that the interest in education is constantly increasing. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens 
of this section of the State are orderly and moral. The chief 
amusement is hunting. 

Manufactures, Mills. — At Tazewell is a wool-carding 
establishment, which does a good business ; two merchant- 
mills ; ten saw-mills ; eight grist-mills. 

Mounds. — There are several mounds. The most re- 
markable are on Col. Brown's plantation. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. 

Some fevers and chills occur on the water-courses in the fall. 

There are a few persons in the county over 80 years of 

' age; George Buchanan and John Mayo were 81 at their 

death. 

Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is $7,404. 
Value of stock in trade, $10,650. Money at interest, $32,475. 

Name. — General Francis Marion, after whom this county 
received its name, was born at Winyaw, near Georgetown, 
South Carolina, in 1732. It does not appear that he received 
any thing more than a plain English education. At the 
age of 16 he went to sea in a small vessel bound for the 
West Indies. Whilst on the voyage, 'the vessel foundered, 
and the crew, consisting of six persons, were compelled to 
take the boat, and after enduring incredible hardships, Ma- 
rion with three of the crew reached land. This disaster 
changed his wish to become a seaman, and he spent thirteen 
years in the cultivation of the soil. In 1761 he volunteered 
in an expedition against the Cherokees, first under the com- 
mand of his brother, and afterwards as Lieutenant under Cap- 
tain Moultrie. During this campaign, he led the forlorn hope 
at the battle of Elchoee, and displayed on that bloody occa- 
sion a firmness and skill which laid the foundation of that 
reputation which he afterwards gained. At the close of the 
Cherokee war, he resumed his agricultural labours, where he 
continued until 1775, when he was returned to the Provincial 
Assembly of South Carolina, as a member from St. John's 
Berkeley. This body resolved to risk every thing in defence 



MARION COUNTY. 413 

of their rights, and raised three regiments. Marion was ap- 
pointed Captain in the second regiment. Until the attack 
upon Fort Moultrie he was engaged in the recruiting service. 
In the attack made by the British on Sullivan's Island and 
Savannah, his bravery was the theme of admiration. He was 
not present at the siege and capture of Charleston, Major 
Garden, in his Revolutionary Anecdotes, relates the following 
incident as explanatory of the reasons why Marion was not 
present with his regiment in the defence of the capital : — 
" Lieut. Colonel Marion had dined, a few days previously to 
the siege of Charleston, with a friend in the house next to 
Roupel's, in Tradd-street. A mistaken idea of hospitality 
had occasioned his entertainer, according to the universal 
practice of the day, to turn the key upon his guests, to pre- 
vent escape until each individual should be gorged to a surfeit 
with wine. Marion attempting to escape by a window, fell 
into the street and dislocated his ankle in a shocking manner. 
This accident saved him from captivity. After he had partially 
recovered from this injury, he was again in the field, and joined 
the continental army under Gates, and was despatched by 
him to watch the motions of the enemy, and furnish intelli- 
gence. After he had collected a small band of patriots, he 
rendered various important services by his attacks upon the 
enemy. In 1780 he was appointed Brigadier General, and in- 
vested with the command of a military district, the duties of 
which he continued to perform until the 8th of September, when 
he commanded the front line of Greene's army in the battle at 
Eutaw Springs. Congress returned him their thanks for his gal- 
lant conduct on this occasion. He was in active service until 
the close of the Revolution, when he returned to his farm. 
"In the decline of life, in the modest condition of a farmer, 
Marion seems to have lived among his neighbours very 
much like the ancient patriarch, surrounded by his flock. 
He was honoured and beloved by all. His dwelling was 
the abode of content and cheerful hospitality. He died 
peaceful and assured on the 27th day of February, 1795, 
and was buried in St. Stephen's Parish. The marble slab 
which covers his remains, bears the following inscription : — 
' Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General Francis Ma- 
27 



414 McINTOSH COUNTY. 

rion, who departed this life on the 27th day of February, 
1795, in the 63d year of his age, deeply regretted by his 
fellow citizens. History will record his worth, and rising 
generations embalm his memory as one of the most dis- 
tinguished patriots and heroes of the American Revolution, 
who elevated his country to honour and independence, and 
secured to her the blessings of liberty and peace. This tribute 
of veneration and gratitude is in commemoration of the noble 
and disinterested virtues of the citizen, and the gallant exploits 
of the soldier who lived without fear, and died without re- 
proach.' "* 



McINTOSH. 



Boundaries, Extent, — Bounded IN. by Liberty, E. by the 
Atlantic, S, by Glynn and Wayne, and W. by Liberty and'' 
Wayne. Laid out from Liberty, in 1793. Medium length, 
40 miles ; medium breadth, 16 miles ; 640 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Darien, South Newport, Fort Barrington. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 1,261 whites, and 4,369 blacks ; total, 5,630. State 
tax returned in 1848, 83,124 74. Sends one representative to 
the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks, — The Alatamaha river is the principal 
stream. The other streams are Sapelo river, Doctor's and 
Jones's creeks, &c. 

Towns, &c. — Darien is the capital, situated on the north 
bank of the Alatamaha river, 190 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 60 
from Savannah, 30 from Riceborough, 38 from Hinesville, 
and 12 from Brunswick. It has a court-house, jail, five 
churches, one hotel, one academy, twelve stores, &c. The 
town is beautifully shaded with live oaks, some of which are 
over one hundred years of age. The water is good, but the 
location of the town is unfavourable to health, being surrounded 
by swamps. Population 250 whites, and 350 blacks. It 
was formerly a place of much business, but the construction 

^ * Sims's Life of Marion. 



McINTOSH COUNTY. 4X5 

of the Central Railroad has taken much of the produce which 
used to come to Darien. Situated upon a river which fur- 
nishes inexhaustible supplies of the best pine lumber in the 
world, and accessible to ships of heavy burthen, nothing is 
wanted but perseverance to insure prosperity to the town. 
Immense quantities of lumber and some turpentine are now 
brought to Darien. It was settled in 1735, by a colony of 
Scots, mostly from Inverness and its vicinity. Its former 
name was New Inverness. History speaks highly of the 
bravery of the people of Darien at Fort Moosa, three miles 
from St. Augustine, where a severe battle was fought with 
the Spaniards in 1740. It is recorded that " the most bloody 
part of all, fell to the unhappy share of our good people of Da- 
rien, who almost to a man engaged under the command of 
their leader, John Moore Mcintosh." 

Fort Barrington, 12 miles N. W. of Darien, on the Ala- 
tamaha. 

South Newport is north of Darien. 
Jonesville is in the northern part of the county. 
Early Settlers. — Rev. John McLeod, Joseph Burgess, / 
Mr. McBain, the Mclntoshes, McDonalds, Cuthberts, Clarkes, / 
McCleans, Mackeys, Palmers, and many others. 

Nature of the Soil. — The Alatamaha lands are of inex- 
haustible fertility, producing large quantities of rice and sugar- 
cane. The pine lands are valuable for their timber. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Four steam saw-mills. Within 
a few years past several of the citizens have engaged in the 
manufacture of turpentine, with considerable success. 

Islands, — Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Kurd's, Blackbeard, 
Broughton, Demere, Butler's, Wright's, Patterson's, Little 
Sapelo, Black, &c. 

Antiquities. — On the west bank of the south channel of 
the Alatamaha river, opposite Darien, are the remains of an 
ancient fort or fortification, embracing about an acre of ground, 
supposed to be the work of the French or Spaniards. In 
Darien there is a mound, and another one on the Ridge road. 

Springs. — Four miles from Darien there is a spring, sup- 
posed to be impregnated with mineral qualities. At Baisden's 
Bluff, there is an excellent spring. 

Roads and Bridges. — These are kept in good repair. 



416 McINTOSH COUNTY. 

Education. — The wealthier classes are highly educated, 
but generally little interest is felt in the subject of education. 
Number of poor children, 127; educational fund, $110 12. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm, 
and unhealthy. The planters are in the habit of retreating, 
during the summer months, to the pine lands. Numerous 
instances of longevity are recorded. Mrs. Susannah Ford 
died in this county at the age of 113 years ; Mr. John Grant, 
a soldier under Oglethorpe, was nearly 90 at his death ; Mrs. 
Mary Ann Mcintosh died in 1835, aged 100 years; George 
White, 81 ; John Calder, 77. Both of these gentlemen were 
soldiers of the Revolution. Mr. Thomas Spalding, we believe, 
is the oldest person now living in the county. We cannot 
permit this opportunity to pass without a tribute to the worth 
of this distinguished gentleman. Of such a man any country 
might be proud. He has filled many high offices, and contri- 
buted much to advance the agriculture and literature of Geor- 
gia. His residence is on Sapelo Island. 

Character of the People. — Like all parts of lower Geor- 
gia, the citizens of Mcintosh are generally intelligent and 
hospitable. 

Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, 
and a few Episcopalians. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$43,832. Value of stock in trade, $40,200. Money at inte- 
rest, $2,850. 

Name. — This county was named to commemorate the ser- 
vices of the Mcintosh family. The Mclntoshes were among the 
earliest settlers of Georgia ; and their name is associated with 
almost every event in its history, from the arrival of Oglethorpe 
to the present time. In the war against the Spaniards, in the war 
of the Revolution, in that of 1812, and in the recent war against 
Mexico, the Mclntoshes acquired great distinction. Major 
General Lachlan Mcintosh, a hero of the Revolution, was 
born at Borlam, not far from Inverness, in Scotland. His fa- 
ther, John More Mcintosh, with 130 Highlanders, came to 
Georgia with Oglethorpe, in 1736, and settled upon the Alata- 
hama, at a place which they called Inverness, now Darien. 
At this early period, the means of education in Georgia were 
very limited ; but young Mcintosh, blessed with an intelligent 



McINTOSH COUNTY. 417 

mother, and favoured with the friendship of Oglethorpe, was 
carefully instructed in the ordinary branches of an English edu- 
cation, together with mathematics and surveying. For some 
time he resided in Charleston, clerk in the counting-house of 
Henry Laurens, Esq., but mercantile pursuits not suiting his 
views, he returned to Georgia, where he remained until the 
voice of his country summoned him to arms. Mr. Mcintosh 
was called from his retirement, to take command of the first re- 
giment which Georgia organized ; and when afterwards three 
regiments were raised, he was appointed Brigadier General. 
Owing to some unpleasant circumstances resulting from his 
duel with Mr. Button Gwinnett, he was induced to accept of a 
command in the central army under Washington.* The west- 
ern frontiers of the country being the scene of great atrocities, 
committed by the Indians, it was determined to punish them; 
and Washington, who entertained a high opinion of his justice 
and military talents, selected Mcintosh to conduct it. With 
a force of 500 men, he marched to Fort Pitt, and in a short 
time succeeded in giving repose to the frontiers. In 1779, he 
received orders to repair to the south, to take command of the 
Georgia troops at Augusta, and to be in readiness to march to 
Savannah. In the siege of the latter place he bore an active 
part, and commanded the 1st and 5th South Carolina regi- 
ments of militia. After the fall of Savannah, he retreated to 
Charleston, and was present when that city surrendered lo Ge- 
neral Clinton, on the 12th of May, 1780. He was kept as a 
prisoner of war for a long period, and never resumed his com- 
mand. He remained in Virginia until the close of the war, 
when he returned to Georgia. He died in Savannah, in 1806, 
in the 79th year of his age. 

Lieut. Col. John Mcintosh was also a soldier of the Revo- 
lution, and did much service. He had command of the Fort 
at Sunbury, when Col. Fuser, of the British army, demanded 
its surrender ; to which he returned the memorable answer — 
"Come and take it." At the battle of Brier creek, he displayed 
a bravery which will always entitle him to the highest rank as 
a soldier. With Elbert he stood his ground until nearly every 
man was killed. Upon surrendering his sword, a British offi- 
cer attempted to kill him, and he was only saved by the timely 

* See page 298. 



418 McINTOSH COUNTY. 

interference of Sir ^Eneas Mcintosh, of the British army. In 
1814 he was found in the defence of his country. He died 
in Mcintosh county, November 12, 1826. 

Col. John S. Mcintosh, who lost his life in the late war 
with Mexico, was born in Liberty county, on the 19th of June, 
1787, and was the fourth son of Col. John Mcintosh, of revolu- 
tionary memory. He entered the army in 1812, as lieutenant, 
and was attached to the rifle regiment, in which he performed 
severe service in Canada, and on our northern frontier. In 
May, 1814, a detachment of his regiment, under the command 
of Major Daniel Appling, was ordered to accompany Captain 
Woolsey, of the navy, in charge of a number of boats, laden 
with supplies for the vessels of war, then recently built at 
Sackett's Harbour. After leaving Oswego, they entered 
Sandy creek, where they were to be landed, and thence 
conveyed overland to their destination. Sir James Yeo, 
commanding the lake fleet, ascertaining the particulars, des- 
patched several gun-boats and cutters to capture these stores, 
and the escorts. Accordingly, they entered the creek, disem- 
barked a body of marines and seamen near where Capt. Wool- 
sey was engaged in landing the stores. The small band of ri- 
flemen, apprized of the approach of the enemy, concealed them- 
selves in the woods ; the gun-vessels as they approached fired 
shot into the bushes, to disperse any enemy that might be 
there. As soon as the flotilla and troops got sufficiently near, 
the rifles poured upon them a destructive fire, and in a few mi- 
nutes the whole were either killed, wounded, or prisoners, not 
a paan escaping. All the gun-boats fell into their hands. This 
signal defeat induced the British commander to raise the block- 
ade immediately, and they disappeared from the harbour. For 
his gallantry in this action, the Legislature of Georgia compli- 
mented Mcintosh with a sword. In another conflict with the 
enemy, in defending the hospitals at Buffalo, he received a se- 
vere gunshot wound. On his recovery, he married a lady of 
New- York, and rejoined the army. When hostilities ceased, 
he was employed in difl^erent parts of the country, and 
served with General Jackson throughout the Indian war, and 
for a considerable time commanded the post at Tampa, in Flo- 
rida, Thence he was removed to Mobile, and afterwards 



McINTOSH COUNTY. 419 

to the command of Fort Mitchell, in Georgia, during the con- 
troversy with the Federal Government, a situation of great de- 
licacy for a Georgian ; he contrived, however, in obeying his 
orders, to give no offence to his native State. He was then 
employed in the west ; remained some time at Fort Gibson in 
Arkansas, and was thence transferred to Prairie du Chien ; then 
to the command of Fort Winnebago in Wisconsin; then to the 
command of Fort Gratiot in Michigan, and finally to Detroit, 
from which place he was ordered to Texas. He arrived at Cor- 
pus Christi in October, 1845, and reported to General Taylor; 
and on leaving this place for the Rio Grande he commanded a 
brigade. He was present at the battles of Palo Alto and Re- 
saca de la Palma, on the 8th and 9th of May. At the former 
he displayed his usual self-possession in the midst of dangers; 
and in a charge of lancers, 1500 strong, he threw his thin but 
gallant regiment into square to receive them, and poured 
upon them a fire so deadly, that great numbers were slain, and 
the rest broke and fled in confusion. 

At daylight on the morning of the 9th, the Mexicans be- 
ing reinforced by unknown numbers, and our army surrounded 
by perils, and encumbered by a large train of supplies, 
a council was called to deliberate whether to return to Point 
Isabel, to intrench and wait for reinforcements, or to pro- 
ceed to the relief of Fort Brown. Colonel Mcintosh promptly 
and energetically advocated the latter measure, and the 
hazards of another battle. In a few minutes, the little ar- 
my, with their brave General at their head, was moving 
forward. The battle of Resaca de la Palma soon ensued, 
in which Colonel Mcintosh was hopelessly wounded. When 
charging the Mexican lines, his horse was killed in passing 
through the chapparal, and a number of Mexicans in am- 
bush sprung upon him. One plunged a bayonet in his thigh ; 
another bayonet struck his wrist, passed between the bones 
of the left arm, which it broke, and came out on the opposite 
side, a little below the elbow. While defending himself alone 
against such odds, he received another bayonet in the mouth, 
which he grasped with his teeth ; the sturdy Mexican thrusting 
it forward with all his strength, overturned and pinned him to 
the ground, the bayonet's point passing out at the back of the 



420 McINTOSH COUNTY. 

neck, behind the ear. Supposing him dead, the party ran into 
the thicket and disappeared. Recovering himself somewhat, 
Col. Mcintosh moved slowly towards more open ground, and 
was looking about among the scattered troops for his faithful 
regiment, which was at that moment hotly engaged with 
the enemy, when he met Captain Duncan of the artillery, 
who, in the hurry of the battle, not observing his wounds, 
asked for support to effect an important movement. The 
Colonel turned to the Captain, presenting a most terrible 
sight ; the blood from some of his numerous wounds had 
clotted on his face, and he answered with difficulty, " I will 
give you the support you need." Captain Duncan, perceiving 
his situation, asked, with some emotion, if he could be of any 
service to him. Colonel Mcintosh replied, " Yes, give me some 
water and show me my regiment ;" but he was so exhausted 
from loss of blood that he soon fell. His life was long despaired 
of; and his only chance for repairing a constitution broken by 
long and hard service, seemed to be a northern climate, to which 
he retired as soon as he could travel. Spending a brief period 
with his friends in Georgia, and remaining a few months with 
his children in New-York, he again applied for service in 
Mexico^ while yet his health was too feeble to encounter the 
perils of war. On his way to the seat of war, he visited Sa- 
vannah, where he received from the hands of his fellow-citizens 
a sword, with appropriate devices, for his gallantry. On reach- 
'm<y Vera Cruz, he was placed in command of an ill-assorted 
train, having a large amount of money for the army, then mov- 
ing on towards the city of Mexico. He had proceeded but a 
short distance when he was attacked by hosts of guerillas. 
To risk the treasure so much needed with such an undisci- 
plined and inefficient band, would have been imprudent, and 
he halted for reinforcements, which were supplied by General 
Cadwallader, from Vera Cruz. After many brushes with the 
enemy and a tiresome march, the train reached its destination 
in safety, and he was again restored to the 5th infantry, 
which loved him as a father, for he required no service in 
which he was unwilling to lead. He was at the battle of Con- 
treras, Cherubusco, and at the murderous slaughter of Molino 
del Rey, in which he was mortally wounded at the head of 



MERIWETHER COUNTY. 421 

his columns. A ball passing through his leg, he fell, and before 
he recovered himself, another penetrated below the knee, in 
the same leg, and ranging along the bone of the thigh, lodged 
in the hip, from which it was never extracted. He survived 
his wounds several weeks, and died in the city of Mexico, 
deeply regretted by the whole army. The Commanding Ge- 
neral of Division, in this terrible battle, remarked of Colonel 
Mcintosh : " In my official reports it has been among my most 
pleasing and grateful duties to do full justice to an officer and 
soldier, than whom none, not one, is left of higher gallantry or 
patriotism. He died as he lived, the true-hearted friend, the 
courteous gentleman, the gallant soldier and patriot." In 
honouring his memory, the Legislature of Georgia directed his 
remains to be removed from Mexico to his native State, and 
the citizens of Savannah testified their respect for his virtues 
by a military and civic procession, and placed his remains in 
the tomb of his venerated kinsman, Major General Lachlan 
Mcintosh, on the 18th of March, 1848. 

In personal appearance, Colonel Mcintosh was soldierly, of 
middling stature, and well formed for strength and activity; 
fair complexion, of a rather warm temperament, taciturn among 
strangers, but with friends kind and cheerful. He left, to mourn 
their loss, four sons and a daughter. 



MERIWETHER. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Coweta, E. by Pike and Upson, S. by Talbot and part of 
Harris, and W. by Troup. Its length is 26 miles, breadth 
17 miles. Laid out from Troup, in 1827. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Flint river, dividing the county from 
Pike and Upson, is the principal stream. The creeks are Red 
Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut, and Bear. 

Post Offices. — Greeneville, Erin, Farmersville, Flat 
Shoals, Gold Hill, Rocky Mount, Texas, Warm Springs, 
White Sulphur Springs, Woodbury, Wood House. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 



423 MERIWETHER COUNTY. 

pulation was 15,381; of these 8,625 were whites, and G,756 
blacks. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, is $5,248 38 
cents. Sends two representatives to the State Legislature. 

Towns, Villages. — Greeneville, named in honour of Ma- 
jor General Nathaniel Greene, is the seat of justice. It is lo- 
cated nearly in the centre of the county, on a high ridge, on 
the waters of Walnut creek. It is a pretty village, well shaded, 
having a fine brick court-house, constructed at an expense 
of f 8,000* a jail built of wood, a beautiful church belonging 
to the Methodists, a neat Baptist church, one academy for 
females and two for males and females, besides a number of 
stores, &c. Population about 500. The town has been favoured 
with a large portion of health for five years past. The water 
is only tolerable. The population is moral, intelligent, and 
sociable. Incorporated and made the county site, in 1828. 
It is 108 miles W. of Milledgeville, 10 from the Warm Springs, 
10 from the Sulphur Springs, 17 from the Chalybeate Springs, 
20 from La Grange, 33 from Griffin, 25 from Zebulon, 30 from 
Talbotton, and 25 from Newnan. Goods to the amount of 
$75,000 are annually sold. Merchants buy their goods prin- 
cipally in Charleston and New- York. 

Sandtown is 10 miles S. of Greeneville. Population be- 
tween 50 and 60. 

Flat Shoals, 12 miles E. of Greeneville. The water-power 
is unimproved, although it presents inducements for manufac- 
turing purposes unsurpassed by any in Georgia. It is a very 
romantic spot. 

Minerals. — Gold has been found near the Coweta line, 
15 miles from Greeneville. About $10,000 worth of gold has 
been found in one locality. In various parts of the county 
this valuable metal exists in small quantities. Some iron is 
found ; also an inferior kind of granite. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One wool-carding machine, on 
Cane creek, one ditto on Flat Shoals, 4 merchant-mills, 8 
grist-mills, 5 saw-mills, one steam saw-mill. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodist, Missionary and 
Anti-Missionary Baptists, Presbyterians, Protestant Methodists, 
and a few Episcopalians. 

Sufficient concern is not felt in the subject of education. 



MERIWETHER COUNTY. 423 

There are good schools at Greeneville and Harmony. We hope, 
that the period is not far distant when Meriwether will take 
a deeper interest in the cause of education. Number of poor 
children, 164. Educational fund amounts to $142 23 cents. 

^ ALUE OF Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$50,824. Value of stock in trade, $56,200. Money at inte- 
rest, $20,615. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Abner 
Durham, Levi M. Adams, Gen. Hugh W. Ector, Thomas E. 
Hardeway, Major Kendall, B. Gates, D. C. Rose, Wm. Harris, 
G. Talbot, David Keith, William Fowles, Joseph Sentell, John 
H. Jones, J. A. Perdieu, and others. 

Climate, Diseases. — The climate is temperate, but sub- 
ject to frequent changes. The diseases are intermittent and 
bilious fevers, and pneumonia. Measles, mumps, and whooping 
cough are sometimes very prevalent, but seldom followed by 
fatal consequences. The county may be regarded healthy. 

Instances of Longevity. — There are now living Isaiah 
Fuller, over 80 — this gentleman enjoys fine health and culti- 
vates his farm ; Mrs. Rimes is over 80 ; James Sewell, 
over 80 — the following were revolutionary soldiers : Alex- 
ander Smith, who is still living, aged 85; Lewis Jenkins 
died at 90 ; Giles Kelly is living, 87 ; George Earnest died at 
the age of 85 ; Wm. Morgan is 81 ; his wife of the same age ; 
Seth Thompson died at 80 ; Abner Wheelus died last sum- 
mer at the age of 80 ; Mr. Chunn, is alive 80 years of age. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are generally good, al- 
though more attention would make them better. There are 
a great many bridges, most of which are kept in good repair. 
The bridge over the Flint river, at the Flat Shoals, is 300 
yards long. 

Character of the People. — As far as we have had it in 
our power to make observations, we are prepared to say, that 
Meriwether is inhabited by a moral, industrious, and frugal 
people. Many gentlemen of intelligence live in the county. 
Judge Warner, of the Supreme Court of Georgia, resides in 
Greeneville. 

Amusements. — Dancing, hunting, fishing, and parties, are 
among the chief amusements. 



424 MERIWETHER COUNTY. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The sur- 
face of the country is undulating, The Pine mountains rise 
in this county W. of the FHnt river, and afford a variety of 
picturesque scenery. Good lands are found, particularly on 
Flint river, Red Oak, and White Oak creeks. The soil is 
mostly gray, although interspersed with mulatto soil. The 
county affords but little land unfit for cultivation. Land is 
worth about $i per acre. 

Productions, Cotton, Market. — Cotton, corn, wheat, 
rye, &c. Fruits and vegetables succeed well. Cotton ave- 
rages 550 pounds per acre ; corn, S^ barrels ; wheat, from 4 
to 10 bushels per acre. Between 12 and 15,000 bales of cot- 
ton are annually produced, the most of which is sent to 
Griffin. 

Mineral Springs. — This county is celebrated for its valu- 
able medicinal springs. 

The Warm Springs are situated on a spur of the Pine 
mountain, 36 miles from Columbus. A fountain, gushing forth 
1,400 gallons of water per minute, of 90 degrees temperature, 
is among the greatest wonders in Georgia. The bathing- 
houses are fine, and every arrangement is made to accommo- 
date visitors. 

The Cold Spring is three quarters of a mile from the hotel, 
affording 4,000 gallons of water per minute. There are some 
other springs in the county. 

Analysis of the Warm Springs. — Properly designated 
Carbonated Chalybeate Waters. 

Uniform temperature, 90 deg. Fahrenheit. 

Specific gravity (distilled water being 1000), 998 

In the wine pint, containing 28.875 cubic inches, the fol- 
lowing quantities are found : — 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 1.11 cub. in. 

or in 100 cubic inches of the water, . . . 3.84 c. i. gas. 

Protoxide of Iron, suspended in Carb. Acid, . . 2.14 grains. 

or, regarded as a Carbonate of Iron, . . . 3.29 " 

Oxide of Calcium (Lime), 4.64 " 

Oxide of Magnesium (Magnesia), . . . 11.68 " 

Hydro-Sulphuric Acid (Sulphuretted Hydrogen), . a trace. 



MERIWETHER COUNTY. 425 

The Cold Spring. — A beautiful, large and sparkling 
fountain of Acidulo- Carbonated Chalybeate Waters, dis- 
charging of free Carbonic Acid Gas, from a surface of 
about 5 feet square, 5341 cubic inches per hour; furnishing 
also, in the water, by separate analysis, 

Of Carbonic Acid Gas, to the Wine Pint (28.875 cub. in.) 2 cub in. 
Iron, in the form of Protocarbonate, suspended in Carb. Acid, 3.60 grs. 

The other ingredients regarded as nearly the same, and in 
the same proportions as in the Warm Springs. 

A. MEANS, Emory College, Oxford, Ga. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — The first court in this county 
was held in a log-cabin, near Greeneville, Judge Colquitt 
presiding, on the 1st day of September, 1828. 

The first presentment made by a Grand Jury was against 
the Central Bank, at Milledgeville. 

Name. — This county received its name in honour of Gen. 
David Meriwether, a devoted friend to his country and to the 
rights of man. Virginia gave him birth, in 1755. His edu- 
cation, like that of many other great men, was limited. In 
the war of '76, he shouldered his musket in the strife for 
freedom, and after serving some time, was made a Lieutenant 
in the United States army, and shared in the toils and glory 
of the War in New Jersey. He was also at the siege of Sa- 
vannah, and was there taken prisoner. About 1785, he set- 
tled in Wilkes county, and took an active part in public af- 
fairs. Every thing which was calculated to promote the in- 
terests of religion and education, met in Mr. Meriwether an 
ardent and zealous friend. When Asbury and the first Me- 
thodist missionaries came to Georgia with the message of the 
Gospel of peace upon their lips, and when persecution had al- 
most discouraged them from making further efforts on the 
frontiers, Mr. Meriwether, who highly appreciated the labours 
and the objects of these holy men, became their warm advo- 
cate, and did every thing in his power to induce them still to con- 
tinue their opposition against vice and irreligion, which in those 
days prevailed among all classes. He connected himself with 



426 MONROE COUNTY. 

the Methodist church in 1788, a period when religion was un- 
fashionable, and was to the close of his life an upright Christian. 
For several years he represented the interests of Wilkes county, 
in the State Legislature, and in 1800 was elected a represen- 
tative to the Congress of the United States, and was a wit- 
ness and participant in the memorable struggle between Jef- 
ferson and Burr, being a warm supporter of the former. 
He was frequently appointed by the General Government 
to hold treaties with the Indians, and thereby acquired an 
unusual influence with their chiefs, as well as great know- 
ledge of their character. He was associated with General 
Jackson, and Gov. McMinn, of Tennessee, in co,ncluding a 
treaty with the Cherokees, by which a large portion of the 
territory west of the Appalachee, was ceded to 'the United 
States, for the use of Georgia. He made a treaty also with 
the Creeks, and having much to do with the tribes within the 
limits of Georgia, secured their confidence to an extent equal 
to any public man in his day. Mr. Meriwether lived to the 
age of threescore and ten, and died in Clarke county, near 
Athens, honoured by those who knew him ; leaving one 
daughter and seven sons, some of whom have distinguished 
themselves in the departments of politics, law, and medicine. 



MONROE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Butts, E. by the Ocmulgee, S. by Bibb and Crawford, and W. 
by Upson and Pike. It was laid out by the Lottery Act of 1821, 
and organized the same year. Length 21 miles; breadth 16 
miles ; containing 336 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee forms the eastern boun- 
dary of the county. The Towaliga empties into the Ocmul- 
gee. The creeks are Tobesofkee, Crooked, Shoal, Phillips, 
Beaver Dam, Deer, Rum, Cook's, Walker's, Beaver Ruin, Eight 
Mile, and Beach. 



MONROE COUNTY. 427 

Post Offices. — Forsyth, Culloden, Gullelsville, Johnston- 
ville, Prattsville, Russellville, and Unionville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 7,483 whites, and 9,157 blacks ; total, 16,640. 
State tax returned for 1848, $6,290 27 cents. Entitled to 
two representatives. 

Towns. — Forsyth is the county town, situated on a ridge 
dividing the waters of Rum and Tobesofkee creeks, 50 miles 
W. N. W. of Milledgeville, 25 from Macon, 16 from the In- 
dian Springs, 20 from Jackson, and 26 from Zebulon. The 
court-house is constructed of brick, and is a very neat building. 
The jail is of wood. There are three churches, Methodist, Bap- 
tist, and Presbyterian ; two hotels, two schools, seven or eight 
lav/yers, seven or eight stores, besides many mechanics' shops. 
There is a spacious brick edifice, formerly the seat of the 
Southern Medical College, now in a ruinous condition. 

There are several societies in this town, such as the Ma- 
sonic Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Debating So- 
ciety, &c. In the summer months, hacks depart every day 
for the Indian Springs. The citizens are eminently distin- 
guished for moral and social virtues. The town was incorpo- 
rated and made the county site in 1823. 

Culloden is a quiet and pleasant village, 32 miles west of 
Macon, 65 from Columbus, and 16 from Forsyth. This place 
was selected by gentlemen of wealth having large families to 
educate, on account of its healthiness. It is named after Mr. 
William Culloden, one of the first settlers. By a special act 
of the Legislature, no ardent spirits can be sold within one 
mile of the village. It has a church, two or three schools, 
hotel, several stores, and mechanics' shops. First-rate schools 
have been supported, and there is now an excellent seminary 
for young ladies, under the supervision of Professor Darby, a 
gentleman of much experience in teaching, and who has also 
acquired celebrity as the author of a work on the Botany of 
Georgia. 

Gulletsville, 12 miles north of Forsyth, near the Towaliga 
river. 

Russellville, 8 miles northeast of Culloden. 

Prattsville, 9 miles from Forsyth. 



428 MONROE COUNTY. 

Nature of the Soil. — The soil is various, combining the 
best and the worst. The lands on the water-courses are rich, 
dark chocolate soil, well timbered, and admirably adapted to 
the cultivation of cotton. The mulatto and gray lands are 
tolerably productive. 

Value of Lands, Productions. — The best lands bring 810 
per acre ; gray lands from 3 to $5 per acre. 

Cotton is the chief product, 12,000 bales of which are 
annually produced. 

Corn, wheat, rye, barley, tobacco, potatoes, all do well. 
Farmers are not sufficiently attentive to ditching and manur- 
ing; and unless a change takes place, it may be confidently ex- 
pected that the same disastrous effects will be produced upon 
the soil which have been witnessed in many sections of middle 
Georgia. 

Roads and Bridges. — No praise can be given to the citi- 
zens for good roads. More attention to the state of the roads 
is absolutely necessary to secure the comfort of the traveller. 
The bridges are kept in tolerable repair. 

Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — One large shoe fac- 
tory in Forsyth ; the flour-mills have a high reputation, of which 
there are 11; saw-mills, 13; grist-mills, 20; wool-carding 
machines, 2. We are pleased to say that there is not one 
large distillery. Efforts are making to establish a cotton fac- 
tory. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, and a few Episcopalians. No people have mani- 
fested a greater interest in the subject of education than those 
of Monroe. Liberal subscriptions have been made for the 
purpose of establishing good schools. In Forsyth, Culloden, 
and at the Montpelier Springs, are institutions of learning 
which probably will compare with any in Georgia. 

Character of the People. — The people are highly intel- 
ligent, industrious, and temperate. 

Minerals. — Gold exists in several localities. Iron, plum- 
bago, quartz of various kinds, granite, felspar, &c. 

Meteoric Stone. — "On the 8th of May, 1828, a meteoric 
stone fell near Forsyth. About four o'clock a black cloud ap- 
peared south from Forsyth, from which two distinct explo- 



MONROE COUNTY.' 429 

sions were heard in immediate succession, followed by a tre- 
mendous rumbling or whizzing noise, passing through the air, 
which lasted about four minutes. This uncommon noise was 
on the same evening accounted for by Mr. Sparks and Cap- 
tain Postian, who were informed by some negroes working 
in a field one mile south of Forsyth, that they had seen 
a large stone descending through the air, weighing, as it was 
afterwards ascertained, 36 pounds. This stone was in the 
course of the evening, or very early the next morning, reco- 
vered from the spot where it fell. It had penetrated the earth 
two feet and a half The outside wore the appearance as if 
it had been in a furnace. It was covered about the thickness 
of a common knife-blade with a black substance, somewhat 
like lava that had been melted. On breaking the stone, it 
had a strong sulphureous smell, and exhibited a metallic sub- 
stance resembling silver." A fine specimen of this Aerolite may 
be seen in the cabinet of Franklin University. A small frag- 
ment of it is also in the cabinet of the author of this work, for 
which he is indebted to the kindness of an accomplished young 
lady of Forsyth. Professor Shepard, of Charleston, has ana- 
lyzed this Aerolite. Its specific gravity is 3.52, and contains 
the following ingredients : viz : 

Nickel-Iron, . . .10 per cent. 
Howardite, . . 70 " 

Olivinoid, } i^ * ic ^t 

Anorthite, i ' ' • 10 to 15 per cent. 

Magnetic Pyrites, . 2 to 5 •' " 

Apatite, in traces. 

The Nickel-Iron consists of 

Iron, . . 89.00 

Nickel, . 9.00 Chromium and loss, 1.40= 100.00 

The mixture of the earthly minerals in the stone gave as 
follows. 

Silicic Acid, . . ; 50.00 

Protoxyd Iron, . . . 33.33 

Magnesia, .... 9.30 

Lime, 5.30 

Alumina, . . . . 1.80 

99.73 

28 



430 MONROE COUNTY. 

Mound. — There is a small mound on the plantation of Mr. 
Casling, one mile from Culloden. 

Climate, Diseases. — The climate is mild, and the county 
generally healthy. Like every other country where there are 
rich lands, bilious diseases sometimes prevail. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$40,425. Value of stock in trade, $41,910. Money at inte- 
rest, $281,278. 

Mineral Springs. — Monlpelier springs, 17 miles west of 
Macon, formerly much resorted to, but now the seat of the 
Georgia Episcopal Institute. 

Falls. — On the Towaliga river are the falls known as the 
Towaliga Falls. In the Illustrations of Georgia, a work pre- 
pared with much taste and ability by William C. Richards, 
Esq., this wonder of Georgia is thus described ; " The pleasing 
impressions first received were continually enhanced by suc- 
cessive and varied views, which may be obtained at will. 
Indeed, so fine is the view afforded from many different 
points, that it is difficult to decide which is the most attrac- 
tive ; and passing from rock to rock, the beholder is ever 
delighted with new features. This variety is the greatest 
charm of the scene. The river above the falls is about 300 
feet wide, flowing swiftly over a rocky shoal. At its first 
descent it is divided by a ledge of rock, and forms two pre- 
cipitous falls for a distance of fifty feet. The falls are much 
broken by the uneven surface over which the water flows, and 
on reaching their rocky basin are shivered into foam and 
spray." 

Name. — The life of the illustrious man, whose name is 
given to this county, is interwoven in the history of our 
country. For a period of more than 50 years he was be- 
fore the public ; and in that time he filled more important 
offices than any other man in the United States. James 
Monroe was born on Monroe creek, Westmoreland county, 
Virginia, on the 28th of April, 1758. Westmoreland has 
been called " the Athens of Virginia." Some of the most 
renowned men in this country have been born within its 
borders. Among these may be mentioned Washington ; 
Richard Henry Lee and his three brothers, Thomas, Francis, 



MONROE COUNTY. 431 

and Arthur ; Gen. Henry Lee, and the late Judge Bushrod 
Washington. Mr. Monroe's ancestors came to this country 
as early as 1652. He received his education at the college of 
William and Mary, and subsequently studied law in the office 
of Mr. Jefferson. At the first breaking out of the revolution- 
ary war, he entered the army, and encountered all the rigours 
of the camp. He was with Washington during his retreat 
through New Jersey, and volunteered to join in the attack on 
the Hessians at Trenton. At this period he was a Lieutenant 
in the company of Capt. Washington ; and on the fall of his 
superior officer, was called upon to assume the command. In 
the battle of Trenton he was wounded. Upon his recovery, 
he was invited to act as aid to Lord Stirling, and served with 
him two campaigns, being present at the battles of Brandy- 
wine, Germantown, and Monmouth. Washington, confiding 
in his ability to organize an additional corps, recommended his 
appointment to the command of a regiment of the Virginia line. 
He was accordingly promoted to a Colonelcy, but before the re- 
giment was completed, the war was over. In 1780 Mr. Jefferson 
intrusted to Mr. Monroe the important office of military com- 
missioner to the southern army under De Kalb. At the age of 
24 he was elected to represent his district in Congress. Here he 
remained for three years, after which he was sent to the Legis- 
lature of his native State. From 1790 to 1794 he was a mem- 
ber of the Senate of the United States, from which he was 
sent as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to 
France. Upon his return, he was elected Governor of Vir- 
ginia. Mr. Jefferson, in 1803, sent him again as Minister to 
France ; and in conjunction with Mr. Livingston, he negotiated 
the treaty which added Louisiana to the United States. He 
then went to London as successor to Mr. King ; after which 
he returned to the United States, and for a short period 
spent his time at his seat in Virginia. In 1810 he was 
again elected a member of the Virginia Legislature, and 
shortly afterwards Governor of the State. At this period he 
became Secretary of State under President Madison. When 
the war of 1812 was declared, the War Department was placed 
under his charge. He was a zealous advocate of that war. 
In 1817 he was elected President of the UnitedStates, and re- 



432 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 

elected in 1821. After his retirement, he filled the office of 
Justice of the Peace in Loudon county, and was associated 
with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of 
Virginia. He died July 4, 1831, in the city of New- York, 
being in the 74th year of his age. 



MONTGOMERY. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has a part of Lau- 
rens and Emanuel on the N., Emanuel and Tattnall on the E., 
Appling and Telfair on the S., and Telfair on the W. Laid 
out from Washington, in 1793 ; part added to Tattnall, in 
1801 ; part to Laurens, in 1811 ; and a part to Emariuel, in 
1812. It is 26 miles long, and 24 miles wide, containing 624 
square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee Ha- 
chee, flows in the southwest part of the county ; the Oconee 
flows through the county. The creeks are Lett's, Limestone, 
Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Little, Okewalkee, 
Pendleton, and Swift. 

Post Offices. — Mount Vernon, Colquitt, Boxville. 
Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 1,399 whites, 459 blacks ; 
total, 1,858. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $625 99. 
Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. 

Towns, Public Places. — Mount Vernon is the capital, 
situated one mile from the Oconee river. Distant from Mil- 
ledgeville, 87 miles S. S. E. ; 40 from Jacksonville ; 40 from 
Reidsville ; 38 from Swainsborough ; 33 from Dublin; 100 
from Savannah, and 110 from Augusta. It contains a court- 
house, one store, confectionery, &c. It is a healthy place. 
Colquitt is in the southeast part of the county. 
Boxville is in the southern part. 

Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land. — The country is level. The soil is generally sandy. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 433 

Some parts are fertile. The productions are cotton, sugar- 
cane, corn, wheat, oats, &c. Between 500 and GOO bales of 
cotton are annually produced. Land sells from 25 cts. to $3 
per acre. • 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers are the Con- 
nors, Alstons, McMillans, McCranies, McLeods, Mclntyres, 
Adams's, Walls, &c. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are 
Methodists and Baptists. Education is neglected. Amount 
of poor school fund, $2,500. 

Mills. — Saw and grist-mills, 5 ; grist-mills, 4. 

Markets. — Savannah and Darien. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots, 
according to the last Digest of the State, is $505. Value of 
stock in trade, $370. Money at interest, $3,422. 

Name. — Montgomery county was named after General 
Richard Montgomery, an early martyr in the cause of liberty. 
He was born in Ireland, in 1736. After receiving a liberal 
education, he embraced the profession of arms. In the war 
between England and France, he evinced military talents of 
the highest order, and upon its termination resigned his com- 
mand, came to America, purchased a seat on the Hudson river, 
and married a daughter of Robert R. Livingston, Esq. Here 
he devoted himself to books and the improvement of his farm, 
but when his country called him to defend her rights, he 
promptly responded to the call. By the Congress of 1775 he 
was appointed a Major General, and jointly with Gen. Schuy- 
ler went with the expedition against Canada ; but the latter 
being prevented by sickness from taking the command, it 
devolved upon him. During the war in Canada, he acted a 
conspicuous part. His kindness, industry, vigilance, and bra- 
very, were such as to encourage and animate his soldiers, who 
were illy supplied with arms, and suffering the rigours of a 
northern winter. At the siege of Quebec, this gallant soldier 
lost his life. He advanced at the head of the New- York troops, 
and assisted with his own hands in pulling up the pickets 
which obstructed his approach, when he was killed, with two 
of his aids, by the only gun fired by the enemy. The whole 
country mourned his loss. To express their high sense of his 



434 MORGAN COUNTY. 

services, Congress directed a monument to be executed by 
Mr. Cassiers, of Paris, to be placed in front of St. Paul's 
Church, New-York, with an appropriate inscription. His 
remains rested forty-two years in Quebec, and by a resolution 
of New- York were brought to the city and deposited, on the 
8th of July, 1818, in St. Paul's Church. Ramsey, in his Ame- 
rican Revolution, says : " Few men have fallen in battle so 
much regretted, on both sides, as General Montgomery. In 
America he was regarded as a martyr to the liberties of man- 
kind ; in Great Britain, as a misguided good man, sacrificing 
to what he supposed to be the rights of his country. The 
minister himself acknowledged his worth, while he reprobated 
the cause for which he fell. He concluded an involuntary 
panegyric by saying, ' Curse on his virtues, they have undone 
his country.' " 



MORGAN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is within the primary 
formation. It is bounded on the North by Clarke ; on the 
East by Greene ; on the South by Putnam and Jasper ; and 
on the West by Walton and Newton. It was laid out from 
Baldwin in 1807. The length is 17 miles, breadth 16, area 
272 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Appalachee and Little rivers are the 
chief streams. The creeks are Indian, Sugar, Sandy, Hard 
Labour, and others. 

Post Offices. — Madison, Ebenezer, Buck Head, Fair Play, 
High Shoals, Park's Bridge, Rehobothville, and Double Shoals. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population stands thus: 3,360 whites; 
6,210 blacks ; total, 9,570. Amount of State tax returned for 
1848, $4,859 04 cents. Entitled to one representative to the 
Legislature. 

Towns. — Madison is the county town, situated on the 
ridge which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labour 
creeks, surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. The 
court-house is a spacious brick building, and the jail is con- 



MORGAN COUNTY. 435 

structed of granite. In the town are three churches, Methodist, 
Presbyterian, and Baptist, all neat edifices; two hotels, eight dry 
goods stores, one printing office, &c. Madison has long been 
celebrated for excellent schools, and at this time there are two or 
three establishments for the education of children, which have 
considerable reputation. There are several societies, such as 
the Masonic Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Bible 
Society, Sunday Schools, &c. Population about 1,200. It is 
a busy and thriving place, the amount of goods sold being over 
$230,000 per annum. Twenty thousand bags of cotton have 
been brought to Madison in one season. It is 43 miles N. N. W. 
of Milledgeville, 18 from Greenesborough, 22 from Eatonton, 
27 from Athens, and from Augusta, by the railroad, 102 miles. 
It was incorporated and made the county site in 1809. In 
point of intelligence, refinement, and hospitality, this town 
acknowledges no superior. Connected with one of the hotels 
is a negro man, named Jack, whose remarkable politeness and 
singular manner of expression, have made him one of the lions 
of middle Georgia. 

Wellington is a small place on the road from Madison to 
Watkinsville ; it has one store, one hotel, &c. 

Rehobothville, 14 miles north of Madison ; it has a church, 
hotel, and school. This place is incorporated. 

Buck Head, on the Georgia Railroad, 7 miles east of Madi- 
son ; it has a store, church, &c. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Henry 
Carlton, Bedney Franklin, William Brown, Jesse and Charles 
Matthews, Dr. William Johnson, Lancelot Johnson, Adam G. 
Saffold, Reuben Mann, Dr. John Wingfield, D. W. Porter, 
Isham and Jeptha Fanning. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This was formerly re- 
garded an unhealthy county, but it has very much improved 
within a few years, and the bills of mortality will compare 
with those of any section in the same latitude. Bilious fever 
and pneumonia are the most common diseases. The cases of 
longevity are Matthew Cochran, who died at 90 years of age ; 
Robert Barclay, 90 ; George Campbell, 85 ; Mr. Burton, about 
85; Mr. Gilbert, over 100; and Mr. Bullard, over 90. Two 
or three negroes died in the county over 100. There are now 



436 MORGAN COUNTY. 

living Judge SafFold, over 80 ; John G. Heard, over 80 ; and 
Mr. Giles, 85. 

Manufactures, Mills. — High Shoals factory, on Appa- 
lachee river, makes domestics and yarns ; it belongs to a private 
company, and has done well. One cotton-gin manufactory on 
Gap creek, 12 miles southwest of Madison. Seven saw-mills, 
nine grist-mills, and three flour-mills. 

Minerals. — Some gold has been found in the western part 
of this county. Excellent granite is abundant. A small 
quantity of iron is found. Soapstone, 10 miles south of Madi- 
son, on Mr. Smith's plantation, and is used for making hearths. 

Mineral Springs. — About one mile north of Madison, on 
Judge Saffolds's plantation, is a spring supposed to possess 
mineral properties; also, on Dr. Ballard's plantation, there is a 
spring having chalybeate qualities. 

Roads and Bridges. — Sufficient attention is not paid to 
the roads. Many of them are in a bad condition. There are 
ten bridges in the county, many of which are neglected. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of 
Land. — The face of the country is undulating. The lands of 
the best kind are embraced in a section of country commenc- 
ing a few miles below Madison, and extending across the 
county, from east to west, on the waters of Little Oconee and 
Appalachee rivers, and Indian and Sugar creeks ; they are of 
the mulatto soil, well adapted to cotton, and worth on an aver- 
age $6 per acre. Another description of inferior gray lands is 
worth about $3 per acre. The value of land, however, de- 
pends upon its situation. There is much waste land in the 
county, but it is beginning to feel the benefit of agricultural im- 
provements, which will doubtless restore it, in a great de- 
gree, to its original fertility. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, barley, are the principal productions. Or- 
chards do not appear to thrive. From 12,000 to 14,000 bags 
of cotton are produced in one year. Cotton averages 500 
pounds per acre. Wheat is not sowed in any quantity ; 
when sowed in proper land, yields 10 bushels per acre. Corn, 
S^ barrels per acre. 

Value op Town Lots. — The value of town lots is 



MORGAN COUNTY. 437 

$113,000; value of stock in trade, $73,450; money at in- 
terest, $192,492. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, and a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. 
There is a fund for the education of poor orphan children left 
by Mr. Bracewell, amounting to $20,000 ; the interest of 
which is annually applied to the objects specified. There are 
as many well educated gentlemen and ladies in Madison as in 
any portion of the State. Number of poor children, 210; 
educational fund, $182 13. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Morgan is set- 
tled by an intelligent population. Many of the citizens are 
wealthy, and live in much style. The ladies, especially those 
of Madison, are remarkably pretty, and many of them highly 
accomplished. The amusements are dancing, hunting, fish- 
ing, &c. 

Name. — This county derives its name from General Daniel 
Morgan, who occupies a high place upon the list of our 
revolutionary worthies. He was born in New Jersey, in 
1736; and, like many of the illustrious men in every country, 
was the maker of his own fortune. At the age of seventeen 
years he left his parents, came to Virginia, and engaged him- 
self as a wagoner. When the time for which he was 
employed had expired, he joined Braddock's expedition. Dur- 
ing this campaign he endured many hardships. In one in- 
stance he was unjustly and severely punished by being 
brought to the halberd on a charge of disrespect to a British 
officer, and received 500 lashes. The military knowledge 
which he had acquired during Braddock's expedition probably 
pointed him out to the influential men of his neighbourhood as 
qualified to take command of a rifle corps ; and so great was 
his popularity, that in a short period 96 men enrolled them- 
selves under his command. With this company he hastened 
to Boston, and shortly afterwards was detached by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief with Arnold in his expedition against 
Quebec. No officer displayed more gallantry than Capt. 
Morgan. Here he was taken prisoner ; and upon being ex- 
changed, he repaired to the army, and was appointed hy 
Washington to the command of a regiment. He was with 



438 MORGAN COUNTY. 

Gates at the surrender of Burgoyne, and contributed to the 
glory of the memorable events at Saratoga. His bravery and 
skill at the Cowpens, where he defeated Tarlton, crow^ned 
him with unfading laurels. At the end of the war he retired 
to his estate, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. 
He was elected to Congress, but after serving two sessions 
ill health compelled him to resign. He died on the 6th of 
July, 1802. 

We found among some old papers the following letter, 
addressed by General Morgan to the refugees of Georgia : — 

" Gentlemen, — Having heard of your sufferings, your at- 
tachment to the cause of freedom, and your gallantry of 
address in action, I had formed a pleasing idea of receiving 
in you a great and valuable acquisition to my force. Judge, 
then, of my disappointment when I find you scattered about 
in parties, subjected to no orders, nor joining in any general 
plan to promote the public service. The recollection of your 
past achievements, and the hope of gaining future laurels, 
should prevent your acting in such a manner for a moment. 
You have gained a character, and why will you risk the loss 
of it, for the most trifling gratifications ? You must know 
that in your present situation you can neither provide for 
your safety, nor assist me in annoying the enemy. Let me 
then entreat you, by the regard you have for your fame, by the 
love for your country, repair to my camp, and subject your- 
selves to order and discipline. I will ask you to encounter 
no dangers or difficulties but what 1 will participate. Should 
it be thought desirable to form detachments, you may rely in 
being employed in that business if it be more agreeable to 
your wishes ; but it is absolutely necessary that your situa- 
tion and movements should be known to me, so that I may be 
enabled to direct them in such a manner that they may tend 
to the advantage of the whole. 

" 1 am, gentlemen, with every sentiment of regard, 
" Your obedient servant, 

"Daniel Morgan. 
" Camp on Pacolet, Jan. 1th, 1781." 

, Lee, in his Memoirs, thus describes General Morgan : — 
" He was stout and active ; six feet in height, strong, not 



MURRAY COUNTY. 439 

too much encumbered with flesh, and was exactly fitted for 
the toils and pomp of war. His mind was discriminating 
and solid, but not comprehensive and combining. He reflected 
deeply, spoke little, and executed with keen perseverance 
whatever he undertook." 



MURRAY. 



Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Tennessee, 
E. by Gilmer, S. by Cass, and W. by Walker. Laid out 
from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. 

Post Office. — Spring Place, Coosawattee, Dalton, Holly 
Creek, Red Clay, Pleasant Valley, Red Hill, Sugar Valley, 
Tunnel Hill, Resaca, Twinersville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the cen- 
sus gave to this county 6,160 whites, and 518 blacks ; total, 
6,678. The population is rapidly on the increase. Taxes 
returned for 1848, $2,199 65. Sends one representative to 
the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The county abounds with fine streams, 
the chief of which are the Connasauga and Coosawattee. 
The minor streams are Holly, Swamp, Sugar, Sumac, Rocky, 
Mill's, Othoogata, Cooyehuttee, and others. 

Mountains. — The Chattoogata Ridge, in the western part 
of the county. 

Towns. — Spring Place is the county town, situated a mile 
and a half E. of Connasauga river, 230 miles N. W. of Milledge- 
ville, 12 from Dalton, 40 from Lafayette, and 30 from 
Ellijay. The scenery around this village is beautiful, the 
Cohuttah mountains being in full view. It was formerly a 
missionary station for the Cherokees. It contains the usual 
county buildings, 2 hotels, 1 academy, 4 stores, 3 groceries, 1 
saddler, 1 carriage-maker, 2 blacksmiths, 2 tanyards, 3 lawyers, 
and 2 physicians. Population, 250. The water is excellent 
and abundant, there being 40 springs in the compass of half a 
mile. Incorporated and made the county site in 1834. 

Dalton, formerly called Cross Plains. It received its pre- 
sent name in honour of Mr. Tristam Dalton, an eminent 



440 MURRAY COUNTY. 

merchant of New England. The lots were sold in 1846, by 
Mr. Edward White, who was sent out by a company who 
had previously purchased the land. Since that period, the 
population has increased to 1,500. It is well situated on the 
Western and Atlantic Railroad, 100 miles N. of Atlanta, and 35 
S. E. of Chattanooga. It is environed by mountains, from the 
summits of which the eye is regaled with the grandest scenery. 
Much money and labour have been expended in grading the 
streets. It is a place of considerable trade, being at this time 
the market for a large portion of East Tennessee, Southwestern 
Virginia, Western North Carolina, and a large part of Northeast 
Georgia. Immense quantities of produce are brought here by 
wagons. It has one church, three or four hotels, eighteen 
stores, seven groceries, one cabinet-maker, one jeweller, ten or 
twelve carpenters, two painters, three bricklayers, one candle 
factory, one large candy manufactory, one tinner, three law- 
yers, four doctors, two schools, several societies, one newspaper, 
one extensive cooperage, and one wheelwright. The weather 
here is sometimes very disagreeable. The water is inferior, 
although near the town are some fine springs, particularly 
Thornton springs, and a spring on the farm of Colonel Ha- 
milton. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are 
Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Cumberland Presby- 
terians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and Uni- 
versalists. The inhabitants are beginning to interest themselves 
in the subject of education. Number of poor children, 322 ; 
educational fund, $279 26. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Murray county 
is settled by persons from different parts of Tennessee, North 
Carolina, and Georgia, and it is therefore difficult to say pre- 
cisely what are the peculiar traits in their character. Upon 
the whole, we think we may venture to state that religion and 
morality are on the advance. Practices which were formerly 
countenanced, have now but few advocates. The amuse- 
ments are dancing, racing, cock-fighting, gander-pulling, and 
bear-fights. 

Mineral Springs. — Cohuttah springs, 10 miles from Spring 
Place, on the waters of Sumac creek. The water is said to be 



MURRAY COUNTY. 441 

strongly impregnated with medicinal properties, and the place 
is beginning to attract the notice of the public. Arrangements 
are being made to accommodate visiters. There are fine 
springs in almost every section of the county. 

Forest Trees, Fruits. — The forests abound with valua- 
able trees, such as the oak (various species), hickory, maple, 
black walnut, sycamore, birch, locust, pine, &c. The fruit 
trees are the peach, apple, plum, and pear. Nuts and berries 
are abundant. 

Minerals. — Gold, lead, silver, zinc, hydraulic limestone, 
fluor spar, and graphite. Organic remains are abundant. 

Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — A con- 
siderable proportion of the county is mountainous. A view 
of the country from one of the peaks of the Cohuttah moun- 
tains, near Spring Place, is calculated to fill the mind with 
wonder at the grandeur of nature's works. Here can be 
seen Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, and at a distance a 
continuous ledge of mountains. The lands of this county are 
generally very fertile, producing all the comforts of life. The 
lands on the rivers are very valuable, and command high 
prices. 

The following analysis of the soil of the plantation of 
Richard Peters, Esq., in the Oothkolaga valley, was made by 
Dr. Antisell, Chemist to the American Agricultural Associa- 
tion, and is applicable to much of the soil in Murray county, 
as well as other portions of Cherokee Georgia. 

The constitution of 1,000 parts of the surface soil con- 
sisted of 

Moisture, 195.7 

Vegetable matter, .... 73.9 

White silicious sand, .... 630.0 

Alumnia and protoxide of iron, . . 94.8 

Carbonate of lime, . . . . 1.2 

Magnesia, 0.3 

Saline substances, soluble in water, as 

chloride of sodium, . . . 2.1 

Gypsum, and lime with organic acid, . 2.0 

Potash and phosphoric acid, . . traces. 

1,000.0 



442 MURRAY COUNTY. 

Productions. — Corn, wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, 
beans, and indeed almost every thing will grow in this highly 
favoured region. Industry and perseverance will make it one 
of the garden-spots of Georgia. 

Value of Town Lots, (Sec. — According to the Digest for 
1848, the value of town lots is $74,690. Value of stock in 
trade, 831,227. Money at interest, $7,802. 

Roads and Bridges. — For a mountainous and new coun- 
try, the roads are fair. There are five or six good bridges in 
the county. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Allaculsa iron works do a good 
business. Fourteen saw-mills ; 20 grist-mills ; 3 merchant- 
mills. 

Climate. — The climate is subject to great changes, but 
cannot be considered more unhealthy than the other portions 
of upper Georgia. Many of the inhabitants are regardless 
of the precautions absolutely necessary in a climate so change- 
able, and therefore suffer considerably from sickness. 

Antiquities. — On the Cohuttah mountains are the remains 
of an ancient fort, but when and for what purpose constructed, 
we are unable to say. 

Name. — This county was named after Thomas W. Mur- 
ray. He was the son of David Murray, who came from 
Prince Edward county, Virginia, and settled in Wilkes county, 
just after the revolutionary war. He was born in Lincoln 
county, in 1790, and received his education at Dr. Waddel's 
school, Wellington, Abbeville District, South Carolina, and 
studied law in the office of Mr. George Cook, of Elbert 
county. About 1819 he became a public man, and acquired 
distinction, not so much for the brilliancy of his talents, as 
for his honesty and independence. He was for several years 
a member of the Legislature, and once Speaker of the House, 
which office he filled with great dignity and impartiality. He 
was a candidate for Congress, but died before the election, of 
a disease of the heart. Mr. Murray belonged to what was 
called the Clarke party, but did not always vote with it. His 
opinions were formed after much deliberation, and when 
formed, were difficult to be changed. The petty artifices 
sometimes resorted to by politicians, met with no encourage- 



MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 443 

ment from Mr. Murray. He believed that virtue could be 
found among enemies, and therefore treated them with justice. 
In stature he was five feet eleven inches, with remarkably large 
features. 



MUSCOGEE. 

This county is bounded N. by Harris and a part of Talbot, 
E. by Marion, S. by Stewart, and W. by the Chattahoochee, 
which separates it from Russell county in Alabama. Laid out 
in 1826, and portions of it set off to Harris, Talbot, and Ma- 
rion, in 1827. It is 23 miles long, and 18 miles wide, contain- 
ing 414 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Columbus, Halloca, Shell Creek, Upatoi, 
Roland, and Bald Hill. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave to this county a population of 9,711 whites, 6,632 
blacks ; total, 16,343 — being at that time the most populous 
county in the State, with the exception of Chatham and Mon- 
roe. Amount of State tax for 1848, f 11,517 43. Entitled to 
two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — No country is more highly favoured with 
extensive water facilities than Muscogee county. The prin- 
cipal stream is the Chattahoochee, affording to the inhabitants 
a steamboat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. The distance 
to its confluence with the Flint is 300 miles ; to the Appala- 
chicola Bay, 430 miles. The smaller streams, all of which 
empty into the Chattahoochee, are Upatoi, West Upatoi or 
Randall's, Nocheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, and West 
End creeks. 

Towns. — Columbus is the seat of justice, situated at the 
foot of the falls, on the east bank of the Chattahoochee river. 
It was laid out in 1828, and is the third city in the State. 
Immediately before the town rugged and large rocks rise over 
the whole bed of the river, and convert it into a succes- 
sion of rapids. It is laid off in oblong squares of four acres, 
each divided into eight square lots of half an acre. Its length, 



444 MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 

parallel with the river, is a mile and a quarter ; in breadth, a 
little more than half a mile. Columbus is divided into six 
wards, named Franklin, Randolph, St. Clair, Thomas, Few, 
and South. The position of the city in relation to some im- 
portant places in this State and Alabama is as follows : — 
From Milledgeville, it is 128 miles, W. S. W. ; from Fort 
Mitchell, 11; from Newnan, 69; from Lumpkin, 35; from 
Macon, 90 ; from Augusta, 220 ; from Savannah, 290 ; from 
Montgomery, in Alabama, 90 ; from Eufawla, 45. The 
present population is 5074 ; or 1701 white males, 1543 white 
females; 1522 slaves, owned by residents, 266 by non-resi- 
dents; 15 free persons of colour, males; 27 free persons of 
colour, females. The value of real estate, as assessed on the 
1st of January, 1848, was $1,402,815. Amount of taxes 
received the same year, $21,000. 

The city officers are, a Mayor, twelve Aldermen, Clerk of 
Council, Treasurer, Marshal, Deputy Marshal, City Attorney, 
City Physician, Sexton, Bridge Keeper, Hospital Keeper, 
Board of Health, Port Wardens, Fire Wardens. 

There are several fine public buildings in Columbus ; 
among these, the most prominent is the Court House, one of 
the most elegant edifices of the kind in Georgia. The churches 
are seven in number ; Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presby- 
terian, Roman Catholic, and two for coloured persons. The 
Methodist Church is an elegant structure, built at an expense 
of $10,000. The Odd Fellows' Hall is a plain but substantial 
brick building, in which there is an excellent school, under 
the direction of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
Many of the private houses are large and beautiful, enclosed 
by grounds adorned with shrubbery, trees, &c. Like all 
other places in our State, Columbus has a number of Benevo- 
lent Institutions, among which are the Orphan Asylum, the 
Hibernian Society, &c. There are two military companies, 
viz., the Columbus Guards, and the City Light Guards. The 
city is as healthy as any place in the same latitude. About 
seventy deaths probably occur in a year. The hotels are 
well conducted. Columbus does a large amount of business. 
From 60,000 to 78,000 bags of cotton are annually received, 
and it commands much of the trade of Troup, Meriwether, 



MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 445 

Harris, Talbot, Stewart, Marion, and Randolph counties in 
Georgia, and a portion of Eastern Alabama. There are gene- 
rally about sixteen steamboats plying between Columbus and 
the bay. These boats on an average carry about 900 bales of 
cotton. Freights vary according to the state of the river and 
quantity of cotton on hand. Seventy-five cents per bale is 
the usual freight to Appalachicola. Insurance three-quarters 
percent. The boats run from the 1st of November to the 1st 
of June. There is a handsome bridge over the river belonging 
to the corporation of Columbus, which cost 840,000, and yields 
an annual income of $10,000. No place in the United States 
possesses greater advantages for manufacturing purposes than 
Columbus. Capt. Hall, of England, during his visit to this 
town, observed that the value of its water power could not be 
estimated. The present improvements of this water power 
were commenced in the spring of 1845 by the Water Lot 
Company, composed of four persons, and which has since 
been incorporated by the Legislature of Georgia. There are 
thirty-six building lots, one half of which are improved by a 
large canal, or aqueduct, built of granite, with walls 9 feet 
thick, and 1130 feet long; and an average width of 90 feet 
between the walls. 

Columbus is destined to become one of the largest 
manufacturing towns in the southern country. The citizens 
have been aroused to a sense of their advantages, and have 
invested considerable capital in manufactures. Should the 
railroad, designed to connect Columbus with the Macon and 
Western Railroad at Barnesville, ever be completed, it will 
place her on the line of northern and southern travel, open a 
communication with Macon, Savannah, Augusta, and Charles- 
ton ; and upon the completion of the Tennessee road, it 
will afford the most expeditious route from Nashville to 
New Orleans. 

Manufactures. — As has already been stated, this county 
possesses great facilities for manufacturing purposes. The 
effective fall of the Chattahoochee at Columbus is 14 feet ; 
the length of the dam is 500 feet, and the depth of the water 
on the dam at usual low water mark is 16 inches, — which, by 
calculation, shows that 2620 cubic feet of water per second 
29 



446 MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 

will afford 2777 horse power ; which amount of horse power 
will turn 72 overshot or breast wheels, each 14 feet long, 
which will drive 194,877 frame spindles, with corresponding 
looms ; which amount of spindles will consume 48,800 bales 
of cotton per year, — there being 12 to 15 per cent, waste 
on the cotton will make the amount rather larger. The 
spindles and looms mentioned will employ 6,431 operatives, 
to pay which $31,180 per week will be necessary. 

Columbus Factory ; capital $50,000 ; situated three miles 
from Columbus, at the head of the falls, having 50 feet of fall 
within 300 yards ; commenced in 1834. 

Spindles 1800 

Looms ...... 32 

Wool-carding machines . . . ' . 2 

Pounds of cotton spun per day . . 1000 
Number of operatives (chiefly girls) . . 80 
Wages of operatives, per month, from $10 to $12. 

The goods are sold principally in Columbus. The owners 
speak highly of the conduct of the operatives. 

Coweta Falls Factory ; capital $80,000 ; situated in Colum- 
bus ; commenced operations in 1844. The whole proceeds of 
the concern since that period have been appropriated to the 
furnishing of the building with machinery, which has been 
made on the spot from Georgia iron. 

Spindles, 2,700 

Looms, ....... 45 

Pounds of cotton used per day, . . 900 

Hours of work per day, . . . .12 

Operatives, 75 

Amount of wages per annum, . . $6,000 
Cost of machinery and machine shop, $60,000 
The goods are sent to Eastern Georgia, Western Alabama, 
New Orleans, and Mobile. 

Howard Manufacturing Company ; located in Columbus ; 
capital, $85,000 ; designed for 5,000 spindles and 75 looms, and 
will employ 100 hands. Manufactures sheetings, shirtings, 
and yarns. 

Carter Factory, belonging to Colonel Carter, of Milledge- 



MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 447 

ville ; intended for 5,000 spindles and 100 looms ; not yet com- 
pleted. 

Variety Works, situated in Columbus, owned by Winter 
and Brooks ; manufactures wooden articles ; capital employed, 
$30,000. Hands employed, 60. 

Winter's Merchant Mill, now in process of erection; eight 
stories high, and, with the machinery to be put in it, costing 
$30,000. There is a factory department connected with this 
establishment calculated for 3,000 spindles, to employ 75 
hands, and will manufacture yarn exclusively. Capital esti- 
mated at $30,000, when spindles are all up and in operation. 

Rock Island Paper Manufactory. This establishment, 
now in process of erection, is situated on the Chattahoochee, 
2^ miles above the city. The building is constructed of wood, 
160 feet long, with rock basement, part one story and part two 
stories, to contain four engines, one Foudronier, and one cylin- 
der machine, and capable of working up a ton of material 
per day. Will manufacture printing, writing, and wrapping 
paper. Machinery driven by two of Rich's centre-vent 
wheels, 30 horse power. Owned by a joint stock company. 
Capital, $40,000. 

Cotton Gin Manufactory ; E. T. Taylor & Co. ; steam 
power ; capital, $40,000. Brick building, 44 by 96 feet, three 
stories high. Employs 40 hands in the various departments. 
Manufactures about 18 gins per week, and is prepared to 
manufacture 50 per week. 

Columbus Iron Foundry; Wm. R. Brown & Co. propri- 
etors ; capital, $5,000. Amount of work turned out annually, 
8 to $10,000. Manufactures steamboat work, mill gearing, 
water-wheels, gin gear and gudgeons, cast iron railing for 
grave-yards, fencing, machinery for factories, &c. 

In connection with the above is Cary & Stanford's finish- 
ing shop ; capital, $3,000. Amount of work turned out annu- 
ally, 5 to $6,000. Steamboat repairing, mill irons, iron doors, 
wrought iron raiUng, &;c., and all kinds of finishing manufac- 
tured. 

Janney's Iron Foundry and Machine Shop ; manufactures 
same as the two preceding. Has an engine of ten-horse power; 
employs six hands, and turns out 6 to $7,000 worth of work 



448 MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 

per annum; about that amount of capital invested. Manufac- 
tures steam engines complete, except the boilers. 

In addition to these establishments, there is the old City 
Mill, with four run of stones for the manufacture of meal and 
flour, situated above the Coweta Falls factory. A company is 
forming, with a capital of $100,000, to build a cotton factory, 
to occupy three lots between the Howard Company lot and 
Mr. Winter's. 

Minerals. — From the very partial observations which we 
made when we visited this section of the ^tate, we have no 
doubt that it is rich in minerals. Near the river, at Colum- 
bus, we noticed masses of granite and gneiss. In the vicinity 
of Columbus are found iron ore in small quantities, rose quartz, 
agates, and beautiful jasper ; felspar in abundance, carnelian, 
hornblend, epidote, and pyrites. In other parts of the county 
have been found pitchstone, hornstone, sulphuret of iron, preh- 
nite, lignite, cyanite, black, green, and white mica, kaohn, pipe 
clay, garnets, chalcedony, talc, gibbsite, &c. The vertical 
rise and fall of the Chattahoochee is no less than 60 or 70 feet 
in the course of the year. When the river is low, there is ex- 
posed to view not only the horizontal tertiary strata, but the 
subjacent cretaceous deposits, containing ammonites, bacu- 
lites, and other characteristic fossils.* At Snake and Upatoi 
creeks, organic remains are found. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The nature of the 
soil is various, from the richest vegetable mould to the poor- 
est sand. Cotton, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, and wheat, are 
the chief productipns. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is variable. 
Along the creeks fevers prevail in the summer; but generally 
the county may be considered healthy. Mrs. Clara Meigs 
died at the age of 89 ; Philemon Hodges at 83 ; Richard 
Christmas at 77. Mrs. Gaillon is over 87. 

Roads. — The roads are not kept in the best order. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, 
Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics. 

Education, Literature. — Columbus has a number of fine 

* Dr. Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, 



NEWTON COUNTY. 449 

schools, in many of which a thorough education may be ob- 
tained. Number of poor children in the county, 485. Edu- 
cational fund, $420 63 cents. A taste for reading is daily in- 
creasing. The newspapers of Columbus are well conducted. 
Many of the citizens take an interest in natural science. 
The late Dr. Boykin devoted rnuch time to botany and other 
branches of natural history. Several gentlemen are now form- 
ing cabinets of minerals and shells. In the departments of 
theology, medicine, and law, there are many gentlemen in 
Columbus who have acquired celebrity. 

Character of the People. — ^No people surpass those of 
Muscogee in hospitality; and for intelligence they will not suffer 
by a comparison with any community. The citizens of Colum- 
bus are particularly noted for their attention to strangers. 

Market. — Columbus is the chief market for the county. 

Name. — The name of Muscogee is given to this division 
of the State* to perpetuate the name of a tribe of the Creek 
nation. 



NEWTON. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Walton and Gwinnett ; E. by Jasper and Morgan ; S. by 
Butts and Jasper, and W. by Henry and De Kalb. It is 22 
miles long, and 15 miles broad ; containing 330 square miles. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The rivers are Yellow, Ulcofauha- 
chee, and South. The Bear and Cornish creeks empty into 
the Ulcofauhachee river ; Gun, Big Haynes, Little Haynes, and 
Beaver Dam, empty into Yellow river ; Snapping Shoal, Wild 
Cat, and Honey, empty into South river. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the po- 
pulation was 7,765 whites, and 4,324 blacks ; total, 12,089. 
Amount of taxes returned for 1848,84,115 70 cents. Sends 
two representatives to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Covington, Conyers, Leaksville, Newborn, 

* See page 28. 



450 NEWTON COUNTY. 

Oak Hill, Oxford, Newton Factory, Sheffield, Starnsville, 
Rock Plains. 

Springs. — Many of the springs in this county are said to 
have naineral properties, but none have acquired notoriety. 

Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots, accord- 
ing to the Digest of 1848, is ^97,4 17. Value of stock in trade, 
$41,620. Money at interest, $175,721. Capital invested in 
manufactures, $45,000. 

Minerals. — The county abounds with fine granite. On 
Rev. Mr. Rogers' plantation, there is a quarry that supplies 
the county with granite for sills, &c. Gold in small portions is 
found. Iron ore is abundant. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Cedar Shoals Factory, on Yel- 
low river, three miles from Covington ; owned by Philips & 
Bearing. Capital invested, $40,000. Spindles, 1184; looms, 
10; bunches of yarns made per day, 80; yards of Osna- 
biirgs made per day, 400 ; pounds of cotton used per day, 600 ; 
number of operatives, 45 ; wages of do. $5 75 per month. 
One flouring-mill, one saw-mill, shingle and lath-mill. 

Newton Factory ; manufactures cotton goods. In the 
county are 7 saw-mills, 12 grist-mills, 4 flour-mills. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are generally as good as 
those of the surrounding counties, but sufficient attention is 
not paid to their condition. The bridges are in bad repair. 
There are five bridges over the Yellow river, and four over 
the Alcovi. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Corn, cot- 
ton, wheat, rye, oats, and barley, are the chief productions. 
Few experiments have been made with the grasses. Peaches 
are excellent. Vegetables succeed when attention is paid to 
them. Small quantities of rice are made. Corn averages 2^ 
barrels, wheat 6 bushels, and cotton 400 pounds per acre. 
Between 8 and 10,000 bags of cotton are made in one year. 

Nature of the Soil. — The land is generally undulating. 
East of the Alcovi it is level. The most productive lands lie 
on the rivers, and are adapted to grain and cotton ; average value 
$6 per acre. On Yellow river the soil is rather sandy, adapted 
to wheat and cotton ; average value, $6 per acre. Lands 
upon the creeks are worth $4 per acre. The ridge lands are 
valued at $3 per acre, according to locality. 



NEWTON COUNTY. 451 

Amusements. — In the lower part of the county, there is 
some horse-racing. Hunting, fishing, and parties are the prin- 
cipal amusements. 

Character of the People. — The people are generally 
well informed. In the late war with Mexico, many of the 
citizens of this county did themselves much honour. The 
Legislature of 1847, passed resolutions expressive of the thanks 
of the people of Georgia, " to the brave and gallant officers and 
privates of the Newton County Cavalry." (See Acts for 1847.) 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is salubri- 
ous, although there is more sickness in particular sections of 
the county, than formerly. Congestive fevers and pneumonia 
are the prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are 
the following : Mr. Richmond Terrell is living, aged 89 years ; 
Mr. Robert Pullen, is 80 ; Jim, a free coloured man, is 100 ; 
Mrs. Weathers, who was over 90, died last year ; Mrs. 
Bowery, died at the age of 94 ; Mrs. Shell, over 90 ; Mrs. 
Bass, died over 90; Mr. Thomas McClean, over 100; Char- 
lotte, belonging to Rev. Mr. Saunders, died in 1847, at the age 
of 120 years ; Mr. Tretwell, died at the age of 100. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists are the most numerous, 
There are also Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. There 
are in the county 13 Methodist Episcopal churches, and 3 
Reformed Methodist churches. 

Education. — This important subject is better attended to 
than formerly. Number of poor children, 481. Educational 
fund, $418 04 cents. 

Original Settlers. — Rev. Charles H. Saunders, Dr. Con- 
yers, Dr. Bates, Cary Wood, Judge Sims, Moses Milton, J. P. 
Henderson, Daniel Kelly, Henry Talley, Rev. Mr. Colley, and 
George Cunningham. 

Towns. — The county town is Covington, situated upon 
Dried Indian creek, 67 miles from Milledgeville, 18 from Mon- 
roe, 28 from Lawrenceville, and 40 from Atlanta. Population 
between 5 and 600. It has a brick court-house, jail, one female 
academy, one church, eight stores, &c. About 120,000 worth 
of goods are sold per annum. The place was named after 
General Leonard Covington, an officer of 1776. Incorporated 
in 1822. 



452 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

Oxford is a beautiful village three miles from Covington, 
having a population of about 450 ; and is known as the seat of 
Emory college. Many wealthy persons, influenced by a desire 
to have their children educated, have removed to Oxford. It is 
one among the most healthy spots in Georgia. The lots were 
sold with the express understanding, that if ardent spirits 
should be sold upon them, they should be considered as for- 
feited. 

Sandtown, 12 miles from Covington, on the road to Mil- 
ledgeville, has a church, school, and several mechanics' shops. 
About twelve families reside here. 

Oak Hill, 10 S.W. of Covington, on the McDonough road, 
has a church, school, and store ; and is inhabited by a very 
moral people. 

Name. — The compiler of this work feels much regret, that 
owing to his inability to procure information concerning Ser- 
geant John Newton, his notice of him must be necessarily 
brief His father was the Rev. John Newton, once minister 
of a Baptist church in Charleston, and who came to Georgia 
soon after the American Revolution, and settled in Jefferson 
county, where he devoted his time in attending to the duties 
of his sacred calling. He died in 1790. Sergeant John Newton, 
it is probable, was born in Charleston, and entered the army 
in the early period of the revolutionary war, and continued 
in it until his death. We have in our memoir of Jasper, given 
an account of the capture of a British detachment, two miles 
from Savannah, by himself and Newton, a deed which will 
cause the names of these dauntless soldiers to be remembered 
as long as there are hearts capable of appreciating true courage. 
At the surrender of Charleston, Newton was taken prisoner, 
and soon after died of small-pox. 



OGLETHORPE. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded North by 
Madison and Elbert ; East by Wilkes ; Southeast by Talia- 
ferro ; South by Greene, and West by Clarke. It lies within 
the granite region. Laid out in 1793, and since that time por- 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 453 

tions of it have been added to Greene, Madison, and Taliaferro 
counties. It is 28 miles long, and 16 miles wide, containing 
448 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Broad river separates the county from 
Elbert, and the Oconee forms part of its westei'n boundary. 
Beaver Dam, Little Clouds, Groves, and Little Beaver Dam 
creeks empty into the south fork of the Broad river ; Til- 
let's, Millstone, and Goose Pond into Broad river, together with 
others, viz.: Hanson, Town, Troublesome, Buffalo, Indian, 
and Dry Foi'k. Several streams of a less size, in the west 
part of the county, are tributaries of the Oconee. 

Post Offices, — Lexington, Bairdstown, Bowling Green, 
Goose Pond, Millstone, Philomath, Salmonville, and State 
Rights. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840, the popu- 
lation was 10,808; in 1845, 11,001. Of these, 4,338 were 
whites, 0,663 blacks. There is now less emigration from this 
county than formerly. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $4,257 
and 35 cents. Sends two members to the Legislature of the 
State. 

Towns. — Lexington is the county seat. It is situated 3^ 
miles E. of the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad, 64 
miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville, 25 from Washington, 75 from 
Augusta, and 26 from Elberton. Lexington is not the busy, 
thriving place which it formerly was. Its declension is owing 
to its proximity to Athens. It has a neat court-house and jail ; 
two churches ; one academy ; one female school, of a very 
superior character ; one Masonic Lodge ; one Odd Fellows' 
Lodge ; one Division of the Sons of Temperance; three doc- 
tors ; six lawyers ; one minister ; two teachers ; four stores ; 
cabinet-makers, blacksmiths, and other mechanics. Amount 
of goods sold per annum, 870,000. Lexington has been pre- 
eminent among the villages of Georgia for its highly culti- 
vated state of society. Many of the most distinguished men 
in our State have resided in Lexington. Among them, Hon. 
William H. Crawford, Judge Cobb, and Stephen Upson, Esq. 
Governor Gilmer is now a resident of the village.* 

* Since the above was written, we understand that Lexington is improving. 
Every house is occupied. 



454 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

Bowling Green is eight miles southwest of Lexington, con- 
taining a population of about 50. 

Bairdstown is 16 miles south of Lexington, on the Athens 
branch of the Georgia Railroad, and seven miles from Union 
Point. It contains an extensive carriage factory and a good 
school, &c. This is a flourishing village, surrounded by a fine 
country. 

Woodstock, 14 miles southeast of Lexington, near the 
Taliaferro, Wilkes, and Greene line, beautifully situated on a 
ridge dividing the waters of Long creek and Little river. It 
has an excellent school, one store, one tan-yard, one blacksmith, 
one tailor, one wheelwright, and one church. Population, nine 
families. A steam, saw, grist, and flour-mill is in the progress 
of construction. 

Woodlawn, celebrated as being the residence of Hon. Wm. 
H. Crawford, 2^ miles from Lexington. 

Education, Religious Sects. — Education is appreciated 
by the people of this county. The seminaries of learning in 
Lexington formerly were very celebrated, and good schools 
still exist in this and other places. The male academy in 
Lexington was built in 1806 or '7, with funds left by Mr. 
Francis Meson. This gentleman was from Ireland, and after 
accumulating some money by teaching, he commenced a store 
in Lexington, and, by industry and economy, he succeeded in 
making $40,000. At his death, besides several legacies to his 
friends, he bequeathed $11,000 for founding an academy. The 
Legislature directed that the name of Oglethorpe County 
Academy should be changed to that of Meson Academy, which 
name it still retains. The venerable Dr. Cummins was once 
the Rector of this institution. 

Number of poor children in the county, 156; educational 
fund, $135 28 cents. 

The religious denominations are. Baptists, Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, and a few Episcopalians and Swedenborgians. In 
the county are nine Methodist churches, ten Baptist, and two 
Presbyterian. 

Roads and Bridges. — Some of the roads are kept in fine 
order, and others are very much neglected. The bridges 
are few. 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 455 

Mills. — Flour-mills, 4 ; saw-mills, 14; grist-mills, 10; and 
one steam, saw, grist, and flour-mill. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Productions. 
— The county is hilly : the western part is red land, the cen- 
tral gray, and the eastern partakes of several varieties. The 
lands upon Goose Ponds have long been noted for their fer- 
tility. The productions are cotton, wheat, oats, rye, &c. The 
average product per acre of cotton, is 500 lbs. ; of corn, 2^ 
barrels. Wheat is only raised for home consumption, and 
probably averages seven bushels per acre. Between 12 and 
15,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Value of Town Lots. — The Digest of 1848 values the 
town lots at $24,200. Valueof stock in trade, 824,200. Money 
at interest, 8207,998. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens 
of this county are sociable, well informed, and patriotic. 
Among the amusements are hunting, fishing, and parties. 
There is a beautiful spot on Millstone creek, 12 miles north of 
Lexington, embracing about one hundred acres, called Jesa- 
mine Grove, at which splendid pic-nics are often held. 

Early Settlers. — Governor Matthews, T. M. Gilmer, 
Frank Meriwether, John Gilmer, John Lumpkin, Mr. Collier, 
Mr. Hugh McGehee, John Thomas, and others. 

Rocks, Minerals, &c, — There is an abundance of fine 
granite in this county. On the farm of Gov. Gilmer, there is 
an immense mass of granite, so nicely balanced on another 
mass of the same material, that a child can move it. Near 
Lexington is a small cove surrounded by hills, which shut 
it out from observation. Here Gov. Gilmer found a pile 
of rock, wrought into different forms, afibrding evidence 
that it was intended as a place for religious worship. The 
above-named gentleman has removed many of these rocks to 
his garden. Gold has been found on Long creek, and in one 
or two other places. A great variety of beautiful quartz, par- 
ticularly of the amethystine species, felspar, jasper, agate, auri- 
ferous copper, barytes, iron ore, and many other minerals exist 
in various parts of the county. Cherokee Corner and the vici- 
nity of Lexington, are interesting localities. Gov. Gilmer 



456 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

devotes his leisure moments to the study of the antiquities 
and mineralogy of Oglethorpe county. His cabinet is filled 
with the choicest specimens, and the walks of hi's garden 
are ornamented with the beautiful amethystine quartz. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild and 
healthy. A few cases of fever occur in the fall. Mr. Daniel 
Dupree, 80 years of age, and Mr. Jacob Eberhart, over 90, 
are now living. Mr. Clifford Woodruff died over 104 years 
of age ; Mrs. Taylor, over 90. Mr. Charles Strong, who was 
at the taking of Cornwallis, died at the age of 84 ; his wife, 
Mrs. Sarah Strong, is now living, over 80. 

Eminent Men. — This county boasts of having furnished 
Georgia with several men who stand high on the list of her 
sons, such as Judges Lumpkin and Cobb, Hon. Mr. Upson, 
Gov. Gilmer, and Hon. W. H. Crawford. 

The celebrated George Matthews, formerly Governor of 
the State, resided in this county. He was the son of John 
Matthews, who emigrated to Virginia from Ireland, in 
1737, and settled in Augusta county. From his youth he 
was accustomed to danger. The Indians west of the 
Ohio river, the most warlike of all the aborigines of Ame- 
rica, made frequent incursions into western Virginia, from 
1754 to 1774. In George Matthews they found a formi- 
dable enemy. In 1761 a family not far from his father's resi- 
dence was murdei'ed by the savages. He and two or three of 
his relations, supposing from the firing that there was a shooting- 
match among some of the neighbours, went to join in the 
sport. On riding up to the place, they saw dead bodies lying 
in the yard. Matthews immediately perceived their danger, 
and wheeled his horse for flight ; the Indians rose from their 
concealment and fired; Matthews, however, effected his escape, 
collected as soon as possible twenty of his neighbours, pursued 
the Indians, overtook and killed nine of them. Capt. Mat- 
thews acted an important part in the battle which took place 
on the 10th of October, 1774, at the junction of the 
Ohio with the Kenawha, the greatest ever fought between 
the Virginians and Indians. The fight commenced at 
sunrise and continued until evening, when Capt. Matthews, 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 457 

Capt. Shelby, (afterwards Governor of Kentucky,) and Capt. 
Stewart were ordered by General Lewis, the officer in com- 
mand, to proceed up the Kenawha river and Crooked creek, 
under cover of the bank and bushes, and attack the Indians in 
the rear, and they were driven across the Ohio. 

Soon after the commencement of the revolutionary war, 
George Matthews received substantial proof of the high esti- 
mation in which he was held by his countrymen for the ser- 
vice he had rendered Virginia by the defence of the frontiers 
against the savages. In 1775 he was elected Colonel of the 
9th regiment of the Virginia troops on the Continental estab- 
lishment. For nearly two years Col. Matthews and his regi- 
ment were stationed on the eastern shore of Virginia. In 
1777 he was ordered with his command to join the army un- 
der Gen. Washington. Our great chief knew well the value 
of Col. Matthews' services, his own experience being acquired 
on the frontiers of Virginia. As soon, therefore, as the con- 
test of the Revolution assumed the shape of a war in earnest, 
Washington ordered Col. Matthews to join him. He did so, 
and took part in the battle of Brandywine. At the battle of 
Germantown, Col. Matthews and his regiment attacked suc- 
cessfully the British troops opposed to him, pushed on to the 
middle of the town, and captured a regiment of the enemy. 
After this, in a skirmish, he was knocked down by the enemy, 
and received a very severe wound with a bayonet. He was 
confined on board the British prison-ship in the harbour of 
New- York, where he endured the most severe sufferings. Mr. 
Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, in a letter to Colonel 
Matthews, says, " We know that the ardent spirit and hatred 
of tyranny which brought you into your present situation, will 
enable you to bear up against it, with the firmness which has 
distinguished you as a soldier, and look forward with plea- 
sure to the day when events shall take place against which the 
wounded spirit of your enemies will find no comfort, even 
from reflections on the most refined of the cruelties with which 
they have glutted themselves." Col. Matthews was not ex- 
changed until the termination of the war, when he joined the 
army under Gen. Greene, as commander of the 3d Virginia 
regiment. Whilst in the South he purchased a tract of land 



458 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

called the Goose Pond, on Broad river, and removed to it with 
his family in 1785. His high reputation in the late war made 
him at once the principal man in Georgia. In 1786 he was 
elected Governor. He was the first representative of the 
people of Georgia in the Congress of the United States, under 
the present Constitution. He was again Governor of Georgia 
in 1794 and 1795. In 1811 a class of men who called them- 
selves patriots, obtained the ascendency in Florida. These 
men threw off the Spanish yoke, and declared themselves free 
to do what they pleased. They petitioned the United States 
to make Florida a portion of its territory, and Gov. Matthews 
was appointed agent to negotiate with the constituted authori- 
ties of Florida for the annexation of the country to the 
United States. Governor Matthews made a treaty, which was, 
however, strongly remonstrated against by the Spanish Gov- 
ernment, and finally disavowed by the President, Mr. Madison, 
as not having been made with the constituted authorities of 
Florida, according to the terms of Gov. Matthews' instructions. 
The disavowal of Mr. Madison enraged Gov. Mathews to 
such a degree, that it is said he started for Washington to sub- 
ject Mr. Madison to personal chastisement. He swore that 
he would expose the whole afiair to the world. His high 
state of excitement, added to the fatigue and exposure he had 
undergone, brought on a fever whilst on his way to Washing- 
ton to execute his threat, and of which he died in Augusta, 
Georgia, March, 1812. 

Gov. Matthews was a short, thick man, with stout legs, 
on which he stood very straight. He carried his head rather 
thrown back. His features were full, his hair light, and his 
complexion fair and florid. His looks indicated a perfect free- 
dom from fear, and he felt himself equal to any man. He ad- 
mitted no superior but George Washington. He spoke of his 
services to the country as unsurpassed, except by this great 
chief. His dress was in unison with his looks and conversa- 
tion. He wore a three-cornered cocked hat, fair-top boots, a 
shirt full ruffled in front and at the wrists, and occasionally 
a long sword at his side. It was during Gov. Mat- 
thews' second term of service as the Chief Magistrate of Geor- 
gia, that the land speculators, after many years of effort, sue- 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 469 

ceeded in procuring the passage by the Legislature of an ope- 
rative law for the sale of the Western Territory of the State. 

When Gov. Matthews read, it was always aloud, and with 
the confidence which accompanied the consciousness of doing 
a thing very well. He pronounced fully the I in would, should, 
and ed at the termination of words, with a long drawhng 
accent. He spelled coffee thus, Kauphy. When Governor, 
he dictated his messages to his Secretary, and then sent them 
to Francis M. Simmons, to put them in grammar. He wrote 
Congress with a K. His memory was very retentive. 
Whilst he was a member of Congress an important document 
which had been read during the session was lost. He was 
able to repeat its contents verbatim. Whilst Sheriff and 
Tax Collector of Augusta, Virginia, he knew the name of 
every man and woman in the district. 

Mr. Adams, when President, nominated Gov. Matthews to 
the Senate for Governor of the Mississippi Territory, and 
afterwards withdrew the nomination upon finding the oppo- 
sition to his appointment very great, on account of the Yazoo 
Act. When Matthews heard of this, he immediately set out 
for Philadelphia, where Congress sat, to chastise him. Upon 
his arrival in Philadelphia, he made directly to the President's 
house, hitched his horse, and went to the door, his revolution- 
ary sword at his thigh, his three-cornered hat on his head, and 
gave a thundering knock at the door. Upon the servant 
opening the door, he demanded to see the President. He was 
answered that the President was engaged. He replied to the 
servant, " that he presumed his business was to carry mes- 
sages to the President. Now, if you do not immediately in- 
form him that a gentleman wishes to speak to him, your head 
will answer the consequences." The servant returned and in- 
formed the President, that a very strange old fellow wished to 
see him, and would take no denial. Mr. Adams directed that he 
should be admitted. Upon Gov. Matthews entering the room 
where the President was, he said : " I presume you are Mr. 
Adams, President of the United States." The President bowed. 
The Governor continued : " My name is Matthews, sometimes 
called Gov. Matthews ; well known at the battle of German- 
town, however, as Col. Matthews of the Virginia line. Now, 



460 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

sir, I understand that you nominated me in the Senate of the 
United States, to be Governor of the Mississippi Territory, 
and that afterwards you took back the nomination. Sir, if 
you had known me, you would not have taken the nomination 
back. If you did not know me you should not have nomi- 
nated me to so important an office. Now, sir, unless you can 
satisfy me, your station of President of these United States 
shall not screen you from my vengeance." Mr. Adams, ac- 
cordingly, set about satisfying him ; which he did with the 
more good will on account of the Governor being known to 
be a stanch Federalist. Upon inquiring after Gov. Matthews' 
sons, and receiving a most laudatory description of them, he 
promised to appoint his son John supervisor of the public re- 
venue in Georgia. Upon which the Governor expressed him- 
self as content, saying, "My son John is a man about my 
inches, with the advantages of a liberal education, and for his 
integrity I pledge my head." 

The first business before the Legislature of 17 — , after the 
organization, was to determine whether Gov. Matthews was 
to be considered Governor. Whilst engaged in this discussion, 
the Clerk of the House went into the Executive Office ; the 
Governor accosted him, saying — " What are these fellows 
about that they do not let me know that they are organized 
and ready to receive my message ?" The Clerk told him the 
members were discussing whether they should recognize him 
as Governor. " By the Eternal !" exclaimed the Governor, 
" if they don't I will cut an avenue from this office through 
them." 

In the life of Greene, by Johnson, the salvation of the Ame- 
rican army at Brandywine is ascribed to the good conduct 
of two regiments, one of which was commanded by Matthews, 
A county in Virginia was named after him. 

Manufactures. — The war of the Revolution left the people 
of Virginia penniless, and restless in spirit. They had made 
great exertions, and sacrificed much to obtain independence. 
Most of the luxuries, and many of the necessaries of life, had been 
derived from abroad, purchased by their tobacco and flour. 
The war cut oflf exportation. The merchants owned but few 
trading vessels, and these few their country could not defend. 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 461 

The hope of great blessings to be derived from the right of self- 
government had stimulated the people to make the exertions 
necessary to obtain their object ; and when the independence 
of the United States was acknowledged by Great Britain, the 
blessings which they expected to follow appeared for a while 
to be deferred, or not to be obtained. The capita] with 
which trade had to be carried on was exhausted by the war, 
and it required time to create it anew. The means of making 
capital were obstructed by Great Britain by restrictions upon 
the trade of the States. How to improve their condition was 
a question which they anxiously sought to solve. At this 
time Georgia held out to emigrants from other States the 
most seductive offers of land to those who would take pos- 
session. The officers and soldiers who had served during the 
war had formed the most favourable opinion of the fertility of 
its soil. Gov. Matthews had served in Georgia during the 
war. Soon after peace he made preparations for removing to 
a tract of land, then and yet known as the Goose Pond, — a dis- 
puted title to which he had purchased whilst in the army. 
Influenced by his judgment, Francis Meriwether, Benjamin 
Taliaferro, P. Gilmer, and John Gilmer, visited Georgia in 1784, 
in search of suitable lands for settlement. They were pleased 
with the lands in the vicinity of the Goose Pond, and pur- 
chased them. Gov. Matthews, Francis Meriwether, John 
Gilmer, and Benjamin Taliaferro, removed to Georgia imme- 
diately afterwards, with their families. From 1785 to 1795 
the lands on Broad river were settled chiefly by the relations 
or friends of these first emigrants. They formed a society of 
the greatest intimacy and cordiality, mutual wants making the 
surest foundation for the interchange of mutual kindness. It 
is difficult to obtain materials to give a full account of the 
first settlers of the Broad river country. Few letters can be 
found, or manuscripts. Although they left no written memo- 
randums of themselves, the evidence of their energy may be 
found in every part of the southern and western country. 

Name. — Oglethorpe county bears the name of the illustrious 

founder of Georgia. The history of General Oglethorpe has 

been compiled by several authors in England and in this 

country, and it is for the benefit of those who may not have 

30 



462 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

access to a complete account of this distinguished personage 
that we give the following particulars. The founder of the 
colony of Georgia was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, 
and was born in London on the 21st of December, 1688. 
At the age of sixteen, he was admitted a student of Corpus 
Christi College, but it does not appear that he finished his 
studies, the military profession having more charms for him 
than literary pursuits. His first commission was that of 
Ensign. In 1714, he was Captain Lieutenant in the Guardil 
of Queen Anne. After her death he withdrew from the 
British army, and took service with Prince Eugene, and was 
with him when he crossed the Danube, and defeated the 
Grand Vizier Ali at Peterwaradin, in 1716; and also in the 
following year, when Eugene besieged and took Belgrade. 
On these occasions his active services gained him the appro- 
bation of his commander. Shortly afterwards he returned to 
England, and at twenty-four years of age he was brought into 
Parliament from Hashmere, in Surrey ; and he continued to 
represent that borough by successive elections for thirty-two 
years, during which time he distinguished himself by several 
able speeches : and in the laws for the benefit of trade many 
salutary regulations were proposed and promoted by him. In 
Parliament he introduced a motion " that an inquiry should 
be instituted into the state of the jails in the metropolis. A 
committee was appointed to attend to this matter, of which 
he was chairman ; and it is said " that the eflTects of this 
interposition have been felt ever since by the unhappy 
prisoners."' In 1732, he made an effort in Parliament to restore 
a constitutional militia, and to abolish arbitrary impressment 
of seamen. As a member of the British Parliament, he was 
always found on the side of justice and humanity. In the 
year 1732, Oglethorpe planned a colony, unlike any other 
that had its origin among men. Twenty-one gentlemen, con- 
curring with his views, petitioned the king for a grant of lands 
in South Carolina, and liberty to lay out such charities as 
they themselves should give, or receive from others, in con- 
veying over and establishing unfortunate families in America ; 
and that the charity collected may not terminate in the per- 
sons first relieved, but extend itself to the latest posterity. 



OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 463 

The petition was received, and a charter of incorporation 
granted. The patent was dated 9th of June, 1732, and the 
colony was called Georgia. 

In November, 1732, Oglethorpe, with 116 settlers, em- 
barked for Georgia; and on the 13th of January, 1733, the 
ship dropped anchor outside of the bar, at the port of Charles- 
ton, South Carolina. After having been received in the 
kindest manner by the Governor of the Province, and aided 
by many of the inhabitants of Carolina, Oglethorpe proceeded 
on his voyage, and arrived at Yamacraw, and fixed upon this 
place as the most convenient and healthy situation for the 
settlers. Here they marked out a town, and called it 
Savannah. 

After he had placed his colony in as good a situation as cir- 
cumstances would allow, he secured the good will of the In- 
dians. A general meeting of the chiefs was held in Savannah, 
and a treaty of friendship made with them. Oglethorpe then re- 
turned to England, carrying with him Tomachichi, his queen, 
and several other Indians, who were received by the king of 
England with marks of great respect and kindness. From the 
time that Oglethorpe returned to England, which was in the 
spring of 1734, to the end of the year 1735, he was assiduously 
employed in advancing the interests of his colony. Upon his 
return, he visited Ebenezer, where the Saltburghers were set- 
tled, the Highland settlement on the Alatamaha, and St. Si- 
mon's Island. Upon this island he laid out a fort, with four 
bastions, which he named Frederica. Anticipating difficulty 
between England and Spain at this time, on account of cer- 
tain unreasonable demands on the part of the Governor of St. 
Augustine, he embarked for England, for the purpose of induc- 
ing his government to adopt measures to protect the colony. 
Oglethorpe was appointed Brigadier General, and was directed 
to raise a regiment for the protection of Georgia. After spend- 
ing some time in recruiting and training his men, on the 1st 
of July, 1738, he left England, with a regiment consisting of 
700 men, and arrived on the south end of St. Simon's Island, 
on the 19th of September. A month after his arrival he vi- 
sited Savannah, where he was received with every demonstra- 
tion of respect. He did not remain here long, but set out on 



464 OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 

a journey over 300 miles, to Cowetah, one of the principal 
towns of the Creek Indians, where all the chiefs were to be 
assembled. He was received by the Council with the warm- 
est friendship ; and they renewed and confirmed all the trea- 
ties which they had formerly made with him. He then re- 
turned to Savannah, and was present at the funeral solemni- 
ties of his tried and beloved friend, king Tomachichi, and then 
proceeded to Frederica. It was about this time that an inva- 
sion of Florida was determined upon, Oglethorpe went to 
Charleston, and by his representations the Assembly voted 
£120,000, and 400 men, to aid in the enterprise. The regi- 
ment of Carolina arrived at Darien the 1st of May, and was 
joined by Oglethorpe's favourite regiment, the Highlanders, all 
destined against St. Augustine. Space is wanted to detail all 
the incidents connected with this expedition. We have only 
room to remark that it proved unsuccessful, owing to circum- 
stances which Oglethorpe could not foresee, and to disap- 
pointments which he least expected. In 1741 he resided at 
Frederica. His homestead consisted of a cottage, a garden, and 
an orchard for oranges, figs, and grapes. This cottage, and fifty 
acres of land attached to it, were all the landed domain Gene- 
ral Oglethorpe reserved to himself After the General went to 
England, it became the property of the father of Thomas Spal- 
ding, Esq. Scarcely a vestige now remains to tell where Ogle- 
thorpe lived. In 1742, the Spaniards sent 3,000 men to drive 
Oglethorpe from the frontiers. The General had with him only 
700 men, and his situation was very critical ; but by measures 
which reflected the highest honour upon his character, he en- 
tirely defeated the expedition. In conformity to positive or- 
ders from the English government, he left Georgia in 1743, to 
answer charges preferred against him by Lieut. Col. Cook; 
and soon after his arrival a court-martial was called, which, 
after the most dispassionate deliberation, declared the chai'ges 
brought against him to be false, malicious, and groundless, 
and consequently, Cook was dismissed from the service. In 
March, 1744, he was appointed one of the field officers, under 
Field Marshal the Earl of Stair, to oppose the expected inva- 
sion from France. On the 15th of September, 1744, he mar- 
ried Elizabeth, the only daughter of Sir Nathan Wright, a lady 



PAULDING COUNTY. 466 

to whom he had been long attached. McCall, in his History 
of Georgia, says, " At the commencement of the American 
war, being the senior officer of Sir WiHiam Howe, he had the 
prior offer of the command of the forces appointed to sub- 
due the rebels. He professed his readiness to accept the ap- 
pointment, if the ministry would authorize him to assure the 
colonies that justice should be done them." General Ogle- 
thorpe closed his useful life on the 1st of July, 1785. For 74 
years he had been in the British army, and at his death was 
the oldest officer in the army.* 



PAULDING. 

Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Floyd and 
Cass, E. by Cobb, S. by Carroll, and W. by Alabama. Laid 
out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. 

Post Offices. — Van Wert, Cedar Town, Huntsville, New 
Babylon, Pumpkin Pile, Yellow Stone. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, accord- 
ing to the census, the population was 3,664 whites, 775 blacks; 
total, 4,439. Amount of State tax for the year 1848, $1,078 
76 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Tallapoosa river has its source in 
this county. The creeks are Pumpkin Vine, Little Cedar, Day, 
Floyd, Hill's, Camp, Euharlee, Raccoon, and Sweet Water. 

Towns. — Van Wert, in the valley of Euharlee creek, is 
the county site. It has the usual public buildings, one church, 
two hotels, one academy, two or three stores, mechanics' 
shops, &c. Population 100. The water is bad, and the vil- 
lage is said to be unhealthy. Distance from Milledgeville, 108 
miles N. W. ; from Villa Rica, 24 ; from Rome, 22 ; from 
Cedar Town, 13; from Cave Springs, 22 ; from Carters ville, 
18 ; and from Marietta, 34. 

Cedar Town is in the middle of Cedar Valley, in a rich 
section of country, twenty miles south of Rome. It has a 
fine church, female school, and one of the best limestone springs 

* Spalding's Life of Oglethorpe, in the Collections of the Georgia Histo- 
rical Society. 



466 PAULDING COUNTY. 

in the State. The valley is filled with an intelligent and thrifty 
population. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — There are some 
fine lands in this county, especially on Pumpkin Vine, Euhar- 
lee, Tallapoosa, and Raccoon creeks, adapted to corn, wheat, 
and tobacco; valued from $10 to 815 per acre. The gray 
lands are worth $2 to ilO per acre. The ridge lands can be 
bought for almost any price. 

Mountains. — The Dug Down mountains cross the county 
from east to west. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are neglected, and many 
of them are very bad. There are but few bridges. 

Average Product per Acre. — Corn averages 6 barrels 
per acre; wheat, 12 bushels do.; cotton, 700 pounds do. 
Five hundred bags of cotton are annually produced. 

Minerals. — Gold has been found 10 miles from Van Wert, 
and other places ; also iron, and many of the minerals com- 
mon to the adjoining counties. Some curious fossils have 
been found near Van Wert, on Mr. Jones's plantation. 

Education, Religious Sects. — Little attention is paid to 
education. We anticipate with pleasure the period when the 
citizens of this county, as well as of others, aided by the mu- 
nificence of our Legislature, will take measures to improve 
the minds of their children, and thus fit them to value their 
political rights, and make them useful members of society. 
Number of poor children, 508. Educational fund, $440 57. 
The religious sects are Missionary and Anti-Missionary Bap- 
tists, Methodists, Christians, and Universalists. 

Character of the People. — Industry and enterprise are 
wanted. A kinder people cannot be found in Georgia. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is similar 
to that of the adjacent counties. There are some localities re- 
garded as most subject to fevers. The instances of longevity 
are the following : Mr. Brooks is now 88 ; Mr. Hillbune is 
over 89; Mrs. Butler 81. 

Early Settlers. — Mr. Whitmael, A. Adair, the For- 
syths, the Yorks, the Philpots. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$4,000 ; value of stock in trade, $6,495 ; money at interest, 
$22,3:^4. 



PAULDING COUNTY. 467 

Name. — This county received tiie name of Paulding in 
honour of John Paulding, one of the captors of Andre. He 
was born in the village of Peekskill, New- York, in 1759. Va- 
rious accounts have been given of the capture of Andre, but 
we think the most authentic is contained in the History of 
Westchester County, New- York, by Robert Bolton ; a work 
evincing, on the part of the author, much ability and research. 
It appears that Williams, Van Wert, and Paulding, were on a 
journey to see some relations. The three were seated beside 
the road, in the bushes, amusing themselves at cards, when 
their attention was arrested by the galloping of a horse. On 
approaching the road they saw a gentleman riding towards 
them, seated on a large brown horse, which was afterwards ob- 
served to have marked on the near shoulder U. S. A. The rider 
was a light, trim-built man, about five feet nine inches in height, 
with a bold, military countenance, and dark eyes, and was 
dressed in a round hat, blue surtout, crimson coat, with panta- 
loons and vest of nankeen. As he neared them, the three 
cocked their muskets and aimed at the rider, who immediately 
checked his horse, and the following conversation ensued : 

Andre — " Gentlemen, I hope you are of our party " 

Paulding — " What party ?" 

Andre — " The lower party." 

Paulding — " I do." 

Andre — " I am a British officer ; I have been up in the 
country on particular business, and would not be detained a 
single moment." He thereupon pulled out a gold watch, and 
exhibited it, as an evidence that he was a gentleman, and re- 
turned it again to his fob. Paulding thereupon remarked, 
" We are Americans." Andre — " God bless my soul ! A man 
must do any thing to get along. I am a Continental officer 
going down to Dobbs' Ferry to get information from below." 
Andre then presented a pass from General Arnold, in which 
was the assumed name of John Anderson. Seizing hold upon 
the reins of the horse, they ordered him to dismount. Andre 
exclaimed, " You will bring yourself into trouble." " We care 
not for that," was the reply. They took him down ten or fif- 
teen rods, beside a run of water, and Williams proceeded to 
search the hat, coat, vest, shirt, and pantaloons, in which they 



468 PAULDING COUNTY. 

found $80 in Continental money, and at last ordered him to 
take off his boots. At this he changed colour. Williams drew 
off the left boot first, and Paulding seizing it, exclaimed, "My 
God ! here it is." In it three half sheets of written paper were 
found, enveloped by a half sheet marked " Contents, West 
Point." Paulding again exclaimed, " My God ! he is a spy." 
On pulling off the other boot, a similar package was found. 
Andre was now allowed to dress, and they marched him across 
the road into the field, about 20 rods. The young men winked 
to each other, to make further discoveries, and inquired from 
whom he got the papers. " Of a man at Pine's Bridge, a stran- 
ger to me," replied Andre. He then offered them, for his 
liberty, his horse, equipage, and one hundred guineas : this 
they refused to take, unless he informed them where he ob- 
tained the papers. He refused to comply, but again offered 
his horse, equipage, and one thousand guineas. They were 
firm in their denial, and he increased his offer to ten thousand 
guineas and as many dry goods as they wished, which should 
be deposited in any place they desired ; that they might keep 
him and send some one to New- York with his order, so that 
they could obtain them unmolested. To this they replied, 
that it did not signify for him to make any ofler, for he should 
not go. They then proceeded to the nearest military station, 
which was at North Castle, about twelve miles distant, and deli- 
vered him to Colonel Jameson, commanding officer. The con- 
duct of Paulding was the theme of admiration throughout the 
whole country. For his services the State of New- York pre- 
sented him with a farm, situated within the town of Cortlandt. 
Congress also voted him a silver medal and an annuity for life. 
The medal was presented by General Washington, in presence 
of the whole army. On one side of the medal was inscribed, 
" Fidelity," and on the reverse, " Vincit amor Patriae." A 
few minutes before this patriot expired, he called Dr. Fountain, 
his medical attendant, to his bedside, and thus addressed him : 
" Doctor, please tell all those who ask after me, that I die a 
true republican." He died on the 18th February, 1818. A 
handsome monument, erected by the Corporation of New- York, 
marks the spot where he is interred. On the front of the 
pedestal is the following inscription : 



PAULDING COUNTY. 469 

" Here repose the mortal remains of 
JOHN PAULDING, 

Who died 18th February, 1818, 

In 60th year of his age. 

On the morning of the 23rd of September, 1780, 

Accompanied by two young farmers of the county of 

Westchester, 

Whose names will one day be recorded 

on their own deserved monuments. 

He intercepted the British spy, Andre. 

Poor himself, 

He disdained to acquire wealth by the sacrifice of his country. 

Rejecting the temptation of great rewards. 

He conveyed his prisoner to the American camp, 

and, 

By this act of self-denial. 

The treason of Arnold was detected, 

The designs of the enemy baffled. 

West Point and America saved. 

And these United States, 

Now, by the Grace of God, free and independent, 

Rescued from the most imminent peril." 

On the fourth side of the pedestal : 

" The Corporation 

Of the City of New- York 

Erected this tomb 

As a monument sacred 

To 

Public gratitude." 

Efforts have been made to prove that the three captors of 
Andre are not entitled to the praise which has been awarded 
to them. In the Congress of the United States, a member as- 
serted that the character of these men was infamous. He 
accused them of being as often in the camp of the enemies 
of their country as in our own ; of being destitute not only of 
patriotism, but of common honesty and honour ; of belonging to 
that detestable gang usually known by the name of Cow Boys. 



470 PIKE COUNTY. 

These charges have been fully refuted, and we believe that 
our countrymen are prepared to accord to the captors of 
Andre the fairest page in the annals of freedom. 



PIKE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Pike county has Fayette and Henry 
on the N., Monroe and a part of Butts on the E., Upson on the 
S., and the Flint river and Line creek on the W. It was laid 
out in 1822, and before portions of it were added to Upson 
" it commenced at the centre line of the eleventh district of 
Monroe, running west on the line dividing Houstoun and Mon- 
roe to the corner of the first and sixteenth districts of Hous- 
toun ; thence in a direct line to the mouth of Big Potato 
creek ; then up the Flint river to the county line dividing 
Monroe and Fayette ; then on said line east to the county 
line of the third section of Monroe ; then south on said line 
and the centre lines of the seventh and eleventh districts of 
Monroe, to the beginning." It lies within the granite region, 
and is 23 miles long and 17 miles wide, embracing 391 square 
miles. 

Post Offices. — Zebulon, Griffin, Barnesville, Liberty Hill, 
Milner. ^"^ 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 Pike had 
7,921 whites, and 3,473 blacks ; total, 1 1,394. The popula- 
tion has doubtless increased since that time. Taxes returned 
for 1848, $4,489 18. Sends two members to the Legislature. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river forms a part of the 
western boundary, and is remarkable for the rich lands on its 
borders. The other streams are Big Potato, Elkins, Birch, 
Flat, Grape, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly, and Rose creeks. 

Towns. — Zebulon, a quiet and pleasant village, is the 
county seat. It is distant 77 miles W. of Milledgeville, 27 
from Fayetteville, 10 from Flint river, 17 from Thomas- 
ton, 25 from Forsyth, 50 from Macon, and 12 from Griffin. 
The court-house is built of brick, and cost $8,000. The jail is a 
plain building, constructed of wood. A tolerable fair business 



PIKE COUNTY. 471 

is done. There are two churches, two academies, &c. The 
capital was formeriy Newnan, but in 1825 this honour was 
conferred upon Zebulon. 

Griffin, called after Gen. L. L. Griffin, its founder, is situ- 
ated on the Macon and Western Railroad, at the extreme 
northern boundary of the county. This town was commenced 
in 1840, by the Monroe Railroad and Banking Company. 
Mr. Wm. Leake bought the first lot for $1,000, June 8, 1840. 
Griffin is the market for Meriwether, Henry, Pike, a por- 
tion of Troup and Fayette, a part of Upson, Monroe, and 
Butts. A large amount of business is transacted. Probably 
over 8400,000 worth of goods are annually sold. The town 
is improving in every respect. At present there are three 
churches, three or four hotels, five large warehouses, forty or 
fifty stores, besides a large number of mechanics' shops, &c. 
The population exceeds 2,000, and for orderly conduct and 
moral habits cannot be surpassed in Georgia. Every thing 
connected with this place affiards proof of the energy and 
enterprise of the citizens. The comfort of many of the hotels, 
the number and excellence of the schools, the success of the 
temperance effiDrt, the various mechanical operations recently 
introduced, and the quantity of goods in spacious brick stores, 
all indicate that Griffin is destined to vie successfully with 
many older places. 

A company has lately been organized, called the Griffin 
and West Point Plank Road Company, designed to con- 
nect the two places by means of a road constructed of plank. 
Should this work be accomplished, it will not only greatly 
contribute to the prosperity of Griffin, but affi^rd superior faci- 
lities to the planters for the transportation of produce. The 
town of Griffin is healthy, the water good, and being the cen- 
tre of a large extent of country, will undoubtedly become a 
place of great importance. The municipal regulations are 
rigidly enforced, and in no town of the same size are there less 
intemperance and disorder. The citizens take much interest 
in the Sabbath school system, and their schools are well at- 
tended. The Southern Mutual Insurance Company originated 
in Griffin, and its operations have been conducted with great 
success. 



472 PIKE COUNTY. 

Barnesville is a thriving little village, named after Mr. 
Barnes, who first settled here. It is on the Macon and West- 
ern Railroad, 18 miles from Griffin. It has two hotels, four or 
five stores, a church, school, &c. It is the point from which 
the Columbus stages depart. More business is transacted 
in Barnesville than one would suppose, and the population will 
not suffer by a comparison with any in Georgia. 

Milner, on the railroad, 12 miles below Griffin. 

Liberty Hill, 13 miles S. E. of Griffin. 

Mills. — Nine saw-mills ; 14 grist-mills ; 4 flour-mills. 

Mountains. — The Pine mountains are in the southern 
part of the county. 

Bridges and Roads. — The roads are fair, although some are 
very bad. The people of Georgia are not in the habit of keeping 
their roads in a good condition. The bridges are in good order. 

Mail Route. — New- York and New-Orleans Mail Line, 
owned by Richard Peters, E. L. Ellsworth, and D. E. Beman. 
On this line are 18 stages; 240 horses, besides a number of 
extras; 15 drivers; 8 agents. Staging reduced to 93 miles ; 
running time, 18 hours between Griffin and Opelika. The 
route passes through Greeneville, La Grange, and West Point. 
Extra coaches are always ready to carry forward in fast time 
any number of through passengers, without detention. The 
roads are excellent, the agents are accommodating, the coaches 
new, horses good, and the drivers temperate and experienced. 
Indeed, this is one among the most superior mail routes in the 
United States. The average number of passengers each way 
per day, is 10. About 48,000 bushels of corn, and over 
1,152,000 pounds of fodder are consumed by the horses con- 
nected with this route, per annum. Contract for carrying the 
mail, $6,000 per annum. 

Minerals. — Beautiful rose-coloured quartz at Mr. John 
Lamar's, three miles west of Griffin ; also smoky quartz, tour- 
maline, beryl, iron, &c. In the banks of the railroad a species of 
white clay is found, used very frequently by some medical gen- 
tlemen in the place of magnesia, and said to be superior to mag- 
nesia as an antacid. In the vicinity of Barnesville and near the 
Baptist Church, beautiful crystallized quartz is found, and near 
Zebulon are rare specimens of quartz and other minerals. 



PIKE COUNTY. 473 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, Universalists, a few Episcopalians, and Christians 
or Disciples of Christ. Education, although generally not com- 
manding sufficient attention, may be said to be on the ad- 
vance. In Zebulon, Griffin, and other places, are excellent 
schools. Number of poor children, 447. Educational fund, 
$387 67. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Religion and 
morals are highly appreciated, and in no portion of Georgia has 
the temperance effort been crowned with greater success. The 
clergy have been indefatigable in their labours, and much of the 
great improvement which has taken place in the character of 
the population is to be attributed to the influence of religion. 
The amusements are hunting, fishing, &c. 

Value of Town Lots, &c, — The value of town lots is 
$119,000. Value of stock in trade, $116,670. Money at 
interest, $257,315. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild, 
and generally healthy. On the creeks diseases of a bilious 
kind occur. Judging from the number of old persons now 
living in this county, we should say that it is decidedly 
favourable to longevity. Mr. Adam Cooper is now living 
between 90 and 100 — a very remarkable old man, who has 
had his coffin made for eight years past, as well as his shroud, 
both of which he keeps under his bed. Mrs. Crawford is 105 
years old. Mr. Harper, recently deceased, was 90. Mrs. 
Lushlin was over 90. Mr. William Nelson died a few years 
ago at the age of 100 ; and there is a church in the county, 
called Century Nelson, in memory of the fact that he had 
numbered 100 years. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions, Average Product 
PER Acre. — In this county there is little rich land, except on 
the Flint river and the creeks, but large bodies of fair average 
land. It is interspersed with gray and mulatto soil. The 
southern part is hilly. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; 
corn, 4 barrels; wheat, 10 bushels; bags of cotton annually 
produced, about 8,000. 

Early Settlers. — Gen. Daniel, James Neal, J. B. Read, 
J. B. Williamson, H. G. Johnson, W. E. Mangum, Gideon 



474 PIKE COUNTY. 

Barnes, Willis J. Milner, Wm. Ellis, Burwell Orr, and John 
Neal. 

Name. — The name of Zebulon Montgomery Pike (after 
whom this county is called) will descend to posterity as one 
among the most gallant heroes which any age or country ever 
produced. He was the son of an officer in the American army, 
and was born in the State of New Jersey, on the 5th day of 
January, 1779. At a very early age he received a commis- 
sion as Ensign, and afterwards of Lieutenant, and attached 
himself to his father's company, which was then stationed on 
the western frontier of the United States. Whilst engaged 
in his military duties, he endeavoured to supply the defects of 
his early education by diligent study. Almost without any 
aid he made considerable proficiency in the Latin, French, 
and Spanish languages, the elementary branches of mathe- 
matics, and polite literature. He had the habit of writing 
upon the blank pages of some favourite volume any thought 
that occurred to him whilst reading. The following extract 
is from the blank leaves of a book, which he valued very 
highly, and will illustrate his lofty spirit : — " Should my 
country call for the sacrifice of that life which has been 
devoted to her services from early youth, most willingly shall 
she receive it. The sod which covers the brave shall be 
moistened by the tears of love and friendship ; but if I fall far 
from my friends, and from you, my Clara, remember that the 
choicest tears which are ever shed are those which bedew the 
unburied head of the soldier ; and when these lines shall meet 

the eyes of our little , let the pages of this little book 

be impressed on his mind as the gift of a father, who had 
nothing to bequeath but his honour ; and let these maxims be 
ever present to his mind, as he rises from youth to manhood. 
First, preserve your honour free from blemish ; second, be 

always ready to die for vour country." 

^ ^ ^ " Z. M. Pike. 

" Kaskaskias, Indian Territory." 

In 1805, this ambitious youth was sent by the government 
of the United States at the head of an expedition for the pur- 
pose of tracing the Mississippi to its source. He embarked at 
St. Louis, on the 9th of August, 1805, with twenty men, in a 



PIKE COUNTY. 475 

Stout boat, with provisions for four months. The narrative of 
this expedition has been given to the public, and evinces on 
the part of Pike an invincible fortitude amidst perils, and a 
cheerful endurance amidst privations. After eight months' 
absence he returned, and shortly afterwards was appointed by 
Gen. Wilkinson to command an expedition to explore the 
interior of Louisiana. This expedition was accompanied by 
hardships to which the former bore no comparison. Cold, 
hunger, and every privation, were willingly suffered to fulfil 
the objects of the expedition ; and he arrived at Natchitoches 
on the 1st July, 1807. Upon his return. Congress was pleased 
to signify to him their sense of his zeal, perseverance, and 
intelligence. He then was appointed Captain, shortly after 
Major, and in 1810 a Colonel of Infantry. During the inter- 
vals of military duty he published an account of his two 
expeditions ; and although this work is far from being fault- 
less, it is nevertheless a very sprightly and highly interesting 
narrative. Upon the declaration of war. Colonel Pike was 
stationed with his regiment upon the northern frontier ; and 
at the beginning of the campaign, in 1813, was appointed a 
Brigadier General in the army of the United States. The 
eyes of the country were directed to the man whom they 
regarded as the chosen champion who was to redeem their 
reputation from that disgrace with which it had been stained 
by a long series of disasters. In the expedition against York, 
he was selected as the commander. On the 25th of April, he 
sailed from Sackett's Harbour in the squadron of Commodore 
Chauncey. On the day before the expedition, he thus writes to 
his father : — " I embark to-morrow in the fleet at Sackett's 
Harbour, at the head of a column of 1500 choice troops on a 
secret expedition. If success attends my steps, honour and 
glory await my name ; if defeat, still shall it be said we died 
like brave men, and conferred honour even in death on the 
American name. Should I be the happy mortal destined to 
turn the scale of war, will you not rejoice, oh my father ? 
May heaven be propitious, and smile upon the cause of my 
country ! But, if we are destined to fall, may my fall be like 
Wolfe's — to sleep in the arms of victory." These words 
were prophetic. After the whole force had landed. Gen. 



476 PULASKI COUNTY. 

Pike, in person, led on the attack. The fire of the enemy was 
soon silenced by his artillery, and a surrender was momently 
expected, when the British magazine exploded, causing death 
all around. Just before the explosion Gen. Pike had sat 
down on the stump of a tree, engaged with one of his aids in 
examiniog a British sergeant, who had been taken prisoner. 
In the explosion a quantity of large stones was thrown in 
every direction, one of which struck Gen. Pike on the breast; 
upon which he said, " I am mortally wounded ; write to my 
friend D., and tell him what you know of the battle, and 

to comfort my ." As the troops passed by their dying 

General, he exclaimed, " Push on, my brave fellows ! push on, 
and avenge the death of your General." Whilst the surgeons 
were carrying him off the field, a great noise was heard in the 
direction of the American troops. Pike turned his head 
anxiously, upon which a sergeant said, " The British union 
jack is coming down. General, and the stars are going up." 
Smiles lighted up the countenance of the expiring chief. He 
was carried to the Commodore's vessel ; and just before he 
breathed his last, the British standard was brought to him, 
upon which, having made a sign to have it placed under his 
head, he expired. A more gallant hero never lived. Noble 
man ! " When our children shall read the history of patriots 
and heroes who have fallen in the arms of victory ; when their 
eyes glisten, and their young hearts throb wildly at the 
kindling theme, they will close the volume that tells of Epam- 
inondas, Sydney, and Wolf, and say, We too had our Mont- 
gomery and our Pike." 



PULASKI. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Twiggs and a part of Wilkinson, E. by Laurens, S. by Telfair 
and Irwin, and W. by Dooly and Houstoun. Laid out from 
Laurens, in 1808. Length 32 miles, breadth 17 ; square 
miles 540. 



PULASKI COUNTY. 477 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee flows through the county. 
Gun Swamp creek is quite a large stream. South Fork Shell 
Stone, Jordan's, Limestone, Moscheto, Cross, Cypress, Fol- 
som's, Cedar, Bluff, Reedy, Muddy, and Tucsawhachee or Big 
Creek discharge their waters into the Ocmulgee. 

Post Office. — Hawkinsville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation of this county was 3,512 whites, 2,399 blacks ; total, 
5,911. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $2,224 81 cents. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Hawkinsville is the county town, situated on the 
west side of the Ocmulgee river, 61 miles from Milledgeville, 
47 from Macon, 32 from Vienna, and 45 from Jacksonville. 
It has the usual county buildings ; six stores, two churches, 
two hotels, &c. Population, 175. It is an unhealthy place. 
About $150,000 worth of goods are sold per annum. Amount 
of cotton received per annum, 6,000 bales. Incorporated 
in 1830. 

Hartford is opposite to Hawkinsville, formerly a thriving 
place ; but now nearly abandoned on account of its unhealthi- 
ness. 

Early Settlers. — James Phillips, M. McCormick, S. 
Mitchell, S. Coalson, J. Johnson. 

Mills. — There are in the county between 20 and 25 saw- 
mills, and about the same number of grist-mills. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The prevailing sects are 
Baptists and Methodists. There is a want of interest in the 
subject of education. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$49,866 ; value of stock in trade, $43,250 ; money at interest, 
$7,445. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The 
lower part of the county is level. The upper part is rolling. 
Much of the land is unproductive. The lands on the east side 
of the Ocmulgee are rich, producing cotton, corn, &c. Land 
is worth on an average, $3 per acre. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are good. The bridges 
are neglected. 

Climate, Diseases, &c. — The climate is hot and un- 
31 



478 PULASKI COUNTY. 

healthy. Remote from the swamps diseases are not so com- 
mon. We have been able to ascertain but one case of 
longevity, Jacob Parkerson, a soldier of the Revolution, was 79 
at his death. One or two negroes have reached an advanced 
age. 

Character of the People. — The temperance effort has 
had a happy influence upon the population. The amount of 
immorality has greatly diminished. Hospitality and kindness 
to strangers are traits in the character of the people. 

Rocks. — Pulaski offers a wide field to the a;eolog;ist. The 
rotten limestone formation prevails, filled with shells of almost 
every variety. Fossil bones and petrified wood are very com- 
mon. On the banks of the river at Hawkinsville, petrifactions 
are abundant. 

Antiquities. — There are a number of small mounds in 
various parts of the county, on the Ocmulgee river. 

Name. — This division of the State was named after Count 
Pulaski. After Casimir Pulaski had unsuccessfully contended 
for the principles of liberty in his own country, he determined 
to connect himself with those who were engaged in the same 
struggle in America. Dr. Franklin, then minister to the Court of 
France, to whom Pulaski was introduced in Paris, thus writes 
to Gen. Washington : " Count Pulaski, of Poland, an officer 
famous throughout Europe for his bravery and conduct in de- 
fence of the liberties of his country against the great invading 
powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, will have the honour 
of delivering this into your hands. The Court here have en- 
couraged and promoted his voyage, from an opinion that he 
may be highly useful in our service." Furnished with such a 
testimonial, Pulaski found no difficulty in getting employment 
in the American army. In the battle of Brandywine he had 
a post near Washington, and by his bravery and activity, con- 
firmed the reputation which he had in Europe, as an accom- 
plished officer. After the battle. Congress appointed him to 
the command of the cavalry, with the rank of Brigadier Gene- 
ral ; but owing to some dissatisfaction among the officers un- 
der him, he resigned his command and joined the main army 
at Valley Forge. In 1778, with the approbation of Washing- 
ton and Congress, he raised a corps, which was afterwards 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 479 

called Pulaski's Legion. In February, 1779, Pulaski and his 
legion were ordered to Savannah, to join General Lincoln. 
On his way thither he entered Charleston three days before 
General Prevost invested that city. In an attack upon the 
British force he greatly distinguished himself, although the 
superior numbers of the enemy compelled him to retreat. 
When a majority of the inhabitants of Charleston desired to 
capitulate, Pulaski succeeded in calming their fears, and in- 
duced the Council to inform the British commander that all 
negotiations upon that subject had terminated. In the as- 
sault upon Savannah, in 1779, he sealed his devotion to liberty 
by his blood. Upon the details of this siege, we have not 
space to dwell, and can only say, that understanding that 
Count D'Estaing was wounded, and that the French troops 
were in a state of confusion, Pulaski rushed among them, and 
was wounded by a cannon shot and fell. Some of his men 
proceeded to the place where he lay and bore him off. He 
died at sea a few days after he received his wound, and his 
remains were committed to the deep. In the city of Savan- 
nah there is a monument to the memory of Pulaski and 
Greene. It is hoped, that an appropriate inscription will soon 
be placed upon it. 



PUTNAM. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Morgan and Greene, E. by Greene and Hancock, W. by Jas- 
per, and S. by Jones and Baldwin. Laid out in 1807, lines 
established and confirmed in 1808, and a part taken from it 
and added to Jones, in 1810. It is about 20 miles long and 18 
wide, and contains 360 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Eatonton, Clopton's Mills, Rockville, 
Glade's Cross Roads, Stanfordville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gives the population thus : whites, 3,756; blacks, 7,183; 
total, 10,939. State tax returned for 1848, $4,831 37 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Oconee and Little rivers are the 



480 PUTNAM COUNTY. 

chief streams. The creeks are Murder, Rooty, Crooked, 
Glady, Lick, and others. 

Towns. — Eatonton, named after General Eaton, is the seat 
of justice, in the centre of the county, on a high ridge, 22 
miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville, 22 from Greenesborough, 22 
from Madison, 18 from Monticello, 28 from Clinton, 28 from 
Sparta, and 24 from Macon. It has a court-house, jail, one 
church for Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians ; a branch 
of the Bank of the State of Georgia, Masonic Hall, two 
academies, eleven stores, mechanics' shops, (fee. The town 
is distinguished for its beautiful groves. It was made the 
county site in 1808. Population, 600. 

Stanfordville, 12 miles from Eatonton, has a church, two 
stores, school, &c. This place was formerly known by the name 
of Half Acre, or Devil's Half Acre, an appellation given to it, 
from the wickedness of the inhabitants. We are pleased, 
however, to say that it no longer merits this name. It is now 
a quiet and moral village. 

Rockville, 11 miles from Eatonton. It has two stores, 
church, school, &c. 

Glade's Cross Roads, 9f miles from Eatonton. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — The soil is of the 
description called mulatto, peculiarly adapted to cotton.' The 
soil has been impoverished by a bad system of cultivation. 
The farmers are beginning to adopt measures to reclaim the 
lands; and a hope is entertained that they will be restored to 
a produce sufficient for all purposes. The county was origin- 
ally laid off into lots of 202^ acres ; and such has been the 
fertility of the soil, that in 1847 there w^as only one lot which 
retained its original growth. Lands are increasing in value, 
and are scarce at f 5 and $8 per acre. 

Improvements. — Farmers are providing themselves with 
useful agricultural fixtures. 

Freshets. — These are sometimes very tremendous, sweep- 
ing away dams, bridges, and mills. 

Manufactures, Mills. — The Eaton Manufacturing Com- 
pany, situated on Little river, three miles west of Eatonton. 
Capital $70,000. 

Spindles, - 1,836 

Looms, - - 36 



PUTNAM COUNTY 481 

Bundles of yarn per day, 100 

Yards of Osnaburgs, " 1000 

Number of hands employed, 97 

Wages of operatives, from $12 to 20 per month. 

Annual expense of hands, $7,000. 

About 100 yards of bagging per day are made from waste 
and inferior cotton. 

In addition to the above, a quantity of rope is also made. 
Proper attention is paid to the instruction of the children of 
the operatives. 

Merchant-mills, six, of a very superior character ; grist-mills 
five ; saw-mills fourteen. 

Forest Trees, Fruits, Flowers. — The various kinds of 
oak peculiar to middle Georgia, pine, poplar, sycamore, beach, 
maple, ash, gum, elm, cucumber, &c. Fruits do well when 
proper attention is paid to them. In Eatonton some taste for 
flowers is displayed. The garden of Judge Meriwether is 
well worth a visit. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is the sarwe 
which prevails in the middle counties of Georgia ; and the 
diseases are similar in character. Mr. William Hathorn died 
in this county at the age of 109 ; Mr. Francis Ward was be- 
tween 80 and 90 ; Mr. Joseph Turner was over 80. 

Religious Denominations, Education. — The principal re- 
ligious denominations are Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyte- 
rians. Education receives a due share of attention. Number 
of poor children, 164. Educational fund, $142 24 cents. 

Antiquities. — On the road to Covington are the remains 
of an ancient fortification. Six miles W. of Eatonton are two 
or three Indian mounds. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, barley, peas, &c. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, 600 pounds ; corn, 
three barrels ; wheat, 10 bushels. From 8 to 10,000 bales of 
cotton are made per annum. 

Roads and Bridges. — These require more attention. 

Minerals. — A vein of copper has been found in the west- 
ern part of the county, one mile from Stanfordville. Granite 
is abundant ; iron ore, tourmaline, quartz. Some years ago, 
a few particles of gold were found. 



482 PUTNAM COUNTY. 

Markets. — Savannah, Augusta, and Macon. 

Value of Town Lots, &;c. — The value of town lots, ac- 
cording to the Digest of 1848, is $49,666. Value of stock in 
trade, $42,127 ; money at interest, $325,920. Capital invested 
in manufactures, over $50,000. 

Miscellaneous. — The first Superior Court for this county 
was held at Hillsborough, by Judge Early. The first election 
was held in January, 1808. 

Name. — This county received its name to commemorate the 
services of Israel Putnam, a hero of the Revolution, who was 
born at Salem, Massachusetts, January 7, 1718. The accounts 
we have of his intrepidity border on the marvellous. His bold 
attack of a wolf, while in her den, is related with great parti- 
cularity, in a memoir written by General Humphrey, and need 
not be repeated in this sketch. In the war which broke out 
in 1755, between England and France, he was appointed a 
captain of Rangers, and afterwards served under Generals 
Abercrombie and Amherst, on the frontiers, and in Canada. 
His numerous adventures would fill a volume. Upon one oc- 
casion he was compelled to surrender to an Indian, who 
bound him to a tree which stood directly between the fires of 
the contending parties. The balls flew thick from each side ; 
many struck the tree, whilst some passed over the sleeves and 
skirts of his coat. During this time, a young savage amused 
himself by hurling his tomahawk, to see how near he could 
throw it without striking his head. The weapon struck in the 
tree a number of times, at a hair's breadth from the mark. Af- 
ter this, a Frenchman levelled his gun within a foot of his 
breast, but it missed fire. Whilst a prisoner among the In- 
dians, he endured the most shocking barbarities. In one in- 
stance he was stripped, and a fire was kindled to roast him 
alive ; but a French officer saved him. After the close of the 
war, he commanded the Connecticut troops in an expedition 
against the Western Indians. In 1762, when war was de- 
clared between England and Spain, he had the command of 
the Connecticut regiment, which was sent to Cuba, and was 
present at the taking of the fortifications of Havana. 

He was ploughing in the field when he heard of the battle 
of Lexington ; upon which, leaving his plough in the field, and 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 483 

without changing his clothes, he repaired to Cambridge, riding 
in one day one hundred miles. He was immediately made a 
Brigadier General in the provincial army, returned to Connec- 
ticut, levied a i^egiment, and repaired again to the camp. In 
the memorable battle of Bunker's Hill he displayed consum- 
mate bravery. Washington had the greatest confidence in his 
courage and skill, and trusted him with the command of the 
city of New- York, at the time when it was thought that the 
whole force of the enemy would attempt to take possession of 
it. The fidelity with which he executed this important com- 
mand was acknowledged by Washington in general orders. 
In August, 1776, he was stationed at Brooklyn, Long Island. 
In the following October or November he was sent to Phila- 
delphia, to fortify that city. In January, 1777, he was ordered 
to take post at Princeton, where he remained until spring. At 
this place the following incident occurred: Captain McPher- 
son, of the British army, had been severely wounded ; and be- 
lieving that his end was approaching, expressed a wish that 
General Putnam would permit a friend in the British army at 
Brunswick to come and assist him in making his will. This re- 
quest created much embarrassment in the mind of Putnam. 
He desired to be humane, but was unwiUing that the weak- 
ness of his post should be seen by a British officer, for at this 
time he had but fifty men under his command. He therefore 
adopted an expedient to gratify the wishes of the British offi- 
cer, and at the same time prevent any discoveries as to the 
weakness of his post. A flag was despatched with McPher- 
son's request, but under an injunction that his friend should be 
brought in the night. In the evening, lights were placed in all 
the College buildings, and in every apartment of the vacant 
houses throughout the town. During the whole night, the fif- 
ty men, sometimes all together, and sometimes in small detach- 
ments, were marched from various quarters by the house in 
which McPherson lay. The officer on his return reported, that 
General Putnam could not have a force of less than 4 or 5,000 
men. On one occasion, a tory by the name of Palmer was 
detected in the camp. The enemy demanded him, threaten- 
ing vengeance if he were not given up ; upon which General 
Putnam wrote the following reply : " Sir, Nathan Palmer, a 



484 RABUN COUNTY. 

lieutenant in your king's service, was taken in nay camp as a 
spy. He was tried as a spy, he was condemned as a spy, and 
he shall be hanged as a spy. P. S. Afternoon. He is hanged." 
Upon the loss of Fort Montgomery, Washington directed 
Putnam to fix upon a spot on which to build another fortifica- 
tion ; and to him belongs the credit of selecting West Point. 
In December, 1779, while on his way from Connecticut to 
Head Quarters, General Putnam was attacked by a paralytic 
affection, under which he languished until his life was brought 
to a close, 29th of May, 1790, aged 72 years. " Born a hero 
whom nature taught and cherished in the lap of innumerable 
toils and dangers, he was terrible in battle. But from the ami- 
ableness of his heart, when carnage ceased, his humanity 
spread over the field like the refreshing zephyrs of a summer's 
evening. The prisoner, the sick, the forlorn, experienced the 
delicate sympathies of this soldier's pillar."* 



RABUN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Rabun forms the N. E. corner of 
the State, and is bounded N. by Macon county. North Caro- 
lina, E. by Chattooga river, which separates it from South 
Carolina, S. by Habersham, and W. by Union. Laid out 
in 1819. It is 20 miles long, and 20 wide, containing 400 
square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Tennessee, Chattooga, Tallulah, and 
Ulufta rivers, are the principal streams. The creeks are 
Gumekeloke, War Woman's, Stekoa, Tiger Tail, Wild Cat, 
Persimmon, and Mud creeks. The Tennessee river rises in 
this county, within four miles of Clayton, and soon swells to a 
considerable stream. The gap of the Blue Ridge, near its 
source, is perhaps the lowest in the United States. The wa- 
ters of the Savannah rise near the same point. General Millar, 
who once resided in this county, commenced a canal to unite 
the waters of the Tennessee with those of the Savannah. 

* Thatcher's Journal. American Biographical Dictionary. National Por- 
trait Gallery. 



RABUN COUNTY. 485 

Post Office. — Clayton. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 1,825 whites, and 93 blacks. Amount of taxes 
returned for 1848, $409 90. Entitled to one representative. 

Town. — Clayton is the seat of justice, and is situated near 
the centre of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. It is 156 
miles N. of Milledgeville, 25 from Clarkesville, and 9 from 
the North Carolina line. Population, 16. It has a court-house, 
jail, and church, one grocery, one academy, and one lawyer. 
At the time this notice was prepared, there was no trade of 
any description carried on in Clayton. The town was loca- 
ted, incorporated, and made the county site on lot number 21, 
in the second district, in 1821. It was first named Claytons- 
ville, after Judge Augustus S. Clayton, but in 1823 the name 
was changed to that of Clayton. 

Nature of the Soil. — A few fine bodies of land are in 
the county, principally on the water-courses. In the vicinity 
of Mockeson Court Ground, there is some superior land. This 
place is so hemmed in by impassable mountains, that it cannot 
without difficulty be reached by a vehicle, without passing 
through a corner of South Carolina. Twenty-five or thirty 
families reside here, composed of the most substantial citizens 
in the county. 

Minerals. — Granite abounds; iron, carbonate of iron, 
alum, &c. Gold has been found in several localities, parti- 
cularly on Persimmon creek. Powell's, Stonecypher's, and 
Smith's mines have been tolerably productive. Morgan's 
mines are thought to be rich 

Early Settlers. — Mr. John Dillon, Mr. Williams, Mr. 
Edward Coffee, Mr. David Mosely, Mr. Benjamin Odell, and 
others. 

Average Price of Grain, Provisions, &;c. — 

Corn averages . . 30 cts. per bushel. 

Oats "... 

Rye " . . . 

Wheat " from 75 cts. to 1 

Irish potatoes average 

Sweet " " . . 



30 
50 




00 


« ' 


40 


{( t 


50 





Pork averages 


3^ cts 


Bacon "... 


9 


Beef "... 


2i " 


Eggs "... 


6 


Chickens " . . ,1 


00 


Turkeys "... 


75 


Board can be had at $4 to $8 per month. 



486 RABUN COUNTY. 

pound. 

a 

li 

dozen, 
pah'. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is cold in 
winter, but pleasant and bracing in summer. The diseases 
are such as usually occur in mountainous districts. The fol- 
lowing are the cases of longevity which we have been able to 
ascertain. Mr. Williams died in this county at the age of 
110 years, and was a drummer in the revolutionary war. Mr. 
Wall is now living, over 80 ; Mr. John Steele, over 80 ; Mr- 
Josias Callahan, 80. 

Mountains, Valleys. — Rabun is a county of moun- 
tains. In whatever direction the eye is turned it beholds 
ridges of mountains, one behind the other, " like a dark blue 
sea of giant billows, instantly stricken solid by nature's magic 
wand." The different peaks are named Bald mountain, 
Screamer, Pinnacle, Tallulah, &c. The valleys are Tennessee, 
War Woman, Persimmon, Tiger Tail, and Simpson's creek. 

Roads and Bridges. — A resident of the county informs 
the author that the roads are bad, bad as roads can be. The 
turnpike road extending from Habersham to North Carolina, 
runs through Rabun, and is now in a very bad condition. 
There are no bridges or ferries. When the waters are too 
deep for fording, the people are compelled to wait until they 
subside. 

Caves, Falls. — In the county are several caves, but none 
particularly celebrated. Ten miles N. E. of Clayton is a 
beautiful fall, called Eastatoah,and about four miles from Clay- 
ton are the Stekoa falls, which many persons think superior 
in beauty to the far-famed Toccoa falls. 

Mills, Distilleries. — The water-power in this county is 
equal to any in the State. Saw-mills, 3 ; grist-mills, 10 or 15 ; 
distilleries, 6. 

Forest Trees, Fruits. — The forest trees are hickory, 
oak, poplar, pine, walnut, maple, fir, spruce pine, chestnut, 



RABUN COUNTY. 487 

cedar, &c. Apples grow in great abundance, and of superior 
quality. The farmers carry large quantities below, for which 
they obtain means to procure sugar, coffee, and salt. 

Animals, Fish. — There are vast numbers of deer in the 
mountains ; also bears and wolves. The streams are well 
supplied with fish ; there are, however, no large fish except in 
the rivers. Here can be had to great perfection the delicious 
mountain trout. A very peculiar fish, called the " jumping mul- 
let," is caught in great numbers at a shoal on War Woman's 
creek. The process of catching them, as it has been de- 
scribed, is this. The fish in immense numbers come up to 
the foot of the shoal and attempt to jump over the obstacle ; 
not being sufficiently active to reach the top, they necessarily 
fall back, and in their descent are caught in baskets held by 
the fishermen for the purpose. 

Religious Sects, Temperance, Education. — Baptists and 
Methodists ; the former are the most numerous. The tempe- 
rance effort has been productive of good. In almost every 
settlement there is a school, in which the common branches 
are taught. Number of poor children, 435. Educational 
fund, $377 28. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — If the records 
of the court in Rabun be any criteria by which to judge the 
character of its population, then we are prepared to say that 
the character of the people is good as to morals and punctu- 
ality in personal matters, as there are not a dozen cases, in- 
cluding civil and criminal, returned to the court in a year. 
The amusements are hunting and fishing. Indeed, we have 
been informed that hunting is the principal business of many. 
Energy and industry are much wanted. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$3,825. Value of stock in trade, $2,500. Money at inte- 
rest, $1,495. 

Name. — This county was named after William Rabun, 
formerly Governor of the State of Georgia. He was born in 
Halifax county. North Carolina, on the 8th of April, 1771. 
He came to Georgia with his father, Matthew Rabun, in 1785, 
who, after residing in Wilkes one year, removed to Hancock. 
Mr. Rabun was not favoured with a good education, but em- 



488 RABUN COUNTY. 

braced every opportunity of improving his mind. At the age 
of seventeen he became a member of the Baptist church, and 
continued a zealous and exemplary Christian to the end of his 
life. In all the benevolent operations of the day, he took a 
leading part ; indeed, to promote the interests of his fellow- 
men, appeared to give him real enjoyment. In Hancock he 
w^as very popular, for although he never urged any claims that 
he might have to the consideration of the people, he was for 
many years their representative and Senator in the Legisla- 
ture, and was never defeated for any office for which he was 
a candidate. He became President of the Senate, and upon 
the resignation of Gov. Mitchell, acted as Governor of Geor- 
gia from March, 1817, to November of the same year, 
when he was elected Governor by the Legislature. During 
his administration^ a correspondence took place between 
Gen. Andrew Jackson and himself, relative to an attack upon 
an Indian village, called Chehaw. It appears that a Captain 
Wright had destroyed the village just named, being a violation 
of the orders which he had received from Gov. Rabun. This 
was done after Gen. Jackson's assurance to the people of that 
village that they should be protected, and whilst their warriors 
were fighting with Jackson against the common enemy. 
This provoked the General's ii'e, and accordingly he addressed 
the Governor of Georgia the following letter : 

On march towards Pensacola, 
7 miles advance of Fort Gadsden, May 7, 1818. 

Sir, — 1 have this moment received by express the letter of 
Gen. Glascock (a copy of which is enclosed), detailing the 
base, cowardly, and inhuman attack on the old women and 
men of the Chehaw village, whilst the warriors of that village 
were with me fighting the battles of our country against- the 
common enemy, and at a time too when undoubted testimony 
had been obtained and was in my possession, and also in the 
possession of General Glascock, of their innocence of the 
charge of killing Leigh and the other Georgian at Cedar creek. 
That a Governor of a State should assume the right to make 
war against an Indian tribe in perfect peace with, and under 
the protection of the United States, is assuming a responsi- 



RABUN COUNTY. 489 

bility that I trust you will be able to excuse to the government 
of the United States, to which you will have to answer, and 
through which I had so recently passed, promising the aged that 
remained at home my protection, and taking the warriors with 
me in the campaign, is as unaccountable as strange. But 
it is still more strange that there could exist, within the United 
States, a cowardly monster in human shape, that could violate 
the sanctity of a flag, when borne by any person, but more 
particularly when in the hands of a superannuated Indian 
chief, worn down with age. Such base cowardice and mur- 
derous conduct, as this transaction affords, has not its parallel 
in history, and shall meet with its merited punishment. You, 
sir, as a Governor of a State, within my military division, 
have no right to give a military order whilst I am in the field : 
and this being an open and violent infringement of the treaty 
with the Creek Indians, Capt. Wright must be prosecuted and 
punished for this outrageous murder ; and I have ordered him 
to be arrested and confined in irons, until the pleasure of the 
President of the United States is known upon the subject. 
If he has left Hartford before my orders reach him, I call upon 
you, as Governor of Georgia, to aid me in carrying into effect 
my order for his arrest and confinement, which I trust will be 
afforded, and Capt. Wright brought to condign punishment for 
this unparalleled murder. It is strange that this hero had not 
followed the trail of the murderers of your citizens ; it would 
have led to Mickasucky, where we found the bleeding scalps 
of your citizens ; but there might have been more danger in 
this, than attacking a village containing a few superannuated 
women and men, and a few young women, without arms or 
protectors. This act will to the last age fix a stain upon the 
character of Georgia. 

(Signed) Andrew Jackson. 

To this letter Gov. Rabun sent the following answer : 

Executive Department, Georgia, 

Milledgeville, 1st June, 1818. 

Sir, — I have lately had the honour to receive yours of the 
7th of May, founded on a communication from Gen. Glascock, 
relative to the attack recently made on the Chehaw village. 



490 RABUN COUNTY. 

Had you, sir, or Gen. Glascock been in possession of the facts 
that produced the affair, it is to be presumed, at least, that 
you would not have indulged in a strain so indecorous and 
unbecoming. I had, on the 21st March last, stated the situa- 
tion of our bleeding frontier to you, and requested you, in 
respectful terms, to detail a part of your overwhelming force 
for our protection, or that you would furnish supplies, and I 
would order out more troops, to which you have never yet 
deigned to reply. You state, in a very haughty tone, " that I, 
as Governor of a State under your military division, have no 
right to give a military order whilst you are in the field." 
Wretched and contemptible indeed must be our situation, if 
this be the fact ; when the liberties of the people of Georgia 
shall have been prostrated at the feet of a military despotism, 
then, and not till then, will your imperious doctrine be tamely 
submitted to. You may rest assured that if the savages con- 
tinue their depredations on our unprotected frontier, I shall 
think and act for myself in that respect. You demand " that 
Capt. Wright be delivered in irons to Major Uavis, your 
agent." If, sir, you are unacquainted with the fact, I beg leave 
to inform you, that Capt. Wright was not under your com- 
mand, for he had been appointed an officer in the Chatham 
county militia, wh^ch was drafted for the special purpose 
of assisting Gen. Gaines in reducing Amelia Island. That 
object having been accomplished before our militia had taken 
the field, Gen. Gaines, as soon as their organization was com- 
pleted, assumed the right of ordering them to the frontier, with- 
out even consulting the State authority upon the subject. 
Capt. Wright being at that time in a state of debility, failed to 
march, and of course was not mustered into the service of the 
United States. He however followed on to Hartford, where, 
finding himself not likely to be received into the service of 
the United States, he tendered his services to command the 
contemplated expedition, which were accordingly accepted. 
Having violated his orders by destroying the Chehaw village, 
instead of Hoponnis and Philemmis towns (against which the 
expedition was directed), I had previous to receiving your de- 
mand ordered him to be arrested ; but before he was appre- 
hended agreeably to my orders, he was taken by your agent, 



RABUN COUNTY. 491 

and afterwards liberated by the civil authority. I have since 
had him arrested and confined, and shall communicate the 
whole transaction to the President of the United States for 
his decision, together with a copy of your letter. 

(Signed) Wm, Rabun. 

To this letter Gen. Andrew Jackson made the following 

reply : 

Head Quarters, Division South, 
Nashville, Ten., August 1, 1818. 

Sir, — Your letter of the 1st of June was not received 
until this day, though a gasconading notice of such a commu- 
nication having been written appeared long since in the 
Georgia journals. I am not disposed to enter into any con- 
troversy with you relative to our respective duties, but would 
recommend an examination of the laws of our country before 
you hazard an opinion on the subject. " The liberty of the 
people prostrated at the feet of a military despotism," arecant 
expressions for political purposes ; the better part of the com- 
munity know too well that they have nothing to apprehend 
from that quarter. The military have rights secured to them 
by the laws of our country as well as the civil : and in my 
respect for those of the latter, 1 will never permit those of the 
former to be outraged with impunity. Your letter of the 21st 
of March, on which you, and the journalists, dwell with so 
much force, you must have been aware could not have 
reached me in time to produce the object required. " The 
situation of our bleeding frontier" at that period was magni- 
fied by the apprehensions of a few frontier settlers, and those 
who had not understanding enough to penetrate into the 
designs of my operations. You have forgot that Col. Hayne, 
with 300 or 400 Tennesseans, made a movement for the 
security of the pretended assailed point in Georgia, and did 
not pursue me until satisfied of the perfect security of that 
frontier. Whilst you are so tenacious of your own executive 
powers, it may be necessary to explain upon what authority 
Capt. Wright received instructions to call for a reenforcement 
from Fort Early, garrisoned by militia, who, you will not 
deny, were at that time in the service of the United States, 
and under my command. 

(Signed) And. Jackson. 



492 RABUN COUNTY. 

To the above, Gov. Rabun sent the following reply : — 

Executive Department, Georgia, 
Milledgeville, Sept. 1, 1818. 

Sir, — I have lately had the honour to receive your letter 
of the 1st ult. I supposed that our correspondence on this 
subject had finally terminated, but the renewal on your part 
has induced me to make this short reply. I find that the same 
angry disposition, which no doubt dictated your letter of the 
7th of May last, is still rankling in your breast. It is very 
certain that I have never intentionally assailed your feelings, 
or wantonly provoked your frowns ; and I flatter myself that 
it is equally certain that I shall never find it necessary to 
court your smiles. You are not disposed to enter into a con- 
troversy with me relative to our respective duties, but recom- 
mend " an examination of the laws of our country before I 
again hazard an ojoinion on the subject." Your advice is 
good, and should be attended to (at least) by all public offi- 
cers. I hope that you will now permit me in turn to recom- 
mend to you, that before you undertake to prosecute another 
campaign, you examine the orders of your superiors with 
more attention than usual. You assert " that the better part 
of the community know too well that they have nothing to 
apprehend from a 7nilitary despotism" — and in proof of the 
assertion it might have been well 'for you to have called my 
attention to your late proceedings at St. Marks and Pensacola, 
as affording conclusive evidence on that point. The situation 
of our bleeding frontiers, you say, was magnified by the ap- 
prehensions of a few frontier settlers, and those who had not 
understanding enough to penetrate into the designs of your 
operations. Indeed, sir, we had expected that your presence 
at the head of an overwhelming force would have afforded 
complete protection to our bleeding and distressed citizens, 
bordering on an extensive and unprotected frontier ; but our 
prospects were only delusive, for it would seem that the 
laurels expected in Florida were the objects that accelerated 
you more than the protection of the " ignorant Georgians." 
If Col. Hayne, and his 300 or 400 Tennesseans, made a 
movement for the security of the pretended assailed point of 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 493 

Georgia, it was certainly a very unsuccessful one. When 
you shall have explained to me by what authority you sent 
Major Davis into this State with orders to apprehend Capt. 
Wright, (who was not under your command,) and place him 
in irons, &c., then I shall deem it my duty to explain to you 
the motives which induced me to call for a reenforcement 
from Fort Early. Wm. Rabun. 

Mr. Rabun died whilst Governor, at his plantation, 24th of 
October, 1819, a few days before the expiration of his office. 
The message which he had prepared for the Legislature was sent 
to that body, Matthew Talbot being Governor pro tem. The 
message concludes thus : " Upon a strict examination I trust 
it will appear to the satisfaction of my fellow-citizens, that in 
every situation in which I have been placed, my highest object 
and only aim have been, to promote the interests and prosperity 
of our beloved country." We believe that the people of 
Georgia will confirm the truth of this declaration. 



RANDOLPH. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Stewart, E. by Lee, S. by Early and Baker, and W. by the 
Chattahoochee. Laid out from Lee, in 1828. Length 40 
miles, breadth 27 ; square miles 1,080. 

Post Offices. — Cuthbert, Brooksville, Cotton Hill, Eutaw. 
Georgetown, Lowell, Pataula, Pumpkintown, 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation of this county was 11,084; of these, 7,131 were 
whites, and 3,953 blacks. State tax for 1848, $3,480 37 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee separates the county 
from Alabama. Pataula, Ocetahnee, Tobenanee, and Cemoche- 
chobbee creeks, flow into the Chattahoochee ; Pachitla, and 
Fushachee flow south, and empty into the Ichawaynocha- 
way, which discharges itself into the Flint river. The smaller 
streams are Sandy, Pumpkin, Hodchodkee, and Socohachee 
creeks. 

32 



494 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 

Towns. — Cuthbert is the seat of justice. It has a brick 
court-house, handsomely arranged ; cost $16,000; a jail, con- 
structed of wood ; two churches, Methodist and Baptist ; three 
hotels, two academies, one resident minister, one Masonic 
Lodge, and one Division of the Sons of Temperance. The 
streets are regularly laid off, and are shaded with China and 
mulberry trees. The water, although slightly impregnated 
with lime, is good. Population 500. This is a thriving town, 
doing business to the amount of $80,000 per annum. It was 
made the county site in 1831 ; incorporated in 1834, and nam- 
ed after the Hon. J. A. Cuthbert, of Mobile. It is 150 miles 
from Milledgeville, 22 from Lumpkin, and 40 from Americus. 

Georgetown is a small village on the Chattahoochee, N. 
W. of Cuthbert. It has a warehouse, four stores, one gro- 
cery, and two blacksmiths. Four thousand bags of cotton are 
received here in a year. Population 100. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads are excellent ; the bridges 
are kept in tolerable repair. 

Mills. — Grist-mills 18, saw-mills 12, merchant mill 1. 
The streams afford every facility for manufactures, and it is 
hoped that the citizens will soon turn their attention to this 
subject. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists stand first in 
point of number. There are Methodists, Presbyterians, Epis- 
copalians, and a few Universalists. 

Education is on the advance. The people are anxious to 
have good schools. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The population 
of this county is highly intelligent. Hunting, fishing, shooting 
matches, and dancing, are the chief amusements. 

Revolutionary Characters. — Peter Bucholter, 77 ; Eze- 
kiel Bryan, 75 : John Brown, 77 ; Thomas Davis, 85 ; Ri- 
chard Darby, 102. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. 
There are but few diseases, and it may be called a healthy 
county. Mr. Love died a few years since at the advanced 
age of 117. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and was an 
active man, though bhnd for 30 years before his death. Mrs. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 495 

Darby is now living, aged 105 years ; she enjoys good health, 
and can walk 15 or 20 miles in a day. 

Animals. — Bears, deer, foxes, wolves, wild cats, otters, 
minks, beavers, &c. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — This county 
contains a large quantity of rich land, capable of producing al- 
most every thing. 

Lands of the first quality are worth $7 per acre ; do. se- 
cond, $4 do. ; do. third do. from 50 cents to $1. 

Caves, Falls, Springs. — Several extensive caves are in 
this county. Falls are numerous on the small streams. At 
Lowell, on Pataula creek, the stream bursts its way through 
a ledge of rocks for 600 yards, exhibiting a very picturesque 
scene, and well adapted for a factory. Large lime springs are 
very common. 

Markets. — Appalachicola is the chief market. 

Productions — Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar cane, 
&c. Many of the planters make their own sugar. Rice is cul- 
tivated in sufficient quantities for domestic use. Fruits thrive ; 
melons are delicious. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton on the first quality 
lands will average 1200 pounds per acre ; corn, 30 bushels per 
acre ; wheat, 15 bushels per acre. On the second quality lands, 
cotton averages 700 pounds per acre ; corn, 20 bushels per 
acre ; wheat, 10 bushels. Third quality will average 300 
pounds of cotton ; corn, 5 bushels ; wheat, 5 bushels. Ten. 
thousand bags of cotton are made in one year. 

Improvements wanted. — Manufactures ought to be intro- 
duced. Attention ought to be paid to the raising of sheep. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$32,980. Value of stock in trade, $25,850. Money at inte- 
rest, $31,898. 

Name. — In 1807, the Legislature of Georgia named that 
portion of the State, now known as Jasper, Randolph ; and, in 
1812, for reasons stated in the preamble of the resolution, the 
Legislature enacted, " that the county of Randolph shall be 
called and known by the name of the county of Jasper." Six- 
teen years afterwards, viz., 1828, the Legislature resolved " that 
this division of the State shall be called Randolph, in honour of 



496 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 

John Randolph of Roanoke." This gentleman was born June 
2d, 1773, in Prince George county, and was descended, in the 
seventh generation, from Pocahontas, the celebrated Indian 
princess. His mother was a very pious woman, and endea- 
voured to bring up her son in a strictly religious manner. His 
education was conducted in a very irregular way — first at a 
country school, and then at three different colleges — Prince- 
ton, Columbia, and William and Mary. He read law in the 
office of Edmund Randolph. It does not appear that John 
Randolph made any great proficiency in law reading. Black- 
stone and Coke were laid aside, and Chaucer, Shakspeare, 
and Milton substituted in their place. When about 26 
years of age, he commenced his political career, and met the 
celebrated Patrick Henry, then in his 67th year, and held a 
long and animated discussion with him. The scene has been 
thus described :* 

Mr. Henry, enfeebled by age and ill health, with a linen 
cap upon his head, mounted the hustings and commenced with 
difficulty ; but, as he proceeded, his eye lighted up with its 
wonted fire, his voice assumed its wonted majesty ; gradually 
accumulating strength and animation, his eloquence seemed 
like an avalanche threatening to overwhelm his adversary. 
In the course of his speech he said, " The alien and sedition 
laws were only the fruits of that constitution the adoption of 

which he opposed If we are wrong, let us all go wrong 

together" — at the same time clasping his hands and waving 
his body to the right and left, his auditory unconsciously waved 
with him. As he finished, he literally descended into the arms 
of the obstreperous throng, and was borne about in triumph, 
when Dr. John H. Rice exclaimed, " The sun has set in all 
his glory !" As Mr. Henry left the stand, Mr. Randolph, with 
undaunted courage, arose in his place. He was of a youthful 
and unprepossessing appearance. The audience, considering 
it presumptuous for him to speak after Mr. Henry, partially 
dispersed, and an Irishman present exclaimed, " Tut ! tut ! it 
won't do ; it's nothing hut the hating of an old tin pan after 
hearing a fine church organ:' He commenced — his singular 
person and peculiar aspect, his novel, shrill, vibratory intona- 

* William Wirt. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 497 

tions; his solemn, slow, marching and swelling periods; his 
caustic crimination of the prevailing political party ; his cut- 
ting satire ; the tout ensemble of his public debut, soon calmed 
the tumultuous crowd and inclined all to listen to the strange 
orator, while he replied at length to the sentiments of their 
old favourite. To Mr. Henry this was a new event. He had 
not been accustomed to a rival, and little expected one in a 
beardless boy. He returned to the stage and commenced a 
second address. In the course of his remarks he frequently 
alluded to his youthful competitor with parental tenderness, 
complimented his rare talents, and while regretting what he 
deprecated as the political errors of youthful zeal, actually 
wrought himself and audience into an enthusiasm of sympathy 
and benevolence that issued in an ocean of tears. Mr. Ran- 
dolph never forgot this occurrence. Eighteen years after- 
wards, in Congress, speaking of the General Ticket law, which 
was carried by the Democratic party by a majority of five 
votes only in the popular branch of the Virginia Assembly, he 
said, " Had Patrick Henry lived and taken his seat in the As- 
sembly, that law would never have passed. In that case, the 
electoral vote of Virginia would have been divided, and Mr. 
Jefferson lost his election. Five votes ! Mr. Chairman, Patrick 
Henry was good for five votes." Mr. Randolph was a mem- 
ber of Congress, at different intervals, for about 24 years, and 
at all times commanded respect for his talents and eloquence. 
He belonged to the republican party. He was opposed to the 
war with Great Britain, but offered himself for any post which 
might be assigned him. In the administration of Mr. Monroe 
he opposed the Greek resolutions and the internal improvement 
system of the general government. During the administration 
of John Quincy Adams, he was elected senator, and it was at 
this time that he used remarks which led to the duel with 
Mr. Clay. The meeting between Mr. Clay and Mr. Ran- 
dolph is thus described by General James Hamilton, the se- 
cond of the latter: " The sun was just setting behind the 
blue hills of Randolph's own Virginia. Here were two of 
the most extraordinary men which our country in its prodi- 
gality had produced, about to meet in mortal combat. While 
Tattnall* was loading Randolph's pistol, I approached my friend 

* Colonel Edward F. Tattnall. 



498 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 

1 believed for the last time ; I took his hand ; there was not 
in its touch the quickening of one pulsation. He turned to 
me and said, ' Clay is calm, but not vindictive. I hold my pur- 
pose, Hamilton, in any event. Remember this.' On handing 
him his pistol. Colonel Tattnall sprung the hair trigger. Mr. 
Randolph said, ' Tattnall, although I am one of the best shots 
in, Virginia, with either a pistol or gun, yet I never fire with the 
hair trigger ; besides, I have a thick buckskin glove on, which 
will destroy the delicacy of my touch, and the trigger may fly 
before I know where I am.' But, from his great solicitude for 
his friend, Tattnall insisted upon hairing the trigger. On tak- 
ing their position, the fact turned out as Mr. Randolph had 
anticipated. His pistol went off, before the word, with the 
muzzle down. The moment the event took place. General 
Jesup, Mr. Clay's friend, called out that he would instantly 
leave the ground with his friend, if this occurred again. Mr. 
Clay at once exclaimed, it was entirely an accident, and beg- 
ged that the gentleman might be allowed to go on. On the 
word being given, Mr. Clay fired without effect, Mr. Randolph 
discharging his pistol in the air. The moment that Mr. Clay 
saw that Mr. Randolph had thrown away his fire, with a gush 
of sensibility he instantly approached him and said, with an 
emotion I can never forget, ' I trust in God, my dear sir, you 
are untouched. After what has occurred, I would not have 
harmed you for a thousand worlds.' Deeply afl^cted by this 
scene, I could not refrain from grasping Mr. Clay by the hand, 
and said, ' My good sir, we have been long separated, but after 
the events of to-day, I feel that we must be friends for ever.' " 
In 1830, General Jackson appointed Mr. Randolph Minister to 
Russia, but he suddenly returned to the United States. He 
died at Philadelphia, May 24, 1833. For the Bible he had 
great veneration, and to the poor he was charitable. More, 
much more might be said of this wonderful man ; but we 
have already gone beyond the limits fixed to our biographical 
sketches. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 499 



RICHMOND. 



Boundaries, Name, Extent. — This county is bounded 
N. W. by Columbia, N. E. by the Savannah river, S. by 
Burke and a part of Jefferson, and W, by Jefferson. Ac- 
cording to the Act of the House of Assembly, passed in 1758, 
" for constituting and dividing the several districts and divisions 
of this province into parishes, and for establishing religious 
vv^orship therein, according to the rites and ceremonies of the 
Church of England," the district of Augusta (as it was then 
called) vv^as constituted the parish of St. Paul. It retained 
this name until 1777, when the Legislature declared the name to 
be changed to that of Richmond county, in honour of the Duke 
of Richmond — a warm friend of American liberty. No mem- 
ber of the British Parliament opposed with more zeal the unjust 
conduct of the ministry towards the colonies, than Charles Le- 
nox, third Duke of Richmond. He was born on the 22d day of 
February, 1735, and entered the House of Lords in 1756 ; at- 
tached himself to the Whigs, of which party the Duke of New- 
castle was the leader. At the coronation of George III. he car- 
ried the sceptre and dove. In 1765, he was appointed Ambassa- 
dor Extraordinary to the King of France. In the commence- 
ment of the reign of George the Third, he was made Colonel 
of the Sixteenth Regiment of Infantry, and received much 
praise for his military skill in the battle of Minden from the 
Prince of Brunswick. His political career dates from 1763, 
when he rendered himself conspicuous by the freedom and 
ability with which he spoke against the measures of Lord 
Bute. Whilst Secretary of State, to which he was appointed 
in 1766, he gave proof that he possessed every qualification 
necessary for so important an office. Whenever an opportu- 
nity presented, he showed himself to be a zealous supporter 
of civil and religious liberty. When the subject of Ame- 
rican affairs-, occupied the attention of the Grand Committee 
of Inquiry of the British Parliament, 7th of April, 1778, he 
took a firm stand in favour of the colonies. On this occa- 
sion he moved an address to the King on the state of the 
nation, in which he distinctly avowed his belief that the 



500 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

independence of America was already established, and that 
the mother country would act wisely by immediately re- 
cognising it. The last speech which the Earl of Chatham 
made was in reply to the Duke of Richmond, to which the 
latter rejoined by asking in the most respectful manner the 
Earl of Chatham to point out the means by which America 
could be made to renounce her independence, saying, " that 
if his Lordship could not do it, no man could." The motion of 
the Duke of Richmond was lost by a great majority. His sense 
of honour was high. For parliamentary reform he was a warm 
advocate, and was for many years at the head of a society 
having parliamentary reform for its object. In 1782 he was 
appointed Master of Ordnance, and shortly afterwards deco- 
rated with the Order of the Garter. In 1803 he retired from 
public life, and died without issue on the 29th of December, 
1806. The Duke of Richmond was a liberal patron of the 
arts. His house was filled with the choicest specimens, and 
artists received from him the most unbounded marks of 
attention. 

Richmond county is 27 miles long, and 25 wide, containing 
675 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah river separates the 
county from South Carolina. The creeks are Butler's, 
McBean, Spirit, Rocky, Rae's, Rock, and Cupboard, emptying 
into the Savannah. Sandy Run, Boggy Gut, and Headstall, 
discharge themselves into Brier creek. ^ 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the cen- 
sus gave this county a population of 14,090 ; of these, 6,860 
were whites, and 7,230 blacks. The amount of State tax re- 
turned for 1848, which exceeds that of any county except 
Chatham, is $16,631 66. Sends two representatives to the 
Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Augusta, Belair, McBean, Richmond Fac- 
tory. 

Capital. — Augusta is the capital of the county, and the 
second city in size in the State. To Gen. Oglethorpe is 
Augusta indebted for its name, in honour of one of the royal 
princesses, who was named Augusta. It is situated on the 
southwest bank of the Savannah river, 92 miles E. N. E. of 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 501 

Milledgeville, 120 N. N. W. of Savannah, 136 N. W. of 
Charleston, 83 W. of Columbia, in lat. 33° 33^, long. 5° IS'. 
The city is handsomely laid out, with wide streets, crossing 
each other at right angles. With the exception of Broad and 
Centre, all the streets are named after distinguished men. 

The city is generally well built, mostly of brick. Many 
of the houses recently erected display much elegance and 
taste. Immense quantities of cotton and other produce are 
received in Augusta and conveyed to Charleston by railroad, 
and to Savannah by steamboats. The number of steamboats 
which ply between Savannah and Augusta, is constantly in- 
creasing. Augusta is most favourably situated for trade, being 
in the centre of a thickly populated and wealthy country. 
The merchants are remarkably active, and spare no pains to 
induce planters and country merchants to transact their busi- 
ness in Augusta. 

Government of the City. — The city is governed by a 
Mayor and twelve Aldermen, called the City Council. The 
subordinate officers are Clerk of Council, Treasurer, City 
Marshal, City Constables, Jailer, Keeper of Magazine, Keeper 
of Hospital, Clerk of Upper Market, Clerk of Lower Market, 
Keeper of the Bridge, Keeper of the City Clock, Keeper of 
the City Hall, Superintendent of Streets, Pumps, and Water- 
works, City Surveyor, Board of Health, Sexton, and twelve 
Watchmen. The police is excellent, and there is no city where 
better order exists. 

Population. — According to the census of 1845, the popu- 
lation of Augusta was 3,948 whites, 440 free persons of 
colour, and 3,114 slaves: total, 7,502. The number of in- 
habitants since that period has greatly increased. 

Public Buildings. — The city has a number of elegant 
public buildings. The Medical College at the corner of Tel- 
fair and Washington streets was finished in 1833. The 
City Hall is an ornament to the city. It is built of brick, 
three stories high, with a cupola surmounted by the figure of 
Justice: cost $100,000. The Masonic Hall is a showy edi- 
fice, fronting Broad street ; erected in 1826, and cost $30,000. 
The Jail is constructed of brick — one of the best in the State : 
cost $28,000. 



502 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

The Richmond Academy and the Augusta Free School 
are neat buildings, and conveniently arranged. There are 
nine churches in the city. The Episcopal, or St. Paul's 
church, has a venerable appearance. The interior has been 
remodelled and much improved. It stands within the limits 
of an ancient fort. The first minister was the Rev. Jonathan 
Copp, a native of Connecticut. The Methodist church is a 
large and neat brick building. The Baptist and Presbyterian 
churches, and the meeting-house of the Disciples of Christ, 
or Christians, are neat and convenient edifices. The Roman 
Catholic church is a brick building. 

There are two markets, one of which is well supplied with 
meats and vegetables. There are four large hotels, besides 
several private boarding-houses. 

Banks, &c. — 
Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, . Capital $375,000 
Augusta Insurance and Banking Company, " 375,000 

Branch Bank State of Georgia, . . . " 450,000 

Bank of Augusta, " 650,000 

Mechanics' Bank, ....." 500,000 

Brunswick Bank, " 200,000 

There are several Insurance Agencies. 

Fire Department. — The Fire Department is under excel- 
lent management. The old Fire Company has six sections 
and six engines. The Independent Fire Company has three 
engines. 

Augusta has a number of benevolent institutions. At the 
head of them stands the Augusta Free School. There are 
several societies for relieving distress and promoting religious 
objects. The order of Freemasons, and the fraternity of Inde- 
pendent Odd Fellows, are very respectable institutions. 

The Cemetery of Augusta embraces ten acres, and is beau- 
tifully laid out, surrounded by a brick wall six feet high ; cost 
$6,000. 

Water Works. — These supply the cit)'^ with water brought 
from Turknete springs, three miles distant. They belong to 
the Corporation, who purchased them from the late Samuel 
Hale for $18,000. For $12 per annum, any family may have 
an abundance of good water. The city derives over $3,000 
per annum from these works. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 503 

Bridge. — There is an excellent bridge over the Savannah 
river, owned by the city, purchased of G. B. Lamar, Esq., for 
the sum of $100,000. It is 1,100 feet long, and 31 feet high. 
The revenue accruing to the city from the bridge in 1848, 
was $23,678 50. 

River, Freshets. — Augusta is at the head of steamboat 
navigation. Opposite Centre-street the river is 350 yards 
wide, and below Mill-street it is 191 yards wide. It is navi- 
gable for steamboats generally for eight months in the year, 
and sometimes for nearly the whole year ; and it is thought 
could be made navigable at all times for steamboats of a light 
draft, by the judicious expenditure of a small sum in deepen- 
ing the shallow bars. The distance from Augusta to Savan- 
nah by the river, as has been ascertained by Mr. Hillhouse, is 
231 miles. In 1796 there was a bridge over the river oppo- 
site Centre-street, built by the late Col. Wade Hampton, of 
South Carolina, which was carried away by the great freshet 
of that year, known as the Yazoo freshet. On the 28th of 
May, 1840, the river rose 37 feet above low water mark, by 
which a large portion of the city was inundated, and much 
injury done to property. In March, 1841, there was another 
freshet, the river rising 33 feet. 

Value of Real Estate. — The value of all the real estate 
in Augusta, exclusive of the churches, academy, college, and 
buildings owned by the city, which pay no tax, has varied for 
the last ten years from $1,700,000 to $2,000,000. 

Augusta Canal. — This is a splendid monument of the 
enterprise of the citizens of Augusta. William Phillips, Esq., 
Engineer of the canal, has furnished us with the following 
information. 

" In September, 1844, at the request of Col. Henry H. 
Cumming, an examination of the falls in the neighbourhood 
of Augusta was commenced, with a view of ascertaining the 
practicability of rendering them available for manufacturing 
and other purposes. The report of the Engineer, indicating a 
favourable route for a canal, and showing considerable fall, 
was considered at a meeting of the friends of the enterprise 
on the 9th of January, 1845. Another survey was made, 
several other preliminary meetings were held, and finally a 



504 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

meeting of the citizens was called, at which it was determined 
to proceed with the work. The plan proposed and adopted 
was, that the City Council should issue bonds for the purpose 
of defraying the expense, and that a special tax should be 
levied on the real estate in the city to pay off the bonds at 
maturity. The Bank of Augusta, the Bank of Brunswick, 
the Georgia Railroad Bank, and the Augusta Insurance and 
Banking Company, each subscribed $1,000 for the same pur- 
pose. The same Banks also gave further aid by advancing 
cash for the bonds. The right of way through the lands lying 
west of the city was obtained, with one exception, very easily. 
The right of way through the city lots was procured with 
much trouble, except in a few instances, in which the right 
was granted with great liberality. In April, 1845, the location 
of the canal was made, and the larger portion of it put under 
contract. The work was commenced in May following. The 
whole fall of 45 feet was divided as follows. The first level, ex- 
tending from Bull Sluice to near Marbury-street, about 6| miles 
in length, with its bottom slope of about 6 inches per mile, 
reduced the fall 41.36 feet ; from the first to the second level 
the fall is 13 feet; from the second to the third level the fall is 
13 feet; and from the third to the river the fall is about 15 
feet. The first level terminates on the high ground between 
Marbury and McKinne streets, a little to the south of Fenwick- 
street. The second level overlaps the first on the north, and 
extends from Mr. Meigs's land to the Savannah road, near its 
intersection with Mclntosh-street. The third level, lying north 
of the second, extends from the Savannah road to Hawk's 
Gully, at the upper end of the city. The water way of the 
canal is 5 feet deep, 20 feet wide at the bottom, and 40 feet 
wide at the surface of the water. The water is turned into 
the canal by a low dam of timber and stone, about 800 feet 
in length, running diagonally to an island, and including only 
about one-quarter of the width of the river. At the junction 
of the dam and canal there is a guard-vall of stone, in which 
there are six gates, by means of which the supply of water is 
regulated, and that from the river may be entirely excluded. 
Connected with the dam and guard-wall there is a stone lock, 
by which boats pass into and out of the canal. The first 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 505 

level is passed over the valley of Rae's creek, by an aque- 
duct 132 feet in length, constructed of wood. It is passed 
over several smaller streams, by culverts of stone and brick, 
and is now connected with Red's creek by means of a dam 
across that stream. At a short distance above Rae's creek 
there is a waste-way, 420 feet in length, which is intended to 
regulate the height of the water, in all that portion of the first 
level, between it and the terminus in the city. West of 
McKinne-street, the canal is so enlarged as to form a basin 
and landing for boats. All the bridges are made of wood, and 
those of the first level are so elevated as to have the tow-path 
and boats to pass under them. The water was let into the 
first level on the 23d of November, 1846. Last year there 
were about 13,000 bales of cotton landed at the basin, and it 
is probable that the number of bales will this year be extended 
to 20,000. Besides cotton, flour, corn, peas, bacon, and staves, 
several thousand cords of fire-wood have been landed ; also 
granite, gneiss, and mica slate, for building. Thus far the 
advantages anticipated by the promoters of the enterprise, bid 
fair to be realized." 

Warehouses, Wharves. — The warehouses of Augusta 
have always challenged the admiration of the traveller. There 
are twelve of these structures, capable of holding 70,000 bal^s of 
cotton, and have been erected at a cost of more than $120,000. 
Three warehouses are now in the progress of construction. 

The wharves are spacious. The first range was built in 
1817, by Henry Shultz, Esq., and cost $60,000. The next, 
800 feet long, was built in 1824, by the City Council, and cost 
$45,000. Western wharf, 100 feet long, built in 1831, and 
cost $1,000. Central wharf, 1000 feet long, built in 1835, 
cost $20,500. Campbell's wharf, 150 feet long, built in 1825, 
and cost $6,500. 

Villages. — Mount Enon is a short distance from Bath, in 
the southern part of the county, 15 miles S. of Augusta. 

Brotherville, 13 miles from Augusta, 

Belair is on the Georgia Railroad, 10 miles from Augusta. 

Bath is in the southern part of the county, delightfully situa- 
ted ; a place of resort for the planters during the summer 
months. 



506 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

Suinmerville, 3 miles from Augusta, is a pleasant place, 
affording to the citizens a retreat during the summer months. 
The United States Arsenal and a branch of the Richmond 
Academy are located here. Population during the summer 
months, between 1,500 and 2,000. 

Education. — The institutions for educating youth in this 
county are numerous and respectable. There are seminaries 
in Augusta, in which females are taught all the branches of 
useful and ornamental education. Ample provision is made 
for the instruction of poor children. Educational fund 
$312 22 cents. Number of poor children, 360. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. 
Fevers are the most prevalent diseases. The instances of 
longevity are the following : 

Mr. D'Antignac died at the age of 89 ; Angus Martin, 
over 80 ; James Gardner, 83 ; Mrs. Griffin, over 90 ; Mrs. 
Dawson, over 91 ; Mr. N. Murphy, 80 ; Mrs. Rowell, over 80; 
Mrs. Tinley, nearly 103. There are now living in Augusta, 
in the same family, four persons, each of whom has exceeded 
83 years. In 1826, an African, known as old Qua, died on 
Mr. Course's plantation, at the age of 96. Mr. Course had 
within 25 years buried 29 Africans, from the ages of 80 to 
140. Old Amy died at 140. She arrived in Charleston 
when there were but six small buildings. She retained her 
speech, her sight, and hearing to the last. Jack Wright was 
109 years old : he had been a servant to Lord Anson, when 
stationed at Charleston, prior to his voyage round the world. 

Minerals. — Burrstone in the lower part of the county. 
Porcelain clay, near Belair, on Spirit creek, and in other 
places. Novaculite near Sand Bar ferry, wacke at Richmond 
Bath, steatite at Rae's creek, micaceous sandstone in various 
places, used for culverts on the Georgia Railroad ; also, mica 
slate, granite and sienite of excellent quality, &.C.* 

Bridges and Roads. — The citizens of this county are at- 
tentive to their bridges and roads. They are both kept in fine 
order. Of bridges there are 2,528 feet, and of roads 123|^ miles. 

Religious Sects. — Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, 

* See Cotting's Report. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 507 

Presbyterians, Christians, Roman Catholics, Universalists, Uni- 
tarians and Jews. 

Character of the People, Literature. — Few sections 
of Georgia can produce a more patriotic and intelligent po- 
pulation than this county. In Augusta monuments of their 
enterprise and benevolence are seen in every direction. 

There are few places which can boast of a greater number 
of men profoundly versed in the various departments of learn- 
ing than Augusta. We might mention their names ; but we 
forbear, lest we might be charged with partiality in inserting 
some and neglect in omitting others. In no place in the Uni- 
ted States, have we met with gentlemen more extensively read 
in polite literature, and more deeply learned in the professions 
of law, medicine, and theology, than in Augusta. 

The newspapers, of which there are three or four, are ably 
conducted, and have a very extensive circulation. The 
Southern Medical and Surgical Journal is published in Augusta. 
The book-stores are large. A Library Society has recently 
been formed. 

Eminent Men. — The hst of eminent men which Richmond 
county has furnished is long, but a few only of their names 
can be mentioned. 

Richard Henry Wilde resided for many years in Augusta, 
and possessed in a very great degree the confidence of his fel- 
low-citizens. Under great disadvantages he acquired an edu- 
cation, and was admitted to the practice of the law before he 
was 21 years of age, in 1809. The alleviating law first afforded 
Mr. Wilde an opportunity of displaying his talents. To this 
law he was warmly opposed, and his arguments on the sub- 
ject are acknowledged to have been the product of a very 
superior mind. About this time he was appointed Attorney 
General. In 1815 he was elected to Congress, again in 
1828, and for several euccessive terms, until 1835, when 
he sailed for Europe, and spent two years in travelling in Eng- 
land, France, and Belgium. He remained three years in Flo- 
rence, occupied in literary pursuits. Mr. Wilde is well known 
as the author of a work on the Love and Madness of Tasso, 
and of some beautiful lines beginning, " My life is like the 
summer rose." Twenty years after these lines had been before 
the public, Mr. Wilde was charged witli%)lagiarism. The lite- 



508 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

rary world has long been satisfied that there was not the least 
foundation for this charge, and we would not now allude to it 
had we not met with an incorrect statement concerning these 
lines in Sir Charles Lyell's Second Visit to the United States. 
Part 2, page 102, Sir Charles says, " ' My life is like the summer 
rose' are usually supposed to have derived their tone of touch- 
ing melancholy from his grief at the sudden death of a brother, 
and, soon after, of a mother, who never recovered the shock of 
her son's death." To prove that this statement is incorrect, 
we will avail ourselves of Mr. Wilde's own language, in a 
letter to a friend. " The lines in question, you will perceive, 
were originally intended as part of a longer poem. My bro- 
ther, the late James Wilde, was an officer of the United States 
army, and held a subaltern rank in the expedition of Colonel 
John Williams against the Seminole Indians of Florida, which 
first broke up their towns and stopped their atrocities. When 
James returned, he amused my mother, then alive, my sisters, 
and myself, with descriptions of the orange groves and transpa- 
rent lakes, the beauty of the St. John's river, and of the woods 
and swamps of Florida — a kind of fairy land of which we 
then knew little, except from Bartram's ecstasies — interspersed 
with anecdotes of his campaign and companions, as he had 
some taste himself. I used to laugh, and tell him I'd immor- 
tahze his exploits in an epic. Some stnnzas were accordingly 
written for the amusement of the family at the next meeting. 
That, alas ! was destined never to take place. He was killed 
in a duel. His violent and melancholy death put an end to 
my poem, the third stanza of the first fragment, which alluded 
to his fate, being all that was written afterward." Again, Sir 
Charles says, " As there had been so much controversy about 
this short poem, we asked Mr. Wilde to relate to us its true 
history, which is curious. He had been one of a party at 
Savannah, when the question was raised whether a certain 
professor of the University of Georgia understood Greek ; on 
which one of his companions undertook to translate Mr. 
Wilde's verses, called ' The Complaint of the Captive,' into 
Greek prose, so arranged as to appear like verse, and then see 
if he could pass it oft' upon the professor as a fragment of 
Alcseus. The trick succeeded, although the professor said that 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 509 

not having the works of Alcaeus at hand, he could not feel sure 
that the poem was really his. It was thus sent, without the 
knowledge of Mr. Wilde and his friends, to a periodical at 
New- York, and published as a fragment from Alcajus, and the 
Senator for Georgia was vehemently attacked by his political 
opponents for having passed off a translation from the Greek 
as an original composition of his own." 

Now, this also is incorrect. Mr. Wilde was not present 
at the party alluded to, or he would not have written the fol- 
lowing letter : 

Washington, 7th January, 1835. 
Dear Sir — Relying on our past acquaintance, and your 
known urbanity, to pardon the liberty I take, permit me to say, 
without farther preface, that circumstances which it is unne- 
cessary to detail, concur in pointing you out as the author of 
a translation into Greek, of some fugitive verses, long attri- 
buted to, but only recently avowed by me. If you are, I am 
sure the task was executed only to amuse the leisure hours of 
a gentleman and scholai", or at most, for the sport it might 
afford you to mystify the learned. In the latter you have 
been so eminently successful, if the work is yours, that a re- 
sult has been produced, the reverse, no doubt, of your inten- 
tion, so far as it respects myself. I have been stigmatized with 
plagiarism, and compelled (such was the importance some of 
my friends attached to the'charge), to deny it in person. Since 
then, an article in the Georgian of the twenty-seventh of De- 
cember, goes far to exculpate me from the pillage of Alcaeus ; 
and excellent reasons have been given by Greek scholars to 
show the piece is modern. Nevertheless, as 1 have been com- 
pelled to do penance publicly, in sheets once white, for this 
sin of my youth, it would relieve me somewhat, since I must 
acknowledge the foundling, to have no dispute about the pater- 
nity. The demonstrative reason is the word of a man of ho- 
nour, who composed the Greek fragment, so well executed, as 
to deceive many of some pretenders to scholarship. I am 
therefore desirous of obtaining for publication, in such form as 
you choose, your avowal of the authorship ; or, if you prefer it, 
your simple authority for the fact. If I am wrong in ascribing 
33 



510 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

it to you, your acquaintance with the society of Savannah 
will perhaps enable you to inform ine to whom I should ad- 
dress myself, &c., &c. 

Richard Henry Wilde. 

To Anthony Barclay, Esq., of Savannah, now in New-York. 

To which Mr. Barclay replied : 

New-York, Jan. 24, 1835. 
My Dear Sir — I was not apprised, when I addresed you 
on the ninth instant, nor for some days after, that my prose 
translation into Greek of your beautiful ode, beginning 
" My life is like the summer rose," 

had been published, otherwise I could not at that short time 
have passed over the circumstance in utter silence. It was 
written for the individual amusement, exclusively, of half a dozen 
acquaintances in Savannah, and without the slightest intention 
of its going further. This assertion will account for the 
abundant defects, and they will vouch for its truth. I as little 
believed that any credit beyond the hour of surprise among my 
acquaintance before mentioned, would be awarded to my crude 
translation, as I apprehended that any doubt could be created 
concerning the originality of your finished production. Metre 
and prosodaical quantity were designedly disregarded ; and this 
fact was sufficient to detect the spuriousness of the attempt, 
and to vindicate me from any suspicion of expecting a success- 
ful deception. If that effect in any degree has been brought 
about, 1 must repeat (to employ your own language), that 
a result has been produced the reverse of my intentions, as far 
as regards yourself, from whose brow I have had good reason 
to believe, for the last sixteen years or more, that modesty 
alone detained thqipoetic wreath. I cannot say how extremely 
I regret the indiscreet publication. Truly reluctant, however, 
as I am to come before the public, I shall feel strong induce- 
ment to be resigned, if the translator succeed in dragging his 
author out of concealment, and in that event contribute to 
strip all masks, and to bestow honour where honour is due. 
With great truth and regard, I remain, &c. 

Anthony Barclay. 
Hon. Richard Henry Wilde, Washington City. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 511 

We should not have devoted so much space to this subject, 
were we not anxious to place before our readers a full vindi- 
cation of the fame of one of Georgia's most gifted sons. Mr. 
Wilde died at New Orleans, in 18^7, universally regretted. 

William H. Crawford, Esq., commenced his public career 
in Augusta. General Twiggs, a distinguished officer of the 
Revolution, lived and died in Richmond, and his son. General 
D. E. Twiggs, who has recently covered himself with glory in 
the Mexican war, claims this county as his birth place. The 
Hon, Mr. Forsyth resided in Richmond, also Col. Robert Wat- 
kins, Hon. Freeman Walker, Gov. Milledge, son of John Mil- 
ledge, one of the early settlers of Georgia, and a particular 
friend of General Oglethorpe; Hon. Nicholas Ware, Hon. 
George Walker, Hon. George Walton, and Hon, Abraham 
Baldwin. 

Early Settlers. — Roger de Lacey, John McMannis, 
Wilson Woodruffe, Edward Murphy, Thomas_Pace, George 
Galphin, Isaac Low, B. Few, Jeremiah Bugg, John AppUng, 
John Brandon, James McFarlane and others. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The lands on the 
rivers are excellent, and command a high price. There is a 
considerable body of poor pine land in the county. The price 
of land varies from 50 cents to 830 per acre. The produc- 
tions are cotton, and the different grains. Products for 1848 : 

Sheep, 2,785 

Mules raised, ..... 67 

Horses " 136 

Beef Cattle raised, .... 3,791 

Pounds of Pork raised and killed, 1,220,884 

Bushels of Irish Potatoes, . . 6,387 

69,827 

261 

1,107 

18,137 

5,220 

. 326,530 

18,892 

Tierces of Rice, .... 17 

Bales of Cotton, .... 1,869 



do. 


Sweet " 


do. 


Barley, . 


do. 


Rye, . 


do. 


Oats, 


do. 


Wheat, 


do. 


Corn, 


do. 


Cow Peas, 



512 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

Manufactures, Mills, &c. — Richmond factory, situated on 
Spirit creek, 10 miles S. of Augusta. Capital, $35,000 ; spin- 
dles, 1,500 ; looms, 40; number of operatives, principally whites, 
70; amount of labour per day, 11 hours. Wages from 10 cents 
to $1 per day. Character (3f operatives good. One girl has 
saved i600. Bags of cotton used per annum, 450 ; yards of 
cloth made per day, 1000 ; 150 lbs. of yarns per day. Quality 
of the fabrics equal to any in the United States, and sold 
mostly in Augusta. Main building — three stories, 80 feet 
long, 34 wide. Houses for the accommodation of operatives, 
15. One saw-mill, and one grist-mill. For fourteen years 
this factory has paid a dividend of 16 per cent. It is the pro- 
perty of Gov. Schley. 

The Augusta Manufacturing Company, organized in 1847. 
Main building brick, 216 feet" long and 50 wide, five stories 
high. Picker-house, three stories high. There are comfort- 
able dwellings for the operatives. Spindles, 5,280, and will 
soon have 10,000; looms, 200 ; each loom capable of turning 
out from 40 to 45 yards per day. The home demand for the 
goods is more than equal to the supply. 

It is contemplated to erect at an early day another cotton 
factory similar to the above. 

Warren & Colman's mill, in Augusta, built of granite, three 
stories high, with which are connected saw-mills. 

Cunningham's merchant-mill, in Augusta, built of brick, four 
stories high. 

A large building, three stories high, is under contract in 
Augusta for a pail, bucket, and barrel factory. In this establish- 
ment there will be machinery for cutting and polishing marble. 

Belville factory, seven or eight miles from Augusta, on 
Butler's creek, is owned by Mr. Geo. Schley. 

Grist-mills in the county, 21 ; merchant-mills, 4 ; steam 
saw-mills, 3 ; saw-mills, 18. 

Glendenning's quarry is 5 miles from Augusta. 

Walker's quarry is 15 miles from Augusta. 

Murphy's quarry is 15 miles from Augusta. 

There is a machine factory on Butler's creek, 7 miles 
from Augusta. 

Value of Town Lots, &;c. — The value of town lots, 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 513 

according to the last Digest, is $1,562,213. The value of 
stock in trade is $1,095,505. Amount of money at interest, 
$1,409,593. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — The town of Augusta was 
laid out in 1735 by the trustees under the royal charter, and 
garrisoned in 1736. Several warehouses were built and fur- 
nished with goods suitable for the Indian trade. Boats were 
used for transportation, which made four or five voyages 
annually to Charleston. Roger de Lacey, an Indian agent, 
was one of its first settlers ; and it soon became a great mart 
for trade, superior to any in South Carolina or Georgia. The 
annual fair of the Indian traders was held in spring, and to it 
resorted many of the Indian tribes ; so that over two thousand 
pack-horses and six hundred men were computed to annually 
visit the place. In 1751, the fortifications, which had been 
erected as a defence against the Indians, and which had been 
allowed to tumble into ruins, were rebuilt, and the inhabitants 
mustered and drilled for service — the savages again showing 
signs of hostilities. In 1752, the trustees gave up their char- 
ter, and Georgia was formed into a royal government. In 
1761, this county, then called St. Paul's Parish, was represented 
in the first Colonial Assembly by Edward Barnard, John Gra- 
ham, and L. McGillvray. About 1775, Thomas Brown and 
William Thompson, having expressed their enmity to the 
American cause, were pursued by a party in South Carolina. 
Thompson escaped, but Brown was brought back, and after a 
trial, was ordered to be tarred and feathered and publicly 
exposed in a cart." Brown became a Colonel in the British 
army, and was particularly noted for his merciless conduct 
towards the American prisoners who fell into his hands. 

In 1776, when Savannah was attacked by the British, the 
Legislature adjourned to Augusta. In January, 1779, Augusta 
was taken by the enemy, under Colonel Campbell, but evacu- 
ated by him on the 28th of February. After Savannah had 
fallen into the hands of the British, the Legislature had dis- 
persed without electing a Governor for the succeeding year. 
John Wereat, President of the Executive Council, continued 
to exercise the functions of government. On the 4th of No- 
vember he issued a proclamation at Augusta, requiring an 



514 RICHMOND COUNTY. 

election of members of the Legislature to be held on the 
second Tuesday of that month, and that the members so 
elected should convene at Augusta without delay. Most of 
the leading friends of the American cause in Georgia having 
retreated to Augusta after the siege of Savannah was raised, 
all the members that constituted this body were elected in 
Richmond county. William Glascock was appointed Speaker 
of the House, and George Walton, Governor. After the sur- 
render of Charleston, the Governor and a part of the Council 
retreated to North Carolina. Augusta was again taken pos- 
session of by the British in 1780, under the command of Col. 
Brown, and in September of the same year was the theatre 
of a severe battle. Col. Elijah Clarke made an unsuccessful 
attempt to take the town. In the engagement which took 
place at McKay's trading-house, called the White House, 
twenty-eight Americans were taken prisoners. Twelve of 
the number, including Capt. Ashby, were hanged on the stair- 
case of the White House, where Brown was lying wounded, 
in order that he might have the satisfaction of seeing the vic- 
tims of his vengeance expire. The remainder of the prisoners 
were given up to the Indians, by whom they were immediately 
killed. About this time many of the inhabitants of Augusta 
were hanged, without even the formalities of a trial. The 
limits of this work will not permit a statement of the re- 
capture of Augusta. It may be found in McCall's History of 
Georgia, and Lee's Memoirs. Lee says, " in no part of the 
South was the war conducted with so much barbarity as in 
this quarter." 

The members of the first Council in Augusta were George 
Walker, James Pearre, Robert Creswell, Andrew Innis, Isaac 
Herbert, and William Longstreet. Immediately after their 
election they met at the house of Mr. Nathaniel Durkee, and 
chose Thomas Gumming unanimously as Intendant, and Joseph 
Hutchinson, Clerk. 

The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State was com- 
menced in 1786, and was the first newspaper published in Au- 
gusta. 

The Drama made its first appearance in Augusta in 1798. 
From the books in the office of the Clerk of the Superior 
Court, the following items have been gathered. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 515 

In 1782, the grand jury presented as a grievance the want 
of a house of worship in the town of Augusta, and other places 
in the county. 

is presented by the same jury for hanging E 

L , without any authority. 

In 1794 the grand jury "present the indiscreet observance 
of pubHc worship," as having held the peaceably minded in ter- 
ror of divine vengeance. 

In 1790, " the number of negroes calling themselves par- 
sons, going about the country," is presented as a nuisance. 

The same jury recommend the imposition of a fine " upon 
all persons erecting wooden chimneys in Augusta." 

The following is from Sherwood's Gazetteer. 

In the fall of 1776 there were not more than 40 to 50 
houses — most of them log. The river was then crossed by aferry 
boat, owned by Mr. Hicks, just where the bridge now crosses. 
Families remembered to be there residing were, Messrs. Bugg, 
Glascock, Walton, McLean, &c. Harrisburg was then a 
plantation, but houses were raised there about 1794. Soon 
after the termination of the Revolution, people flocked here in 
scores. Messrs. Ennis, Jack, J. Wilson, Connell, Bush, Fox, 
&c., were merchants. Messrs. Creswell, Dearmond, and Leigh, 
were mechanics. Soon Messrs. Brown, Gardner, Tubmans, 
Longstreet, Wallace, &c., were settled in this place. 

In 1805, there were no buildings west of Bennoch's corner, 
on Campbell and Broad streets ; all west, where the Planters' 
Hotel was situated, was a cornfield. Around the site of the new 
market, was a cluster of houses called Springfield, and a house 
of worship for the blacks. Here was Grierson's fort* during 
the war. There were some houses in Harrisburg, and an old 
tobacco warehouse near the river ; this was used in the late 
war as barracks for the soldiers. The lower part of the town 
below the bridge, was then the most populous and fashionable. 
Ashton's Retreat, lower part of Broad-street, was the resort for 
the fashionables of the day. The public houses then were Ea- 
gle Tavern, on Reynold-street, and City Hotel, where the Ea- 



* Named after Col. Grierson, a Colonel of militia, who was killed in an 
encasement with Col. Brown. 



516 SCREVEN COUNTY. 

gle and Phoenix now stands. There were no warehouses at 
this period for the reception of cotton; but McKinne's was 
soon built, just above the bridge. Each purchaser of cotton 
weighed it before his own door, where it remained, piled up 
between the trees on the sidewalks, until sent off in boats. Bar- 
ter was then much in vogue, and the proportion of the amount 
in goods, which the seller would take, frequently would control 
the price of the article. 

At three or four gin-houses, much of the cotton raised in 
the vicinity, and in Burke, was cleaned. One near the Metho- 
dist meeting-house, and one near Fox's corner, are still stand- 
ing, having been converted into dwellings. 

The old Court House* was on the river bank, and here 
the Legislature assembled for some years. It is believed that 
they assembled afterwards in a house on Greene-street, below 
Dr. Anthony's ; this house was burned some 20 years ago. 



SCREVEN. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Burke on the N. ; 
the Savannah river, separating it from South Carolina, on the 
E. ; Effingham on the S. E., and the Ogeechee river on the S. 
W. Laid out from Burke and Effingham, in 1793 ; and a 
part of it assigned to Bulloch, in 1796. Its medium length is 
30 miles, breadth 18; square miles, 540. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The Savannah, Ogeechee, and Little 
Ogeechee rivers, and Brier creek, are the chief streams. Those 
of inferior importance are Black, Buck, McDougal's and Rocky 
creeks, flowing into the Savannah river. Beaver Dam empties 

* In 1785, Judge Walton, in his address to the jury, mentions that the 
Legislature is soon to assemble in Augusta, and asks where they are to sit, 
since there are no public buildings ? It is probable the Court House was de- 
stroyed during the war. The public records were all carried off by the Bri- 
tish, or burned, so that we have no documents farther back than tlie Revolu- 
tion. Judges in this region : John Stewart, in 1782; Walton, in 1783-5; 
William Stiih, in 1786; John Houstoun, in 1792. — Sherwood. 



SCREVEN COUNTY. 517 

into Brier creek ; Horse, Little Horse, and Crooked creeks 
into the Ogeechee. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the num- 
ber of inhabitants stood thus: whites, 2,668, blacks, 3,154; 
total, 5,822. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, f 2,313 19 
cents. Sends one Representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Jacksonborough, Armenia, Black Creek, 
Buck Creek, Mill Haven, Scarborough, Mobley's Pond, and 
Sylvania. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Son,. — The 
county is generally level. The soil is mostly of a silicious 
formation. On the water courses the lands are fertile ; but 
owing to their liability to inundation, few are cultivated. 
The bay lands are very productive, yielding 1,000 pounds per 
acre. There are some spots of pine land that are very good. 
Hammock lands produce 1,200 pounds of cotton per acre. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, sweet potatoes, and 
some rice in the low lands. A large quantity of lumber, 
staves, and wood, is prepared for the steamboats, the Savan- 
nah market, and railroad. Many planters make their own 
sugar and syrup. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, and a 
few of other denominations. Many of the citizens take a great 
interest in the subject of education, but generally it does not 
command as much attention as its vast importance demands. 
There are some excellent schools in the county. Number of 
poor children, 193. Educational fund, $107 37 cents. 

Character of the People. — Hospitality is a prominent 
trait in the character of the people. Temperance and reli- 
gion have made great changes in the habits of the population. 
Many well-informed gentlemen reside in the county, and 
some might be named who devote their leisure moments to 
scientific pursuits. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$331. Value of stock in trade, $4,700. Money at interest, 
$33,988. 

Roads, Bridges. — Some of the roads are in tolerable order. 
The bridges are in good repair. 

Animals. — Deer are numerous. Gophers are abundant : 



518 SCREVEN COUNTY. 

these burrow in the ground in a sloping direction, from 8 to 
10 feet, into which the snake sometimes makes his way, and 
both live together peaceably. 

Springs, Ponds. — There are a number of lime springs or 
lakes in this county, particularly on Brier creek. The water 
is of a bluish colour, and fish can be seen at the bottom. In 
some places the water boils up. The waters have proved effi- 
cacious in ulcers, itch, &c. Considerable quantities of lime 
are made, equal to any Thomaston. Cypress ponds are nu- 
merous. In the neighbourhood of Mr. Pearce's old place, there 
is a natural sink, 60 feet deep, and perhaps the same in width, 
in which shrubbery and pine trees are growing. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mode- 
rate. The diseases are such as are usually prevalent in 
lower Georgia. The pine lands afford a safe retreat during the 
sickly months. The instances of longevity are Mr. John 
Arnett, who lived to the age of 80 ; Michael Docherty was 
supposed to have been 140 years old at the time of his death ; 
Wm. Blackman, was over 80 ; Mrs. Jane Black, over 100 ; 
Mr. Lanier, 80 ; Richard Scruggs, 80 ; Mr. Herrington, over 
90; Mr. Abbott lived to an advanced age; Mrs. Lanier is 
now alive, over 80 ; Mrs. Lourania Thrower died in this 
county, on the 29th of March, 1849, at the age of 137. " She 
was well acquainted with all that occurred during the old 
French war, and the arrival of General Braddock in this 
country, his defeat by the Indians, and of his death. She 
recollected every particular in connection with, and dur- 
ing the war, and before the war commenced. She was 
blessed during her long life with remarkably good health. 
She was hardly ever known to have any sickness, until 
within a few years past, when her system became so en- 
feebled with the infirmities of age, that she was helpless, but 
she had no sickness other than that. Her eyesight never 
failed her, excepting perhaps some three or four years, during 
which time it became necessary for her to use spectacles, 
which was about twenty years ago, when her sight return- 
ed perfectly, and she could see as clear as ever she could. 
She could thread a fine needle, or read the finest print ; her 
sight continued good to the time of her death." 



SCREVEN COUNTY. 519 

Fossils, Minerals.— Near Jacksonborough, at Mill Haven, 
and in many other places, large quantities of fossils are found. 
Mr. Eli Whitney states, that being in Georgia, in the year 
1806, he was informed of the following facts, and saw the 
specimen by which they were established. On Brier creek, 
a stream which passes through Mill Haven, and empties into 
the Savannah river, at the distance of two or three miles 
from the road leading to Savannah, the people were occupied 
in excavating a raceway for a mill. The mill dam was built 
on a solid mass of agate, which crosses the creek, and formed 
a natural basis for the superstructure. In clearing the pas- 
sage for the water below this dam, the workmen discovered a 
great number of hollow balls, in their form resembling bomb- 
shells. Some of them were as large as a man's head, and 
some even 8 or 9 inches in diameter. They had a dark, rusty 
appearance, the crust looked like an iron ore, outside of a 
snufF-colour, inside of a light brown. When broken, they 
proved to be mere shells, the walls of which were from five- 
eighths to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and the capa- 
pacity of the cavity was from a pint to two quarts or more. 
The cavity was filled with a milky fluid, so perfectly resem- 
bling white paint, or whitewash, that it was used to whiten 
fire-places, and the walls of the rooms of the neighbouring 
houses.* 

Towns, &c. — Sylvania is the county site, situated 5 miles 
below Jacksonborough, on the Middle-ground road, leading 
from Jacksonborough to Springfield. It has a court-house, 
jail, one tavern, two stores, one church, one school. Four or 
five families reside here. The town is considered healthy. 

Jacksonborough was formerly the county site, situated on 
Beaver Dam creek, 10 miles from Savannah river, 55 from 
Augusta, and 70 from Savannah. It is now almost a deserted 
village. The place had formerly a very bad character. It 
was reported, that in the mornings after drunken frolics and 
fights, you could see the children picking up eyeballs in tea- 
saucers ! i. e. there was so much gouging going on ! f 

Mill Haven, 6 miles from Matthews's Bluff, was formerly 
a place of considerable business. 

* Silliman's Journal. f Sherwood's Gazetteer. 



520 SCREVEN COUNTY. 

Remarkable Places. — At Brier creek, a fierce battle was 
fought, on the 3d of March, 1779, between the British com- 
manded by Lieutenant Col. Campbell, and the Americans, 
commanded by General Ash, which resulted in the complete 
discomfiture of the Americans, with a loss of 150 killed and 
drowned, and 27 officers and 162 non-commisioned officers 
and privates taken prisoners. 

Paramore Hill is a remarkable elevation, which the Central 
Railroad crosses. 

Early Settlers. — Lewis Lanier, Henry White, William 
Young, Rowland Roberts, Capt. Everett, Paul Bevil, W. 
Black, F. Womack, William Blackman, Richard Scruggs, 
Richard Herrington, Stephen Pearce, Mr. Williamson, and 
others. 

Name. — This county derives its name from General 
James Screven, who was an early martyr to the cause of 
liberty, and the first officer of any distinction in Georgia, 
who poured out his blood in defence of his country. He was 
a native of South Carolina, and probably was connected with 
the Rev. Mr. Screven, the first Baptist minister in that State, 
and one of its earliest settlers. It is not known with certainty 
at what period General Screven came to Georgia ; but it is 
thought he settled in Liberty county just before the American 
Revolution. That he was a man of standing at the commence- 
ment of the war is evident from the fact, that his name is found 
among the number of gentlemen that constituted the com- 
mittee appointed at a meeting of the people of Savannah, on 
the 27th of July, 1774, to adopt resolutions expressive of the 
determination of Georgia to resist the encroachments of Great 
Britain. In the early part of 1776, General Mcintosh, then in 
command of the troops at Savannah, ordered Colonel Screven 
to demand of the enemy a flag which had been detained by 
them. He was ordered to keep off", and the flag was denied, 
when Colonel Screven fired, and received a volley from the 
British, which almost sunk his boat. After this affair he was 
placed in command of a post south of Savannah, and rendered 
valuable service by the precautions he adopted to protect the 
settlements, and was constantly engaged in active duty until 
the 24th of November, 1778, when he sealed his devotion to 



STEWART COUNTY. 521 

his country with his blood. About a mile and a half from 
Medway meeting-house, in Liberty county, Colonel White and 
General Screven prepared to meet the enemy. For the pur- 
pose of reconnoitring, he went into a thicket at Spencer's Hill, 
on foot ; at this spot an ambuscade had been formed, and he 
fell, pierced by eleven wounds. He was carried to the vestry- 
room of Medway meeting-house, and placed under the care of 
Dr. Dunwody, and from thence to the house of John Elliott, 
father of the late John Elliott. The British attacked this 
house, and the inmates were compelled to leave ; and, whilst 
the persons present were removing Gen. Screven, he breathed 
his last upon the steps of the house. General Screven is sup- 
posed to have been buried in the northeast corner of the Med- 
way burial ground. He was a sensible and judicious man, 
energetic and decided in his conduct. We are sorry that we 
have not been able to gather more particulars in reference to 
this gentleman. His cotemporaries have all left the stage of 
action, and we have been unable to obtain any papers con- 
nected with his history. 



STEWART. 

Boundaries. — This county has Marion and Muscogee on 
the N., Sumter on the E., Randolph on the S., and the Chatta- 
hoochee on the W, Laid out from Randolph in 1830. 

Post Offices. — Lumpkin, Florence, Green Hill, Hanna- 
hachee, Lannahassee, Richland, Searsville, Summerfield, Hard 
Money. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- 
lation was 8,497 whites, and 5,744 blacks; total, 14,241. 
Amount of State tax for 1848, $4,852 30. Sends two repre- 
sentatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee river forms the 
western boundary; the Hitchetee, Hannahachee, Nochefa- 
loctee, and a number of small streams empty into it. Pataula, 
or Hodchodkee, has its source in this county, as well as Lo- 



522 STEWART COUNTY. 

chochee or Bear creek. The other streams are, Slaughter, 
Kinchafoonee, Allonahachee, &c. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions, Value of Land. — 
One-third of the lands is of the first quality, of a dark gray colour, 
peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, oats> 
&c. The second quality embraces what are called the level 
pine lands, colour inclining to that of red, suitable for wheat, 
corn and cotton. The third quality embraces a sort of land 
containing a little of every colour and degree of fertility. 
Lands of the first quality are worth $7 per acre ; second, $4 ; 
third, $2. 

Average Product per Acre. — On lands of the first quality, 
the average product of cotton per acre is 1,000 lbs. ; corn, 30 
bushels. The second quality lands will produce 700 lbs. of 
cotton per acre, and corn, 20 bushels. 

Mineral Springs. — Ten miles west of Lumpkin are two 
or three springs, within a short distance of each other, im- 
pregnated with sulphur and iron. 

Minerals. — Iron is found in a few places. Excellent marl, 
shell rock, and fossils. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One wool factory ; 20 grist-mills; 
15 saw-mills. 

Towns. — Lumpkin is the seat of justice ; situated in the 
centre of the county, on the waters of Hodchodkee creek, dis- 
tant from Milledgeville 160 miles S. W., 36 from Columbus, 
35 from Americus, and 22 from Cuthbert. It has the usual 
county buildings, three hotels, two churches, and two acade- 
mies, seven stores, five groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, 
two carriage-makers, one cabinet-maker, two shoe shops, one 
silversmith, 10 lawyers, four doctors, and one minister. Con- 
siderable business is done in this place. Population, from 800 
to 1,000. 

Florence is on the Chattahoochee river, 16 miles W. of 
Lumpkin. Population, 200. This was once a flourishing 
place ; but from its unhealthiness, it has lost much of its 
business. * 

Lannahassee is a prominent place in the eastern part of the 
county. 

Roads. — The roads, with few exceptions, are kept in good 
order. ^' 



STEWART COUNTY. 523 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- 
byterians, and a few Universalists. 

The citizens are not indifferent to the subject of education. 
Good schools are increasing. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$34,295. Value of stock in trade, $42,250. Money at in- 
terest, $91,616. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. 
The diseases are such as usually prevail in south-west 
Georgia. 

The following cases of longevity have come to our know- 
ledge : Mr. William Elliott, 90 years old; Mrs, Elliott, 85; ^ 
Mr. Bush and wife, both 90 ; Z. Elliott, 84 ; Benjamin Smith, 
88 ; Robert Melton, 82; Thomas Glenn, 81. 

Name. — The chronicle of great names connected with the 
history of Georgia, would be incomplete without that of Gene- 
ral Daniel Stewart, whose name this county bears. He was 
born in St. John's parish, now Liberty county, in 1762. It will 
be remembered, that at an early period the citizens of St. 
John's parish took a very firm stand in favour of independence. 
The early, open, and determined resistance of this parish, did 
not escape the notice of the enemy ; and accordingly it was 
made to feel the full measure of royal vengeance. " The Bri- 
tish army laid waste the whole parish of St. John's ; burnt 
their church at Medway, destroyed almost every dwelling- 
house, and the crops of rice then in stacks, drove off the ne- 
groes and horses, carried away the plate belonging to the 
planters, and trespassed upon the sacred dwellings of the dead." 
Such proceedings only served to increase the flame of opposi- 
tion among the patriots of St. John's parish. Many fearless 
spirits, such as the Bakers, Winns, Maxwells, Screvens, and 
Joneses, and a host of others, repaired to the standard of 
their country, resolved " to do or die.'' Among these was 
Daniel Stewart, who at the age of 15 or 16 years joined the 
American army. He was frequently in battle under Generals 
Sumter, Marion, and Col. W. R. Hat'den. At Bocataligo, in 
South Carolina, he was taken prisoner, and put on board of a 
prison ship, from which, after suffering the most rigorous 
treatment, he made his escape. Throughout the whole strug- 



524 SUMTER COUNTY. 

gle for liberty, he continued in active service, enduring suffer- 
ings, the recital of which would hardly be credited. At the 
close of the war he retired to his native county, but the Indian 
depredations on the frontiers called him again to arms. To 
the protection of the inhabitants of the southern sections of 
Georgia, none contributed more than did the men under Co- 
lonel Stewart. Indians in detached bodies were constantly 
making inroads upon the settlements, carrying off their pro- 
perty, and often murdering whole families. We have had an 
opportunity of examining fulj, accounts, written by the actors 
of these eventful times, of the state of things which then existed 
in the counties of Liberty and Camden ; and they all award to 
Col. Stewart the meed of high praise for the measures he adopt- 
ed to secure the helpless inhabitants against their savage assail- 
ants. The responsible and dangerous duties devolving upon 
Colonel Stewart, were performed with a fidelity and perseve- 
rance which entitle him to the gratitude of his countrymen. 
He filled many important offices in the gift of the people. The 
Legislature of Georgia conferred many appointments upon 
him. He was an elector, and voted for Madison for the Pre- 
sidency ; and on raising a brigade of cavalry, he w^as elected 
Brigadier General. In 1791 he was placed upon a committee 
in the name of the Church and Society at Medway, to present 
an address to General Washington, who was then on a visit to 
Georgia. In the war of 1812 he was again in the field as Bri- 
gadier General of Cavalry, ready, had it been necessary, to 
meet the foes of his country. In private life he shone most 
conspicuously. In all the relations of husband, parent, and 
master, he was affectionate and humane. For many years, he 
was an exemplary member of the church in Medway. He 
died at his residence in Liberty county, in the 69th year of 
his age. 



SUMTER. 

Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Macon and Marion, E. by 
Dooly, S. by Lee, and W. by Stewart. Laid out from Lee, 
in 1831. 



SUMTER COUNTY. 525 

Post Offices, — Americus, Danville, Friendship, Plains of 
Dura, Pondtown. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 4,926 whites, and 2,515 
blacks; total, 7,441. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, 
$2,619 90. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river forms the eastern boun- 
dary of the county. The Muckalee, Muckaloochee, and Kin- 
chafoonee, are considerable streams. Spring, Mountain, and 
Little Sweet Water, are among the largest creeks. 

Towns. — Americus, the county site, is a pretty and thri- 
ving town on the waters of Muckalee creek. It contains the 
usual county buildings, three churches, male and female acade- 
mies, two hotels, four drygoods stores, one drug-store, three 
groceries, one tan-yard, two blacksmiths, two shoe and boot 
shops, nine lawyers, and six physicianss. Population about 
450. The town is well shaded with trees of natural growth. 
Distance from Milledgeville, 165 miles S. W. ; from Flint 
river, 16 W. ; from Columbus, 59; and from Albany, 40. 
Made the county site and incorporated in 1832. 

Danville is 16 miles E. of Americus, on the Flint river. 
Population, 200. This is an unhealthy place. 

Pondtown is 12 miles N. of Americus. Population, 150. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Produc- 
tions. — The face of the country is flat. Much of the land is 
very productive, particularly on the rivers and creeks. Cotton 
is the principal article cultivated. Corn, wheat, rye, and 
sugar-cane do well. 

Markets. — Farmers send their cotton to Macon, Columbus, 
and Albany. 

Mills. — Merchant-mill, 1 ; saw-mills, 7 ; grist-mills, 12. 

Cotton. — Between 8,000 and 9,000 bales of cotton are 
annually produced. 

Roads and Bridges. — These are kept in good repair. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — During the summer 
months it is excessively hot. The climate can hardly be 
called unhealthy, although there are several localities where 
sickness prevails. Fevers and chills are the most common 
diseases. The following are the cases of longevity which 
34 



526 SUMTER COUNTY. 

have come to our knowledge. Mr. Wyatt Gates, over 80 ; 
Mr. A. Godwin, over 80; Mr. R. Satlar, over 80; Daniel 
Flanigan, 83. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are 
Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Methodists, Presby- 
terians, and Universalists. The interest in the subject of edu- 
cation is daily increasing. In Americus and some other 
places, there are schools having a high reputation. Number 
of poor children, 279. Educational fund, $241 95. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The inhabit- 
ants of this county are intelligent, hospitable, and frugal. 
The forests abound with game, and hunting constitutes one 
among the chief amusements. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Mr. 
L. B. Smith, Mr. J. Tyner, and Mr. W. Brady. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — According to the Digest for 
1848, the value of town lots is $13,240. Stock in trade, 
$20,325. Money at interest, $22,231. 

Name. — The following account of Major General Thomas 
Sumter, is abridged from a memoir written by William Gil- 
more Sims, Esq. : 

Thomas Sumter, after whom this division of the State was 
named, was born in Virginia, in the year 1734. When a boy, 
he went as a volunteer against the French and Indians, in the 
" old French war." Not long after Braddock's defeat he camo^to 
South Carolina, where he was engaged in active service against 
the Indians. Known to be a warm friend to the principles of 
those who were opposed to the usurpations of Great Britain, 
as early as March, 1776, he was appointed by the Provisional 
Congress, Lieutenant Colonel of the 2d regiment of riflemen, 
and was engaged in watching the outbreaks of the disaffected 
on the frontier, and the hostile red men. After the fall of 
Charleston, Sumter retired to the swamps of the Santee ; but 
he soon emerged from his hiding place, went to North Ca- 
rolina to obtain recruits, and stopped at a place known as 
the " Gillespie Settlement." Of the Gillespie family were nu- 
merous brothers, all of whom were famous cock-fighters. 
They were content with the conflicts of the barn-yard, hav- 
ing in their possession, amongst other famous fighting birds, a 



SUMTER COUNTY. 527 

blue hen of the game species, whose progeny were particularly 
distinguished for their martial qualities. Of one of these chick, 
ens, called Tuck, there is quite a biography. His reputation 
was extended far and wide, from mountain to mountain. He 
was never known to refuse a fight, or to lose a battle. At one 
time Sumter suddenly appeared at the cockpit and surprised the 
Gillespies at their usual occupations, and in abrupt language 
called upon them to leave the cockpit, and go with him, where he 
would teach them how to fight with men. They took him at 
his word. " Tuck for ever," was the cry of the Gillespies. " He 
is one of the Blue Hen's chickens." The sobriquet stuck to 
him always after ; and the eagerness with which he sought 
his enemies on all occasions amply justified in the opinion of 
his followers the name of the Game Cock. 

In raising recruits our hero was successful, and on the 12th 
of July, 1780, he gave the Gillespies the amusement he had 
promised them, by suddenly attacking a body of Tories, and 
completely defeating them. After this affair Sumter had the 
pleasure of receiving from Governor Rutledge, a commission as 
a Brigadier in the service of the State, and was ordered to re- 
cover a certain portion of the country from the power of the 
enemy. On the 30th of July, 1780, he advanced upon the 
British post at Rocky Mount ; but for want of artillery, he 
was compelled to abandon the attack. 

Hanging Rock next attracted the notice of Sumter. This 
was garrisoned by a force of 500 men ; and although in the 
battle fought here he could not be said to have obtained a 
complete victory, yet it is acknowledged by the enemy, that 
they got the worst of the battle. About August of the 
same year, he surprised the British near Carey's fort. Hav- 
ing taken the fort, stores and troops, he commenced a retreat ; 
but Tarlton overtook him two days after, at Fishing creek. 
Burdened with his baggage and his prisoners, 300 in number, 
his movements were necessarily slower than those of the light 
armed troops which Tarlton commanded. The camp of 
Sumter was surprised ; his troops were dispersed, the pri- 
soners recaptured, and Sumter again a fugitive. Again he 
made his way into North Carolina, and after raising _a force, 
he took the field and occupied a post at the Fish Dam ford. 



528 SUMTER COUNTY. 

Here he was attacked by Col. Wemyss ; but so gallantly did 
Sumter defend his position, that the British fled, leaving their 
commander in the hands of the Americans. 

Col. Wemyss had rendered himself very obnoxious to the 
Americans by his cruelties. In addition to many offences 
of the same character, a memorandum of the houses and es- 
tates he was yet to destroy was found upon his person. This 
was shown to Sumter, but he, with the magnanimity becom- 
ing a hero, threw the paper into the 'fire, and would permit no 
injury to be inflicted upon the British ofiicer. After this ac- 
tion, he crossed Broad river, and being joined by an addi- 
tional force, he prepared to attempt the British post at Ninety- 
Six ; but hearing of the approach of Tarlton, he changed his 
movements, and took up his position at the house of Black- 
stock, where he was attacked by the British ; but a well 
directed fire from the Americans forced him to give up the 
assault. In this engagement 192 of the enemy were left on 
the field, of whom 92 were slain, and the rest wounded. The 
loss of the Americans was almost nominal. General Sumter 
received a ball through the breast near the shoulder, which 
for a long time rendered him unfit for service. Congress ac- 
knowledged his services by a vote of thanks. 

In the early part of 1781, he again took the field, and made 
a rapid movement towards Fort Granby, and succeeded in 
destroying its magazines, and the very next day he surprised 
an escort convoying wagons of stores from Charleston to Cam- 
den, slew thirteen of the escort, and made sixty-six prisoners. 
Not long after this he was attacked by Major Fraser, near Cam- 
den ; but that officer got the worst in the conflict, making off" 
with the loss of twenty men. Receiving a letter from General 
Greene, requesting him to do all in his power towards break- 
ing up the British communication, Sumter was already in 
the field, sweeping the country lying between the Broad, Sa- 
luda, and Wateree rivers. 

On the 10th of May, he took the British post, at Orange- 
burgh, with its garrison, consisting of 100 men, and all its 
stores. About this time Gen. Sumter, embroiled in a dispute 
with Col. Lee, sent his commission to Gen. Greene, whom he 
thought improperly partial to Lee. This was returned with 



TALBOT COUNTY. 529 

many expressions of kindness and compliment on the part of 
Gen. Greene ; and Sumter, cheerfully yielding his private 
grievances to his sense of patriotism, resumed his responsi- 
bilities ; but in a short time, fatigue and wounds demanded 
that he should have a respite from toils, and accordingly he 
repaired to the mountains, for the purpose of recruiting his 
health ; and when he was able to resume the field, the war was 
at an end. He survived long after the independence of his 
country was established. For many years he was a member 
of Congress, first as a Representative, and afterwards as a 
Senator. He lived to a mature old age, honoured to the last, 
and died on the 1st of June, 1832, at his residence, near Brad- 
ford Springs, South Carolina, in the ninety-eighth year of his 
ase. 



TALBOT. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Talbot county is bounded N. by 
Meriwether, N. E. by Upson, E. by Crawford, S. by Marion 
and Macon, and W. by Harris. Laid out in 1827. Length 
25 miles, breadth 18 miles. Containing 450 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Bluff Spring, Talbotton, Carsonville, 
Centre, Daviston, Pine Hill, Pleasant Hill, Prattsburg, Quito, 
Holt's Shop, Mount Pleasant. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation was 14,192; of these 8,016 were whites, and 6,176 
blacks. State tax for 1848, $5,278 98 cents. Sends two re- 
presentatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river is the main stream. 
The water-courses of less magnitude are Patsiliga, Hachasof- 
kee, Lazer, Beaver creek, &c. 

Mountains. — The Oak mountains are in the northern 
part of the county. 

Towns. — Talbotton, the seat of justice, is situated on 
the waters of Lazer Creek. It is a neat town, 93 miles 
west of Milledgeville, 25 from Greeneville, 23 from Thomaston, 
32 from Columbus, and 35 from La Grange. Talbotton was 



530 TALBOT COUNTY. 

incorporated and made the county site in 1828. The situa- 
tion is high and salubrious. Its pubHc buildings consist of a 
court-house, jail, Masonic hall, two academies, one for males 
and one for females ; and three churches, Methodist, Baptist, 
and Episcopal. The court-house is of brick, and is large and 
well arranged. The Methodist and Baptist churches are large 
and handsome buildings. The Episcopal church has been re- 
cently erected. It is a Gothic building, in perfect keeping 
throughout. It is an ornament to the town, and is perhaps 
the most perfect piece of Gothic architecture in the State. 
The population of Talbotton is about 1,500. It has seven 
or eight good stores. The Collingsworth Institute is within 
a mile of the town. 

Mills. — Saw-mills, 15; grist-mills, 25. 

Religious Sects. — Missionary, Anti-Missionary and Free- 
will Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians. 

Education. — Education is rather neglected. Good in- 
structers are wanted. Number of poor children, 226. Edu- 
cational fund, $190. 

Climate ^and Diseases. — The climate is mild. The most 
common diseases are fevers. The only case of longevity with 
which we are acquainted is that of Shadrach Ellis, a soldier 
of the Revolution, who died at the age of 80. Other cases of 
longevity are doubtless to be found in the county. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is very broken. The soil is various. The 
brown or mulatto lands prevail, but there is much red and 
gray ; the latter being porous and subject to washing. Along 
the margin of the streams there is some alluvium. In the south- 
ern portion of the county there is much pine land, through 
which courses several fine mill-streams. Some of the post-oak 
lands are very fine. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, 
&:.c., are extensively cultivated. 

Character of the People. — The people, as a mass, are 
intelligent and industrious, but are wanting in public spirit. 

Roads and Bridges. — Some of these are in good order, 
while others are sadly neglected. 

Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 



TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 531 

f 28,904. Value of stock in trade, $29,300. Money at inte- 
rest, $73,955. 

Name. — Talbot county received its name in honour of 
Matthew Talbot. This gentleman came from Virginia in 
1785, settled in Wilkes, and afterwards moved to Oglethorpe 
county. His honesty and firmness made him one of the most 
popular men in Georgia, and his fellow-citizens gave him many 
proofs of the confidence which they had in his ability and 
fidelity to represent their interests. In Wilkes, Mr. Talbot was 
always the man of the people, and for many years was the 
faithful representative of that county in the State Legislature. 
Whilst a resident of Oglethorpe he was elected a delegate to the 
Convention which framed the present Constitution of the State 
of Georgia. In 1808, he was elected to the Senatorial branch 
of the Legislature; and, from 1818 to 1823, was President of 
the Senate ; and, upon the death of Governor Rabun, was ex- 
officio Governor. In the various departments in which the par- 
tiality of his fellow-citizens placed him, he was never known to 
swerve from his duty. As a member of the Legislature, he in- 
variably had reference to the good of the State. As President 
of the Senate, his conduct was marked by dignity and impar- 
tiality. In private life he was friendly and amiable. His heart 
was the seat of kindness. He closed his life in Wilkes county 
on the 17th of September, 1827, in the 60th year of his age. 



TALIAFERRO. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Oglethorpe and 
Wilkes on the N., Warren on the E., Hancock on the S., and 
Greene on the W. Laid out in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, 
Hancock, Greene, and Oglethorpe. It is 16 miles long and 
11 wide, containing 176 square miles. 

Post Offices. — Crawfordville, Raytown. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- 
lation was 5,801, of which 2,130 were whites, 2,671 blacks. 
Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1639 96. Sends one repre- 
sentative to the Legislature. 



532 TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Little river, and the North and South 
Forks of the Ogeechee ; Hardin's, Lick, Powder, and Reedy- 
creeks. 

Towns. — Crawfordvilleis the seat of justice, on the Georgia 
Railroad, 618 feet above the level of tide water, 45 miles JN. E. 
of Milledgeville, 64 from Augusta, 18 from Greenesborough, 20 
from Washington, and 18 from Warrenton, and contains a 
brick court-house, a jail, two public houses, one academy, one 
church, four lawyers, four or five physicians, three stores, 
three or four groceries, and several mechanic shops. Amount 
of goods sold in a year, $40,000. The water is good. Incor- 
porated in 1826. Population, 250. 

Raytown is 7 miles N. E. of Crawfordville. It has two 
stores, two groceries, one tailor, two blacksmiths, one wagon- 
maker, and one physician. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — There are some 
excellent lands in this county, particularly on Little river, 
adapted to cotton, wheat, and other grains; worth $10 per 
acre. The other lands command from $4 to $6 per acre. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are in a 
good condition. 

Manufactures, Mills. — One extensive cotton-gin factory 
in Crawfordville. Three flour-mills ; 3 saw-mills ; 6 grist-mills. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — Value of town lots, $8,797. 
Value of stock in trade, $4,065. Money at interest, $32,959. 

Religious Sects. — The principal religious societies are 
the Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the year 
1800, several Roman Catholics emigrated from Maryland, and 
established a church at Locust Grove. The present pastor is 
the Rev. Peter Wayland. In the county are three Methodist 
churches, two Baptist, one Roman Catholic, and one Presby- 
terian. 

Education. — The citizens have not been regardless of 
education. Most of the children attend school. Number of 
poor children, 187. Educational fund, $162 16. 

Minerals. — Gold, iron, granite, quartz, mica, and gneiss. 
Sulphuret of iron and magnetic iron ore are found in various 
places. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 450 pounds 
per acre ; corn 2 barrels ; wheat 8 bushels. 



TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 533 

About 7,000 bags of cotton are annually raised. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate does not 
differ from that of the neighbouring counties. The diseases 
are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. Mr. Richard King, a sol- 
dier of the Revolution, died in this county at 96 ; Mr. Rich- 
ard Parker was over 80 ; Mr. Henry Stewart was 90. Mrs. 
Stewart, 86, and Mrs. Morris, over 80, are both living. 

Antiquities. — There is a mound six miles west of Craw- 
fordville. 

Mineral Spring. — In the upper part of the county there 
is a spring, which has been analyzed, and found to be possessed 
of mineral properties. 

Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, 
peas, &c. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people 
are well informed and hospitable. The amusements are hunt- 
ing, fishing, dancing, &c. 

Eminent Men. — Hon. A. H. Stephens, the able repre- 
sentative of the Seventh Congressional District of the State 
of Georgia, is a native of Taliaferro. His residence is at 
Crawford ville. 

Name. — The gentleman after whom this portion of the 
State is called, was Benjamin'Taliaferro, whose ancestors were 
among the earliest settlers of Virginia, and many of the name 
are still to be found in the middle and low country of that 
Slate. The subject of this memoir was the son of Zack Talia- 
ferro. When a mere youth he joined the Continental army as 
lieutenant, and very soon obtained a captaincy. In the severe 
service which the American army had to perform in the Jerseys, 
he participated with undaunted firmness. At the battle of 
Princeton, the corps which he commanded forced a British 
company to surrender. When the captain stepped forward 
in his elegant uniform, and inquired for the American com- 
mander, that he might deliver up his sword, Captain Taliaferro 
felt some hesitation in presenting himself, as he was at that 
time without shoes or shirt, and his coat much the worse for 
wear ; but he finally advanced and received the sword of the 
dashing English captain. At the call of Washington, he vol- 
unteered to join the Southern army, and after seeing much 



534 TATTNALL COUNTY. 

hard service he was made prisoner at the siege of Charleston. 
He was discharged on his parole, returned to Virginia, and 
again mingled among his neighbours. He moved with his 
family to Georgia, in 1784 or 1785, and soon made himself 
one among the most useful citizens in the State. He was 
President of the Senate, Judge of the Superior Court, Trustee 
of Franklin College, and member of Congress. The Legisla- 
ture which rescinded the Yazoo Act paid to his integrity the 
singularly high compliment of electing him Judge, although 
he was not a lawyer. Col. Taliaferro was stout in person, six 
feet high, with regular, handsome features. His understand- 
ing was good, and his conversation agreeable. Army inter- 
course had given him the manners and information of a 
gentleman. 



TATTNALL. 



Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Emanuel ; N. E. 
by Bulloch ; S. E. by Liberty ; S. W. by Appling ; and N. 
W., by Montgomery. Laid out from Montgomery in 1801, 
and portions of it added to Montgomery in 1812. It is 35 
miles long, and 34 wide. Square miles, 1190. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ohoopee river flows through the 
centre of the county. The Alatamaha flows on the south- 
west part, and the Cannouchee on the northeast. The 
other streams are Pendleton's and Rocky creeks, emptying into 
the Ohoopee from the west ; Slaughter, Inman's, Cobb's, and 
Milligan's creeks, discharge themselves into the Alatamaha. 
Battle and Thomas creeks flow into the Ohoopee from the north- 
east ; Wolf, Hound, Dry, Cedar, and Bull creeks, discharge 
themselves into the Cannouchee. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population 
in 1845 was 1,902 whites, and 606 blacks ; total, 2,508. 
Amount of tax for 1848,8946 67. Sends one member to the 
Legislature. 



TATTNALL COUNTY. 535 

Post Offices. — Reidsville, Perry's Mills, Surreneys. 

Towns. — Reidsville, the county site, is situated on a high 
and sandy hill, about four miles from the Ohoopee. It has the 
usual county buildings, and a population of 50 inhabitants. 
From Statesborough it is 40 miles ; from Swainsborough, 45 
miles ; from Mount Vernon, 35 miles ; from Hinesville, 40 
miles ; from Darien, 70 miles ; from Savannah, 65 miles ; and 
from Milledgeville, 120 miles. 

Early Settlers. — Ezekiel Stafford, Ezekiel Clifton, Ben- 
jamin Stripling, George Payne, John Mobley, Josep_h_Bell, | 
Stephen Matlock, William Mann, William Hodges, and others. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. 
Diseases are almost unknown. There are many persons now 
residing in the county over 80 years of age; among whom are 
Ezekiel Clifton, Ezekiel Stafford, Edward Kennedy, Thomas 
Bourke, and others. 

Character of the People. — The people are sober, indus- 
trious, and hospitable. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists. 
About 30 churches in the county. Education is neglected. 

Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions, 
Markets. — In the lower part of the county bordering on 
Liberty, the land is level. The other part may be called hilly. 
The soil is light and sandy, with the exception of that on the 
streams, which is stiff. The productions are the same as those 
of the adjoining counties. Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre ; 
corn, 15 bushels ; 1500 bales of cotton annually made. Mar- 
ket, Savannah. Large quantities of lumber are sent to Darien 
and Savannah. 

Value of Land. — The value of land ranges from 50 cents 
to $1 per acre. 

Mills. — Saw-mills 15; grist and flour-mills, 23. 

Expense of Living, Provisions, &cc. — Board, $6 per 
month ; provisions about the same as in the adjoining counties. 
Negro men hire for $80, and women for $40 per annum. 
White labourers get $10 per month. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$464; stock in trade, $4,250; money at interest, $17,727. 

Name. — General Josiah Tattnall, in honour of whom this 



536 TATTNALL COUNTY. 

county is named, was the son of Colonel Josiah Tattnall, and 
was born at Bonaventure, below Savannah, a place owned by 
his grandfather. Colonel Mulryne. Colonel Tattnall had been 
an officer in the British colonial service, and had received two 
wounds in the wars of Carolina and Georgia against the In- 
dians. His military character being high at the commence- 
ment of the Revolution, he was offered the command of the 
forces raised for the defence of Savannah. Although opposed 
to the measures of England, he was also opposed to an appeal 
to arms, and declined the ofler. He would not take up arms 
against Georgia, and he left the country (no neutrals being tole- 
rated), carrying with him to England his son Josiah, thesubject 
of this memoir, then eleven years old. The father soon re- 
crossed the Atlantic to Nassau, in New Providence, leaving the 
son at Eaton school, under the care of an uncle. Here he 
remained for eighteen months ; after which his uncle placed 
him on board of a man-of-war ship, to prevent his return to 
his native Georgia. He was under the patronage of the cap- 
tain, with assurances of rapid promotion if he behaved well. 
The ship was bound for India. Neither the glare of power or 
of profit seduced his affections. A large proportion of the 
crew were Americans, forced on board. Mutinies occurred, 
and the generous boy, with the Americans, was turned over 
from ship to ship. Having procured a little money from 
his godfather, a gentleman of the name of Elliott, who had 
lived in Georgia, unknown to parents or uncle, he found 
his way back to America. Whilst under the British flag, 
some question arose upon the matters in issue between 
the two countries, when Tattnall maintained the cause of his 
native land. A duel was the result, in which he wounded his 
antagonist. At the age of eighteen he landed, without a shil- 
ling in his pocket, on the north side of the Savannah river, and 
travelling alone on foot through the country, arrived at Purys- 
burgh, where he crossed into Georgia, and then joined the 
army of General Wayne, at Ebenezer. The war was closing, 
and no opportunity was presented for drawing his sword in 
defence of freedom. On the surrender of Savannah he was 
immediately placed in office. The whole of Chatham at that 
time constituted but one regiment. He was soon Captain of 



TATTNALL COUNTY. 537 

the White Bluff District, in which was situated Bonaventure, 
and then very densely inhabited. In 1792 he had command 
of the Chatham artillery, which is now one of the most respect- 
able companies in the State. In 1793 he became Colonel of 
the regiment. In 1800 he was elected Brigadier General of 
the First Brigade of the First Division. In his military capa- 
city he rendered important services in 1788 and 1793, in or- 
ganizing detachments of militia sent from Chatham into 
the counties of Bryan, Liberty, and Mcintosh, then much 
harassed by the Creek Indians. In 1787, at the head of a body 
of light infantry, he was engaged in an expedition under Col. 
James Gunn, composed of South Carolina and Georgia troops, 
which destroyed large and well fortified camps of slaves, in 
open insurrection, on the waters of Abercorn creek. The 
slaves were led by certain notorious negro brigands, who had 
acted with the British at the siege of Savannah, and had been 
particularly active against that portion of the American assail- 
ing forces commanded by Col, Laurens, and in wliich the 
brave Jasper received his death-wound. This was the most 
serious insurrection that ever occurred in Georgia. It had its 
origin in the year 1786. The negroes had been embodied 
many months, and were many hundreds in number, were well 
armed, and so formidable, that after various attempts in both 
years to subdue them, a body of Catawba Indians, and some 
pieces of cannon, were in this expedition employed against 
them. 

In 1797 and 1798, Col. Tattnall was much engaged, when 
not in attendance upon the sessions of Congress, in the drill of 
his regiment, war and invasion by the French being antici- 
pated. The civil services of this eminent patriot were much 
more important, He was frequently sent to the Legislature. 
He served in the year 1796 at Louisville, in the General 
Assembly that rescinded the Yazoo Act of January, 1795. 
Against that infamous speculation he was the determined foe, 
and was the leading member of the Senate, as General James 
Jackson was of the lower house, who carried through the 
rescinding act. So sensible was the Legislature of 1796 of 
his ardent devotion to the interests of Georgia, that they 
passed an act relieving his brother, John Mulryne Tattnall, 



538 TATTNALL COUNTY. 

from the pains of the confiscation laws, and elected Colonel 
Tattnall Senator in Congress, to serve out General Jackson's 
term. It was believed that the speculators, having been de- 
feated in Georgia, would renew the war against her rights 
in the Federal Legislature, and Tattnall's talents and influence 
were called into requisition to defeat them on the floor of the 
national Senate. His correspondence with the Executive of 
Georgia shows with what fidelity he discharged his trust on 
this and on every other matter interesting to the State. In 
general politics, he was of the republican party. In 1798 he 
retired for a short period from public life to Bonaventure, 
extending a refined and elegant hospitality to all who visited 
him. In November, 1801, he was elected Governor of Geor- 
gia. In the same year, by the same Legislature, he was 
made a Brigadier General. As further evidence of his great 
popularity, and the sense Georgia had of his purity of charac- 
ter and high public service, the Legislature took off" the name 
of his father from the confiscation acts, with full liberty to 
remove into the State with his property, subject to his sole 
and entire future disposal, and restored him to all the rights of 
citizenship. Gov. Tattnall had the inexpressible pleasure to 
sign the act absolving his own father, — the only act, it is 
believed, ever approved by a Governor of Georgia with words 
of comment preceding the Executive signature. These were 
words of gratitude from a public servant to his country, for 
good rendered to his earthly parent. Nor was this all ; for 
the same Legislature laid off* the county of Tattnall, and gave 
it its name. The government, a brigadier generalcy, the par- 
don of his father, and a county named after hirp, at one and 
the same session ! 

In 1802, from extreme ill health, he surrendered the Exe- 
cutive chair. In October he sent a message to the Legisla- 
ture, about to meet at Louisville, giving an account of the 
affairs of the State during his short administration, expressing 
his sorrow that the rupture of a blood-vessel rendered it im- 
possible for him to be with them, and that it was necessary 
for him to withdraw from public life. He assured them that 
were he blessed with sufficient health, both duty and inclina- 
tion would forcibly urge him to a continuance in office for 



TELFAIR COUNTY. 539 

the constitutional term. " Indeed, said he, were this not the 
case, I should be deficient in gratitude to my country for the 
distinguished marks of favour and confidence I have so fre- 
quently experienced, v^^hich claim, and I trust I may be per- 
mitted to say, secure my lasting affection and devotion to 
her service." Governor Tattnall went without delay to the 
West Indies, where he died in June, 1804. His dying request 
was that his body should be removed to his native State. The 
Hon. Nathaniel Hall, of Nassau, to whom the management of 
his affairs was committed, complied with his last wishes, and 
accompanied his remains to Georgia, and deposited them in 
the burial-ground at Bonaventure. 

He left two sons. The one, the chivalric Colonel Edward 
Fenwick Tattnall, who was an officer in the United States 
army in the war of 1812, and wounded at Point Peter, near 
St. Mary's, in Georgia, the effects of which he felt during his 
whole life. This high-minded gentleman afterwards became 
eminent in the State Legislature and Congress, and dying 
early in life, was buried by the side of his father. The other, 
Commander Josiah Tattnall, of the navy, was at the repulse 
of the British at Craney Island, in the same war, and a volun- 
teer in the battle of Bladensburgh. Subsequently he was with 
Decatur at Algiers, and at a later period on the African sta- 
tion, and very lately, in the war with Mexico, has been dis- 
tinguished. He was wounded in the wrist by a musket-ball 
in an engagement with the Mexicans, and before the Castle 
of San Juan U'Ulloa gained for himself a wreath of imper- 
ishable fame, as the commander of the Moscheto fleet." * 



TELFAIR. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Pulaski, N. E. by 
Montgomery, S. E. by Appling, and S. W. by Irwin. Laid 
out in 1807. Part added to Montgomery in 1812, 1820, and 
1833. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide, containing 414 square 
miles. 

* The compiler of this work is indebted to Col. J. W. Jackson, of Sa- 
vannah, for the above memoir. 



540 TELFAIR COUNTY. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee and the Little Ocmulgee, 
or Auchee-Hachee, are the most considerable streams. The 
creeks are numerous, such as Sugar, Cedar, Alligator, Horse, 
Turnpike, &c. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave this county a population of 1986 whiles, and 767 
blacks; total, 2753. Amount of State tax for 1848, $841 13. 
Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Jacksonville, Copeland, Lumber City, Tem- 
perance, Ocmulgeeville. 

Early Settlers. — Charles McKinnon, John Wilcox, Gen, 
Coffee, Colonel William Ashley, Duncan McRae, Murdock 
McDuffie, Norman McLeod, and others. 

Towns. — Jacksonville, the capital, is situated one mile 
from the Ocmulgee river, 104 miles S. of Milledgeville, 45 from 
Hawkinsville, 53 from Dublin, and 40 from Mount Vernon. 
Population, 60. It has the usual county buildings and four stores. 

Lumber City, 16 miles below Jacksonville, was once in a 
very flourishing condition. It was built by a northern com- 
pany. The saw-mills erected by this company, together with 
their other property, were valued at $500,000, and four years 
ago all were sold by the sheriff and tax collector for $500. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The soil is sandy, but 
productive, particularly on the streams. The swamp lands on 
the Ocmulgee and the Hammocks are very rich, but subject 
to overflow. The chief productions are corn, cotton, sugar- 
cane, wheat, oats, rye. Corn averages 15 bushels per acre ; 
cotton produces 500 or 600 lbs. per acre. About 800 bales of 
cotton are annually produced. Many persons are engaged 
in the lumber business. Farmers send their produce to Sa- 
vannah. 

Mills. — Eight grist-mills, three saw-mills. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is generally 
healthy. Remote from the streams fever is unknown. There 
are many persons of advanced age now in the county. Daniel 
Mclnnis, Joseph Williams, and John Wilcox, are over 80 years 
of age. One among the most remarkable cases of longevity is 
that of James Thomas, who died in this county on the 10th of 
April, 1802, in the 134th year of his age. During the greatest 



TELFAIR COUNTY. 541 

part of his life he lived temperate, and his exit was unaccom- 
panied by pain. He retained his mental faculties to the last. 
His eyesight was so little impaired that he could read print 
without the assistance of glasses to the last year of his exist- 
ence. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- 
dists are the most numerous, sects. Education is neglected, 
although not to the extent that it was formerly. The children 
of the poor are only provided for by the general poor school 
fund. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not in a 
very good condition. 

Name. — Edward Telfair, from whom this county derives 
its name, was born in Scotland, in 1735, on the farm of Toron 
Head, the ancestral estate of the family, and which has since 
been sold to the Earl of Selkirk. He received an English 
education at the grammar school of Kirkcudbright. 

At the age of 23, he came to America as an agent of a 
mercantile house, and resided some time in Virginia. He 
afterwards removed to Halifax, N. C, and subsequently to 
Georgia, and in 1766 settled in Savannah, and engaged in 
commercial pursuits. When the storm of the American Revo- 
lution began to lower, Mr. Telfair was found among the sons 
of liberty who determined to resist to the last extremity the 
tyrannical measures of the mother country. At the memor- 
able meeting of the patriots, held in the city of Savannah, on 
the 27th of July, 1774, he was placed upon a committee ap- 
pointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the determination 
of Georgia to co-operate with the other Colonies in defence of 
their violated rights. About this time the citizens of Boston 
were suffering much inconvenience from the effects of the 
Boston Port Bill ; and their distressed condition had excited 
a feeling of commiseration throughout the Colonies. The 
friends of liberty exerted themselves to render every assistance 
in their power to the inhabitants of Boston. Contributions in 
money and provisions were sent to them from various sections ; 
and although Georgia was weak, and incapable of sending 
much aid, she resolved to do all which her means would 
allow. Accordingly, a committee was appointed to receive 
35 



542 TELFAIR COUNTY. 

subscriptions for the relief of the suffering Bostonians, and 
Mr. Telfair had the honour of being placed upon this com- 
mittee. In the memoir of Mr. Habersham, on page 304 of this 
work, allusion is made to the breaking open of the Magazine, 
and seizure of the powder, in Savannah. Mr. Telfair was 
one of the brave band associated with Mr. Habersham in that 
bold undertaking. A reward was .offered by Governor Wright 
for the persons who had seized it, and though they were well 
known to some of the members of his privy council, yet they 
were not arrested, and the powder soon spoke for itself, to the 
dread of the British and Tories. 

When the exigency of the times demanded the appointment 
of a Council of Safety, such had been the devotion of Mr. 
Telfair to the cause of freedom that he was honoured with a 
seat in this illustrious body. 

Throughout the whole revolutionary struggle he bore a con- 
spicuous part, and was intrusted by his fellow-citizens with 
the highest offices. 

In February, 1778, he was elected by the House of As- 
sembly of Georgia, one of the delegates to represent the State 
in the Continental Congress, and took his seat in that body 
on the 13th of July following, and on the 24th of that month 
signed the ratification of the articles of confederation. In 
November of that year, he obtained leave of absence, returned 
to his seat on the 15th of May, 1780, and continued a member 
until January, 1783, when his term of office expired. 

Early in this year he was appointed, by the Governor of 
Georgia, one of the commissioners to form a treaty with the 
Cherokee chiefs, which was finally concluded on the 30th of 
May; 1783, establishing the boundary line between the State 
of Georgia and the Cherokee nation. 

In May, 1785, he was re-elected a member of Congress, 
but did not take his seat. 

He was Governor of Georgia, from the 9th of January, 
1786, to the 9th of January, 1787, and again from the 9th of 
November, 1790, to the 7th of November, 1793. 

During General Washington's visit to Georgia, in May, 
1791, he was brilliantly entertained by Gov. Telfair, at his 
family residence, near Augusta, called the Grove; and on the 



TELFAIR COUNTY. 543 

departure of the General, he addressed to him the following 
letter, which is still preserved in the archives at Milledge- 
ville : 

To His Excellency Edward Telfair, Governor of Georgia. 
Augusta, May 20th, 1791. 

Sir : — Obeying the impulse of a heartfelt gratitude, I ex- 
press with particular pleasure my sense of obligations which 
your Excellency's goodness and the kind regards of your 
citizens have conferred upon me. I shall always retain a most 
pleasing remembrance of the polite and hospitable attentions, 
which 1 have received in my tour through the State of Geor- 
gia, and during my stay at the residence of your government. 

The manner in which you are pleased to recognise my 
public services, and to regard my private felicity, excites my 
sensibility, and claims my grateful acknowledgment. Your 
Excellency will do justice to the sentiments which influencp 
my wishes, by believing, that they are sincerely offered for your 
personal happiness, and the prosperity of the State over which 
you preside. George Washington. 

McCall in his History of Georgia, makes honourable men- 
tion of Governor Telfair. In Congress he obtained much 
celebrity by his ability as a financier ; and it is affirmed that 
the plan adopted by Congress for raising money to carry on 
the war originated with him. 

Governor Telfair died at Savannah, 17th Sept., 1807. 
in the 72nd year of his age. 

Thomas Telfair, one of his sons, was a member of Con- 
gress from 1813 to '17. He took a conspicuous part in the de- 
bates of that Congress, upon protection of domestic industry, 
and the Tariff for that object. He warmly opposed Mr. 
Calhoun, and the Protectionists of that day. He was one of 
the Georgia delegation who voted for increased pay to mem- 
bers of Congress, and the people of Georgia elected an entirely 
new delegation to express their disapprobation of that mea- 
sure. 

Mr. Telfair's letter to his constituents on that occasion, 
contains sentiments highly honourable to his manly indepen- 
dence of character. 



544 THOMAS COUNTY. 



THOMAS. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Irwin on the N., 
Lowndes on the E., Florida on the S., and Baker and Decatur 
on the VV. Laid out from Decatur and Irwin, and organized 
in 1825. Length, 37 miles ; breadth, 25. Square miles, 925. 

Rivers, Creeks, — The rivers are the Ochlockonee, which 
rises in Irwin, flows in a southwesterly direction, and empties 
into the Apallachee bay. The Mickasuckee has its origin in 
this county, flows southeast, and empties into a lake of the 
same name in Florida. The Aucilla also rises in this county, 
flows south, and discharges itself into the bay of Apallachee. 
The streams of less note are Proctor's, Barnett's, Mule, Bridge, 
Turkey, Tom's, Walden's, Tired, Ocopilco creeks, &c. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Thomas, in 1845, 
had a population of 4,150 whites, 3,899 blacks ; total, 8,049. 
Amount of taxes for 1848, $3,332 81. Entitled to one repre- 
sentative to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — Thomasville, Duncanville, Grooverville, 
Boston. 

Towns. — Thomasville is the capital, situated 9 miles E. of 
the Ochlockonee river, 206 miles S. of Milledgeville, 22 from 
Florida, 40 from Tallahassee, and 45 from Bainbridge. It con- 
tains a court-house and jail, two hotels, two churches, six 
stores, two blacksmiths, one tailor, one saddler, one shoe- 
maker, one wagon-shop, six lawyers, and three physicians. The 
hotels are said to be well kept. Population, 500. It is a 
healthy place, and the citizens have a high character for intel- 
ligence. Made the county site in 1826. The Fletcher Insti- 
tute is located at this place. 

Grooverville, 18 miles S. of Thomasville, is in the southeast 
corner of the county. 

Duncansville is 12 miles S. of Thomasville. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists 
are the prevailing sects. Education receives considerable 
attention. There are about fifty schools in the county. Num- 
ber of poor children, 289. Educational fund, $250 65. 



THOMAS COUNTY. 545 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads and bridges are kept in good 
order. 

Face of the Country, Nature op the Soil, Produc- 
tions. — This is a level county. The soil is sandy, but pro- 
ductive. The lands in the vicinity of Thomasville are very 
fine. The productions are the same as those of Lowndes. 
Cotton grows finely. Oranges, figs, and melons, are very 
superior. Between 10,000 and 12,000 bales of cotton were 
made in this county the last season. 

Markets. — St. Mark's, Tallahassee, and Newport. 

CLiiMATE, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate does not 
differ materially from that of Lowndes. Bihous fevers occur 
on the water-courses. Mr. Joseph Anderson died in this 
county at the age of 100. There are several persons now 
living, over 80 years of age. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were John 
Paramore, C. Atkinson, E. Blackshear, N. R. Mitchell, John 
Hillbryan, &c. 

Mills. — Saw-mills, 11; grist-mills, 21 ; one wool-carding 
machine. 

Mineral Springs. — There are two or three springs, con- 
taining medicinal properties, in the county. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people of 
this county have a high reputation for industry and hospi- 
tahty. Hunting and fishing are the chief amusements. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$26,950. Value of stock in trade, $51,500. Amount of 
money at interest, S145,185. 

Name. — This county bears the name of General Jett 
Thomas, who was born on the 13th of May, 1776, in Culpep- 
per county, Virginia. His father came to Georgia about 1784, 
and settled in Oglethorpe county, where he became a promi-~ 
nent man, being Senator from that part of the State for seve- 
ral years. His son had no other advantages of an educa- 
tion, than were to be found in the ordinary schools of the 
country ; but he was early distinguished for the solidity of his 
understanding, and his fondness for mechanical pursuits. He 
learned the trade of a carpenter, which he followed for many 
years, amassing by it a large fortune. He first resided in 



546 THOMAS COUNTY. 

Oglethorpe, and then in Milledgeville, where he built the State 
House. He afterwards removed to Athens, and married Miss 
Susan Cox. He was here engaged to construct the buildings 
of Franklin College, and whilst thus employed, aided by Dr. 
Meigs, who gave him the use of his library and afforded him 
other facilities, he improved himself in some of the higher 
branches of education. So great was his thirst for knowledge, 
that after spending the day in the labours of his profession, 
he would devote the greater part of the night to study. In 
this manner his mind became stored with useful information. 
In the war of 1812 he commanded the artillery attached to 
the army of Gen. Floyd, in his expedition against the Creeks. 
At the battle of Autossee, he distinguished himself for gal- 
lantry. In the account which General Floyd gives of this 
battle, he says : " Capt. Thomas's artillery marched in front of 
the right column on the road." " Capt. Thomas and his com- 
pany killed a great many Indians, and deserve particular 
praise." In the engagement at Camp Defiance he rendered 
important services, and in the official statements of that affair 
it is declared " that the steady firmness and incessant fire of 
Capt. Thomas's artillery and Capt. Adams's riflemen preserved 
our front line ; both of these suffered greatly." Gen. Thomas 
possessed the art, in an eminent degree, of animating his men 
on the field of battle, and perhaps there never was a braver band 
than that which composed his artillery company. In the heat 
of one of the battles just mentioned, one of his pieces of artillery 
had but three men left, and the matchmen were shot down in 
succession. At this moment, when the Indians seemed deter- 
mined to take possession of the cannon, when ten men out of 
thirteen were weltering in their gore, and nothing but inevi- 
table destruction appeared to await the remaining three, 
Ezekiel M. Attaway,* with heroic firmness, wrested the tra- 
versing handspike from the carriage of the gun, exclaiming to 
his two brave comrades, " With this 1 will defend the piece as 
long as I can stand — we must not give up the gun, boys — 
seize the first weapon you can lay your hands upon, and stick 

* It would give the author great pleasure to insert the name of the 
county in which this gentleman resides, but this he has been unable to ascer- 
tain. Of such a citizen, Georgia may well be proud. 



TROUP COUNTY. ' 547 

to your posts until the last." We mention this incident to 
illustrate the spirit of the men under the command of Capt. 
Thomas. Soldiers animated by such a leader, are capable of 
accomplishing any thing. Upon his return to Georgia, after 
the campaign, he was greeted every where by the plaudits of 
his countrymen, and the high office of Major General was 
conferred upon him. Gen. Thomas died on the 6th of Janu- 
ary, 1817. He had long suffered with cancer in one of his 
eyes, and although he submitted to several operations, they 
were not attended by any alleviating effects. A gentleman 
who was intimate with Gen. Thomas, informs us that he was 
endowed with extraordinary intellectual strength. He was 
brought up to habits of industry and self-reliance, which dis- 
tinguished him through life. His sound judgment, inflexible 
honesty, and energy of character, insured him success in all 
his enterprises, private and public. 



TROUP. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Coweta and Heard ; E. by Meriwether ; S . by Harris ; and 
W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1826, and parts set off to Meri- 
wether and Harris in 1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It is 
28 miles long, and 24 miles wide, and contains 672 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee runs through the 
county ; and Yellow Jacket, Beach, Maple, Long Cane, Flat 
Shoal, Wehatkee, and White Water creeks, are its tributaries. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Population in 
1845, 8,337 whites, 7,942 blacks ; total, 16,279. Amount of 
taxes returned for 1848, 86,373 09. Sends two representa- 
tives to the State Legislature. 

Post Offices. — La Grange, Antioch, Cane Point, Long 
Cane, Mountville, Asbury, Troup Factory, Hogansville, Ver- 
non, West Point. 

Towns. — La Grange is the seat of justice, situated six miles 
S. E. of the Chattahoochee river, 130 W. of Milledgeville, 20 



548 TROUP COUNTY. 

from Greeneville, 30 from Newnan, 22 from Hamilton, 42 from 
Columbus, and 17 from West Point. The lots were sold on the 
1st of May, 1828. It has a brick court-house, a jail, a fire-proof 
clerk's office, three churches, two hotels, ten or twelve stores, 
physicians, lawyers, mechanics' shops, &c. Business to the 
amount of $175,000 per annum is done in this town. Popula- 
tion about 1,500. The schools of La Grange for many years 
ha^e been the theme of admiration. The school buildings are 
capacious and neat, provided with libraries and philosophical 
apparatus. Lectures are regularly delivered, and the principles 
of science illustrated by experiments. The grounds connected 
with the institutions are ornamented with trees, and every 
method is adopted to render school pleasant to the pupil. The 
town is healthy, and the water excellent. No place in Georgia 
can boast of a population, from its foundation to the present 
time, possessing greater merits in point of refinement of man- 
ners, benevolence of feeling, general intelligence, and moral 
worth, than La Grange Incorporated in 1828. The country 
in the immediate vicinity of La Grange is highly improved, 
presenting numerous beautiful mansions surrounded by grounds 
ornamented with flowers and trees. 

Mountville, nine miles from La Grange, on the road to 
Greeneville, contains one church, two doctors, and several 
mechanics' shops. Population about 200. 

Harrisonville, ten miles from La Grange, contains a church, 
store, grocery, &c. Population about 60. 

West Point, on both sides of the Chattahoochee, 16 miles 
from La Grange, has two churches, four or five stores, &c. 
Population, 200. 

Long Cane is nine miles west of La Grange. 

Vernon, on the Chattahoochee, is six miles from La Grange. 

Education. — In no part of Georgia are the means of 
education so extensively diffiised. From the earliest settle- 
ment of the county, the subject of education has occupied the 
attention- of the citizens. Schools are established in nearly 
every neighbourhood. Many of the seminaries of learning 
would do credit to any community. Some of the gentlemen 
having charge of the education of youth in La Grange, have 
favoured us with the following statistics . 



TROUP COUNTY. 549 

La Grange High School has two teachers, and 71 pupils. 
The course of study embraces an extensive reading of the Greek 
and Latin classics, mathematics, and the various branches of 
an English education. The school is situated in a beautiful 
and retired part of La Grange, and is daily advancing in the 
confidence of the public. 

La Grange Female Institution was founded in 1845. It is 
situated in a beautiful oak grove, half a mile from the public 
square. Incorporated in 1846, and power conferred to award 
diplomas, medals, and collegiate degrees. It has six instructors, 
and 140 pupils. 

La Grange Female Seminary. This institution is situ- 
ated in a beautiful part of the town. The main edifice is a 
large building, three stories high, including the basement, 
affording apartments for lodging, study, lectures, recitation, 
&c. The institution was established in 1843, by the Rev. 
John E. Dawson. It is now under the direction of Mr. Mil- 
ton E. Bacon. It is an individual enterprise. The Board of 
Instructors consists of eight Professors. The plan of instruc- 
tion is strictly collegiate. The institution is well supplied with 
chemical and philosophical apparatus, minerals, library, &c. 
The number of pupils averages over 100.* 

Number of poor children in the county, 213. Educational 
fund, $184 72. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are kept in a 
good condition. At West Point there is a bridge over the 
Chattahoochee, 550 feet in length; cost $16,000. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- 
ty is broken. The land is generally productive, but some 
parts much worn. The soil is mostly of the red description, 
adapted particularly to grains. Value of land, from $6 to $10 
per acre. The western portion of the county is peculiarly 
adapted to the cultivation of wheat. 

Productions. — Cotton is the principal product. Corn,, 
wheat, rye, barley, &c., are successfully cultivated. About 
15,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. 

* There is also an excellent school at Brownwood, under the care of the 
Rev. Mr. Smith, but we were unsuccessful in our efforts to obtain an account 
of it. 



550 TROUP COUNTY. 

Markets. — Columbus and Griffin. Merchants buy in 
Charleston and New- York. 

Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$111,674. Value of stock in trade, $96,675. Money at inte- 
rest, $237,540. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Troup factory, ten miles S. E. 
of La Grange. Capital, $42,000. Owners, Robertson, Leslie 
& Co. Spindles, 1,600 ; operatives 65, all whites. Yards of 
osnaburghs made per day, 900 ; bunches of yarn do. 100. 

The goods are sold principally in the adjoining counties ; 
and a considerable quantity sent to Philadelphia, Charleston, 
Savannah, Mobile, and New-Orleans. The orders for the goods 
amount to double the quantity made. This factory took the 
first honour for osnaburghs at the Agricultural Fair held at the 
Stone Mountain, in 1848. 

Woollen goods will be made this year. Great attention is 
paid to the character of the operatives, and none are received 
but those having testimonials of good and industrious habits. 
The Company are about to erect a building for a church and 
Sunday school. No ardent spirits are allowed on the premises. 

There are in the county 10 flour-mills, 14 grist-mills, 11 
saw-mills, and 2 wool-carding machines. 

Minerals. — Granite, and several varieties of rock, fit for 
building. Near Hogansville, carbonate of iron exists. Some 
lead has also been found. Beautiful amethystine quartz oc- 
curs near Dr. Austin's ; and tourmaline of uncommon beauty 
in several sections. Gold is found near Tavor's mills ; and 
asbestos and soapstone in several places. Evidence of lime- 
stone are found on Mr. Greene's farm, four miles from La 
Grange. 

Mineral Springs. — There are no springs of great celebrity. 
Chalybeate springs are numerous. There is one seven miles 
west of La Grange, and another on Mr. Bacon's lot, in La 
Grange. 

Character of the People. — The character of the people 
is almost without reproach. Men of high standing exert their 
influence in favour of morality and good order. Few crimes 
have been committed in the county, and the public records ex- 
hibit the gratifying fact, that for nearly three years after the 



TROUP COUNTY. 551 

organization of the county, no presentment was made by a 
grand jm'y for immoral conduct. 

Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — The first court in this county 
was held at the house of Mr. Weaver, July, 1827 — Judge 
Colquitt presiding. 

The first indictment against any citizen of Troup county, 
was for horse-stealing. 

The first presentment was for an assault. 

No execution has taken place in the county since its or- 
ganization. 

Early Settlers. — John E. Morgan, James Culverson, 
W. J. Starling, George H. Traylor, Nicholas Johnson, Silas 
Tatom, W. C. Mays, James Williamson, Rev. Caleb W. Key, 
Samuel Reed, John E. Gage, R. H. Lane, Henry Rogers, 
Wilson Williams, James Amos, Thomas Cameron, General 
Harralson, General Bailey, John Hill, Daniel Robertson, and 
Colonel Newsome, and others. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of Troup 
is generally favourable to health. On water-courses, as is the 
case in all parts of Georgia, fevers occur. There are now 
Hving, George Trash, 80; Mrs. Martha Stevens, 100; John 
Patterson, 82 ; Elizabeth Gordy, 84 ; Mrs. Gray, 84 : Mrs. 
Frances Thornton, 102; Elizabeth Thomas, 85: Lyddel Es- 
tis, 85 ; Mrs. Martin Estis, 81 ; Thomas Smedley over 83 ; 
Simon Hughs, 80 ; Lodwick Alford, 80. Maiden Amos died 
at the age of 99 ; Mins Sledge, upwards of 80 ; Mrs. Rallins, 
92 ; Mrs. Battle, 90 ; Mr. Potts, over 95 ; Mr. William Tho- 
mason, a soldier of the Revolution, was 92 at his death ; Jo- 
seph Johnson was 86 ; a negro man, an African, belonging to 
the Rev. Mr. Wilson, died a few years ago at the age of 140 ! 
and Benjamin Hemp at 100. 

Name. — Colonel George M. Troup, after whom this coun- 
ty is named, was born at Mcintosh's Bluff, on the Tombigbee, 
in what was then the territory of Georgia, now Alabama, in 
September, 1780. After receiving the rudiments of a classical 
education in Mcintosh county, in his father's house, and after- 
wards in Savannah, he was sent to Erasmus Hall, a cele- 
brated Academy conducted by Dr. Peter Wilson, in Flatbush, 



552 TROUP COUNTY. 

Long Island, State of New- York. Thence he went to Prince- 
ton College, where he graduated honourably. On his return to 
Savannah, he studied law with Mr. Noel. He early evinced 
a disposition for public life, provided political advancement 
might be attained without demagoguism. His talents and 
honesty gained for him the friendship of General James Jack- 
son, when Governor, who appointed him his Aid. In 1800, 
before he was twenty years of age, he was invited by the 
republicans of Chatham county to represent it in the Legisla- 
ture. This he declined, because of his minority. In a letter 
to General Jackson, he exhibits a sound republican feeling, 
from which, it is confidently asserted, he has not deviated a 
tittle down to the present day. He says, " I received an invi- 
tation from the republicans of Chatham to stand a candidate 
at the late election for representative. Constitutionally un- 
qualified to take my seat, in a successful event, 1 very reluc- 
tantly declined. The great crisis at which we have arrived, 
demands the patriotic exertions of every citizen of this country. 
The most important salutary benefits are suspended on the 
issue ; and if the numbers, together with the talents, which 
the republicans can command, are called into action, we can- 
not fail of a complete and decisive victory." The crisis was 
that of 1800 — the contest be ween Adams and Jefferson. 

In 1801 he yielded to a second application, and was elect- 
ed a representative. In the Legislature he at once occupied a 
high position. In 1802 he was again elected, and again in 
1803. In 1804, he removed to Bryan county, where he re- 
sided some years. In 1806, he was elected to Congress. As 
formerly, he abjured all arts before the people, refusing to solicit 
their suffrages, but ready to obey their call. This has been 
the rule of his political life, never to electioneer. He was a 
member of the House of Representatives until 1815, when he 
withdrew to private life. His support was given to the ad- 
ministrations of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, possessed of 
the confidence of both. As a representative of Georgia, he 
was distinguished by his opposition to the compromise made 
by the Federal Legislature with the Yazoo speculators. As a 
Legislator of the Union, he sustained the war measures which 
were adopted towards England. He was Chairman of the 



TROUP COUNTY. 553 

Committee on Military Affairs during nearly all the war. Na- 
turally fervid, he was impassioned in debate ; scrupulously 
honest, he was listened to with respect ; devoted to his coun- 
try, he gave to her all his heart and all his mind. During, or 
about the close of the war, he married a Virginia lady, from 
whom spring his descendants, a son and two daughters, and 
his grandchildren, the children of Thomas M. Forman, Esq., 
lately Mr. Bryan, of Glynn county. The elder children of 
Mr. Forman by Miss Troup, bear the name of Bryan, and are 
the great-grandchildren of Jonathan Bryan, illustrious in the 
annals of our State. 

In 1816, in opposition to his own wishes for retirement, 
Col. Troup was elected a Senator in Congress over Dr. Bibb, 
a very distinguished servant of Georgia, who recently in the 
Senate had rendered himself unpopular, by supporting " the 
compensation law." Dr. Bibb's term would have expired on 
the 3d of March, 1817, but he resigned, and the Legislature, 
jn addition to the ensuing full term, conferred the vacancy 
on Colonel Troup. He continued but two years in the Se- 
nate. In 1830, the State being divided into two great parties, 
known as the Crawford and Clarke parties, Colonel Troup 
was induced, by urgent application of his friends, to consent to 
become a candidate for Governor. General John Clarke 
was elected by a majority of thirteen votes. Again, in 1821, 
General Clarke was elected, beating Colonel Troup by a ma- 
jority of two votes. The writer of this memoir well remem- 
bers the intense excitement that preceded this election, and the 
course of Colonel Troup at Milledgeville. His supporters 
urged him to visit the members, and to canvass for their votes. 
He refused, alleging truly, that " a candidate for the executive 
chair should not debase that high office by seeking to influ- 
ence the legislative votes. He had refused through life to 
electioneer, and he was too old to do it now." Again, in 1823, 
he was a candidate, and the election resulted in his elevation 
to the chief magistracy. His opponent was the Honourable 
Matthew Talbot. Well was this for Georgia ; for a struggle 
was approaching, demanding at her helm a man of soundest 
judgment, and of undaunted heart. 

For a correct understanding of Governor Troup's difficul- 



554 TROUP COUNTY. 

ties with the General Government, it must be remembered 
that Georgia had, in 1802, sold to the United States all her 
lands west of the Chattahoochee, and of a line from that river 
to Nickajack on the Tennessee. It was solemnly agreed in 
the articles of cession, that the United States should ex- 
tinguish, at their own expense, the Indian title to " all the 
other lands within the State of Georgia, as early as the same 
could be peaceably attained on reasonable terms." From 1802 
down to 1823, although some acquisitions of land had been 
made, the agreement remained unexecuted. The States of Mis- 
sissippi and Alabama, which had been erected out of the ceded 
territory, were filling up with population, (the Indian title 
there and in Eastern Tennessee being in course of extinction,) 
and there was cause of apprehension, from a growing senti- 
ment at the North, believed to be in some considerable degree 
encouraged by the authorities at Washington, that the Indians, 
both Creeks and Cherokees, might be, for many years more, 
fastened upon our domain, if, indeed, not permitted to try upon 
it the experiment of independent self-government. To ex- 
tinguish the Indian title to all lands in Georgia, was a matter 
of compact and duty unfulfilled. Its extinction in other States 
was matter of National policy. Georgia had, except in time 
of war and public distress, urged upon the Government the 
performance of this duty. She had never failed to do hers, in 
any one particular, to her confederated sisters. A morbid 
philanthropy, in high and low places, preferred the supposed 
welfare of the savage, to the undoubted rights of our State, 
as the same philanthropy, now a wicked fanaticism, has since 
advocated another race before the happiness and peace of 
Southern freemen. 

The Legislature of 1823 required the Governor elect " to 
use his exertions to obtain from the United States the extin- 
guishment of the Indian title to all our remaining territory." 
He immediately opened a correspondence with the Secretary 
of War, which resulted in a commission to Duncan G. Camp- 
bell and James Meriwether, two distinguished Georgians, to 
treat with the Creek Indians. A council was held in Decem- 
ber, 1824, at Broken Arrow, on the Chattahoochee. Had the 
authorities of the Creek Nation been left to their own discre- 



TROUP COUNTY. 555 

tion, the success of the Commissioners would have equalled 
their wishes ; but it was discovered that the Indians had been 
influenced by the United States sub-agent, Walker, by their 
interpreter Hambly, by Missionaries, and by Cherokee chiefs, 
to refuse a cession ; and it was believed that this was done 
with the connivance of John Crowell, the agent. The nego- 
tiation altogether failed. It was in evidence that Crowell and 
his brother had declared " that Georgia should get no land 
from the Indians while Troup was Governor." Empowered so 
to do, the same Commissioners met the Creeks in council again 
at the Indian Springs, on the r2th day of February, 1825, and 
concluded with them a treaty of that date. But the Indians 
ceded to the United States, for Georgia, their right to all their 
lands in Georgia, and also ceded a portion in Alabama, and 
agreed to remove to the West, before the first day of Septem- 
ber, 1826. The most perfect justice was done ; they were to 
receive acre for acre in Western lands, and four hundred 
thousand dollars in money. The attendance of chiefs was 
a good one, and much larger than usual when chiefs only 
are invited. No fairer consideration was ever given for 
Indian relinquishment. Crowell, the agent, attested the treaty. 
The next day he set off for Washington, to protest against it ; 
but Mr. Monroe submitted the treaty to the Senate, by 
whom it was solemnly ratified. 

A short time after this, the celebrated chief and warrior. 
General William Mcintosh, whose whole life had been devoted 
to Georgia as well as to his own tribe, fell beneath the blows 
of assassins, when reposing in his own house, on our own soil. 
The hostile Indians surrounded his home, cowardlike, in the 
midst of night, fired it, and, as he attempted to leave it, perfo- 
rated his body with a hundred bullets. He had given his in- 
fluence in favour of the treaty, and was a friend to Georgia. 
The Indians who slew him pretended that it was done in exe- 
cution of some unwritten law of their country, as a punish- 
ment for the cession of land. Mcintosh, friendly to Georgia, 
had, on our Governor's application, assented, for his people, to 
an immediate survey, so as to prepare for white occupation 
on the first of September, 1826. This brave warrior and the 
other treaty-making Indians had borne arms for the United 



556 TROUP COUNTY. 

States ; those opposed to the treaty had been hostile in the war 
with Great Britain in 1812, 13, 14, and 15. So faithful had 
he been to us, that British blandishments had failed to affect 
his attachments ; and, as a just reward for his fidelity and bra- 
very, a brigadier general's commission had, in that war, been 
sent to him from Washington. Again, in 1817 and 1818, he 
served under General Andrew Jackson against the Indians' 
of Florida. The Indians friendly to the treaty were the same 
who had made previous cessions, against their power to make 
which no word had been uttered. They were the proprietors 
and occupants of the ceded lands, and in battle had conquered, 
in times past, the recusant Indians : those opposed were inha- 
bitants of the interior country, altogether in Alabama, and little 
concerned with the question. But a few years before General 
Jackson had treated the latter as a conquered people, and had 
prescribed to them their bounds. 

The Governor convened the Legislature in May, 1825, in 
extra session, and recommended that the acquired land be sur- 
veyed. An act was passed accordingly. A strong resolution 
was adopted, calling upon the President to remove the Indian 
Agent from office, as the enemy of Georgia, and as faithless to 
his Government. Mr. John Quincy Adams had become Pre- 
sident. He refused to remove him, but instituted an inquiry 
into his conduct, appointing for that purpose " a Clerk of 
Bureau." He also commissioned Major General Gaines to 
repair to Georgia, " to suppress the disorders of the Nation and 
compose its dissensions." These two high functionaries 
made their appearance in the State, and forthwith evinced an 
unbecoming partiality for the Agent and for those Indians who 
were inimical, and manifested a disposition to set at naught, 
and to trample upon, the rights and dignity of the State of 
Georgia. She had, unhappily, long been divided into two bit- 
ter parties, of late years principally upon personal grounds, 
and " the Major General Commanding" very soon manifested 
his alliance with that in opposition to the then Chief Magis- 
trate. The Governor appointed Commissioners, as enjoined 
by the Legislature, to inquire into the delinquency of the Agent. 
When attending conferences held by General Gaines with the 
Indians in Georgia, upon her own soil, they were debarred 



TROUP COUNTY. 557 

from facilities of communication with tiiem, to which, as the 
representatives of a sovereign State, they were entitled. The 
" Clerk of Bureau" and " the Major General Commanding" 
went beyond their allotted duties, and reported against a treaty 
which had not been submitted to them ; the spotless charac- 
ters of Campbell and Meriwether were traduced, and the treaty 
was declared to be " tainted with intrigue and treachery." 
Mr. Adams determined to re-submit the treaty to Congress, 
and prohibited the survey ; the Governor determined to hold 
it as valid, and, in due time, to survey the land ; but he in- 
formed the President of the United States that the survey 
should be suspended until the Legislature should again meet. 
And, referring to General Gaines, assures the President that 
were he " to send the General to him in chains, he would trans- 
gress nothing of the public law." He demanded his imme- 
diate recall, and his arrest, trial, and punishment, under the 
rules and articles of war, for having, in his correspondence and 
publications, insulted the Chief Magistrate of Georgia. Such 
was the law. But, in utter disregard of our Legislature and 
of our Governor, Crowell was not removed from office ; 
Gaines was not court-martialled ; and the murderers of Mcin- 
tosh were not punished ! 

The ferment in Georgia was now exceedingly high. The 
State Constitution had undergone alteration, and the first elec- 
tion of Governor by the people was approaching. The popular 
Gen. John Clarke was brought out by his party in opposition. 
The people sustained their intrepid Governor, and on the first 
Monday in October, gave him again the chair of state by a 
majority of seven hundred votes. In his message, in Novem- 
ber, he detailed the events of the summer, and advised a firm 
adherence to the treaty by the General Assembly. The Legis- 
lature, although opposed to the Governor in both branches on 
mere party politics, resolved, that " full faith ought to be 
placed in the treaty ; that the title of Georgia under it was 
vested and absolute ; and that the right of entry, immediately 
on the expiration of the time limited by it, should he insisted 
on and carried into effect." They again solemnly required the 
removal of the Agent, which was again rejected. The issue 
was now made up. In January, 1826, the Governor gave 
36 



558 TROUP COUNTY. 

orders for a division of the militia into three classes, and stated 
therein his belief that "the general officers could not find them- 
selves indifferent to the crisis in which the country finds 
itself." Orders w^ere also issued, looking to the filling up of 
the ranks of the existing volunteer companies, and the forma- 
tion of new ones. The Federal Government had already as- 
sembled at Fort Mitchell, on the Chattahoochee, and on the 
Flint river, a force of four hundred regular troops. A collision 
might be expected. The peace of the Union was in danger! 
It was now that divers chiefs of the Creek Indians, certified 
by Mr. John Crowell, to be " very proper men," were as- 
sembled in Washington City, where, on the 24th January, 
1826, a New Treaty was made, declaring the Old Treaty null 
and void, but ceding, for Georgia, nearly all the land covered 
by the old, and extending the time of surrender to the first 
day of January, 1827. Against this treaty, the Georgia Sena- 
tors, Berrien and Cobb, voted. It was ratified by the Senate 
in April. The House of Representatives appropriated the 
money to carry it into eflfect, and the Georgia Representatives 
filed their protests. They did their duty to Georgia in both 
Houses. Particularly effective were the speeches of the Hon. 
Mr. Berrien and the Hon. Mr. Forsyth in the maintenance, in 
their respective chambers, of the rights and honour of Geor- 
gia. The Governor, at home, held the new treaty to be a 
piece of blank paper. It had prescribed, as he believed, dif- 
ferent boundaries for Georgia, from those set forth in her con- 
stitution, and guaranteed them. Lands were taken from Geor- 
gia and abandoned to the Indians for ever ; and the jurisdiction 
over the river Chattahoochee, before that time absolute in 
Georgia, was now divided between Georgia and Alabama. 
Moreover, to admit it, would be to acknowledge all the ca- 
lumnies — to confess all the charges made against the com- 
missioners Campbell and Meriwether, and against the shade 
of Mcintosh — and to abandon principle for expediency. 

Standing flat-footed upon the old treaty, the Governor, in 
July, 1826, ordered certain commissioners to proceed to run 
the line between Georgia and Alabama, as laid down by the 
contract of 1802. This was effected before the 1st of Sep- 
tember. The land was then ready for our surveyors. They 



TROUP COUNTY. 559 

had been appointed in 1825. In July, 1826, the Governor 
had commanded the District Surveyors to commence opera- 
tions on the first of September. The vi^ork was done with no 
resistance from Washington until February, 1827, and none 
of moment from the Indians. Upon their complaint, the Pre- 
sident then ordered those surveyors who laboured in that part of 
the territory left out by the new treaty to be arrested, and caused 
the Governor to be informed, through Lieut. Vinton of the army, 
that he would employ " all the means under his control to 
maintain the faith of the nation," by carrying that treaty into 
effect. The Governor, without the loss of a day on his part, 
directed the Attorney and Solicitors General of Georgia " to 
bring to justice, by indictment or otherwise, the officers or 
parties concerned" in arresting the surveyors ; and sent ge- 
neral orders to the Major Generals of the 6th and 7th divisions 
of militia, " to hold their commands in readiness to repel any 
hostile invasion of the State." On the same day, he wrote to 
the Secretary of War, " that he should resist to the utmost, any 
military attack, which the government of the United States 
should think proper to make on the territory, the people, or the 
sovereignty of Georgia." You, said he, from the first decisive 
act of hostility, " will be considered and treated as a public 
enemy, and with the less repugnance, because you, to whom 
we might constitutionally have appealed for our defence 
against invasion, are yourselves the invaders; and, what is 
more, the unblushing advocates of the savages whose cause 
you have adopted. You have referred me for my conduct to 
the treaty at Washington. In turn I take the liberty to re- 
fer you to a treaty of prior date, and prior ratification, con- 
cluded at the Indian Springs, which I have the honour to en- 
close." Lieutenant Vinton having been instructed, as neces- 
sary to his personal safety, to preserve a profound secrecy in 
the execution of his mission, the Governor tells the Secretary, 
that "he mistakes the character of the people of Georgia. 
Officers of the General Government engaged in the perform- 
ance of lawful duties, have only to deport themselves as gen- 
tlemen to find the same security and protection in Georgia, as 
under the ^Egis of the government at Washington." The sur- 
veyors were not arrested, the surveys were completed, and the 



560 TROUP COUNTY. 

entire domain covered by the old treaty was organized, and 
disposed of by lottery, in 1827. The rights of Georgia were 
preserved, and her unterrified Chief Magistrate was trium- 
phant ! One of the counties was called Troup ; and in honour 
of Mcintosh, and to perpetuate the memory of the Creek peo- 
ple, another was called Muscogee. Our energetic Governor 
was pronounced to be a madman by enemies at home and by 
submissionists abroad ; but his madness had a method in it 
which was conservative of the liberties of Georgians. Let 
no man suppose that Governor Troup was hostile to the 
Union ! His official correspondence and messages, his pre- 
vious public life, his speeches in Congress, his ardent support 
of his whole country in the war of 1812, prove the contrary. 
He has declared, and it is believed, that he would lay down his 
life for the Union. But for what Union? A Union for spe- 
cified purposes delegated by the sovereign States ; a Union of 
limited powers ; and in all other matters one of unlimited re- 
servation to the States, or to the people ; not a Union of con- 
solidation, expressly nor by construction. As a State Rights 
man and a Georgian, he loved Georgia more. To him, next 
to Providence, we owe the fact, that the habitations of our 
brethren of Georgia now cover all her beautiful plains, and 
mountains, and valleys. Had he quailed, the Creeks might 
yet roam between the Flint and the Chattahoochee ; the 
Cherokees might still, in our mountain lands, acknowledge the 
sway of a Ridge and a Ross. The example of Gov. Troup was 
followed by his successors. The criminal jurisdiction of Georgia 
was soon extended, by her own authority, over the Cherokees, 
who, in nine years more, followed the Creeks to the West. All 
are settled on lands guaranteed to them by the United 
States, which the United States had a right to guarantee, and 
•/here, it is hoped a successful experiment will be made to bring 
them within the compass of civilization and Christianity. 

During Gov. Troup's administration, the great and good 
Lafayette visited America. He was a guest of Georgia. Gov. 
Troup, in 1825, received him on the Bluff" of Savannah. The 
writer of this memoir heard the address of the Governor to 
the nation's friend. " Welcome, Lafayette ! General, 'tis 
little more than ninety years since the founder of this State 



TROUP COUNTY. 5(jl 

first set foot upon the bank upon which you stand. Now, 
four hundred thousand people open their arms to receive you. 
Thanks to a kind Providence, it called you to the standard of 
independence in the helplessness of our Revolution. It has 
preserved you, that in your latter days the glory of a great 
empire might be reflected back upon you, amid the acclama- 
tions of millions. The scenes which are to come, will be for 
you comparatively tranquil and placid. There will be no 
m.ore of dungeons, no more fears of tyrants. Oh, sir, what a 
consolation for a man, who has passed through seas of trouble, 
that the millions of bayonets which guard the blessings we 
enjoy, stand between you and them ! But enough ! Wel- 
come, General ! Thrice welcome to the State of Georgia ! " 
Education, a Court of Errors, internal improvement, and, 
indeed, all enlightened measures, have had in Governor Troup 
a warm advocate. The militia claims of Georgia for 
services in 1792, '93, and '94, were firmly pressed by him, 
and provided for at Washington. One measure alone which 
he supported will admit of doubt with posterity. He was 
the advocate of the land lottery system. He had supported it 
at the beginning, in 1802, and advised it in 1825; but with 
recommendations to guard against frauds and speculation, and, 
from sale of fractions, to make suitable provision for beneficial 
public objects. He considered the land as the property of the 
people, and a lottery the speediest method for settling the 
country and elevating his State. So had long thought all 
parties in Georgia, so had they always acted. Executive 
opposition would have been fruitless. On the subject of slave- 
ry at the south, the Governor saw, in advance, the dangers 
thickening around us. He informed the Legislature, in 1825, 
that the feelings of the southern people had been recently out- 
raged by officious intermeddling with their domestic concerns. 
He predicted that very soon the Federal Government would 
lend itself to fanatics, for the destruction of every thing valua- 
ble to the southern country. One movement of the Congress 
unresisted by you," said he, " and all is lost. Temporize no 
longer. Make knoion your resolution ; that this subject shall 
not be touched by them but at their peril. But for its sacred 
guaranty by the Constitution, we never would have become 



562 TROUP COUNTY. 

parties to that instrument. If slavery be an evil, it is our own 
— if it be a sin, we can implore the forgiveness of it. / be- 
seech you most earnestly, now that it is not too late, to step 
forth, and, having exhausted the argument, to stand by your 
arms." 

He retired from the government in November, 1827, with 
a popularity equal to that of any former Chief Magistrate. 
In 1828, he was recalled to the United States Senate. This 
appointment was accepted by him with unfeigned regret. Ill- 
health and other circumstances had determined him to live in 
domestic seclusion. It is not generally known that, when 
apprised of the legislative intention to send him to Washing- 
ton, he, to prevent it, hastened from his home in Laurens, to 
Milledgeville, where he arrived only a few hours after his 
election. He continued in Congress until 1834, enjoying the 
respect and veneration of his fellow-citizens of Georgia. In 
the Senate, his feebleness of health forbade participation in 
debate. The same cause produced his final resignation. By his 
more intimate friends Gov. Troup is regarded as the living apos- 
tle of State Rights, the champion of State Sovereignty. It was 
under the conviction that these were imperilled, that he de- 
clared, in 1833, that "he would have been carried on his 
death- bed to the Capitol, rather than not have given his vote 
against the Force Bill." His opinions upon topics of public 
interest are given unreservedly when solicited ; and the ac- 
knowledged consistency of his life — the admitted integrity of 
his heart — the soundness of his intellect — give them a weight 
felt by all. Witness his letter upon State Sovereignty and 
State Interposition, long regarded in Georgia as a text-book 
for State Rights men. So also his letters upon the Tariff, the 
Annexation of Texas, and others. He may not be considered 
as identified with either of the present parties dividing the 
* State. He enunciates great principles, and sustains or opposes 
great measures, leaving his opinions to operate on the public 
mind according to their merits. He has been a man of sor- 
rows. He is taciturn, and, hence, is charged with pride ; but 
no man's heart is more tender, or more benevolent. He is 
not a professor of the Christian religion, in which, neverthe- 
less, one who has a right to know, assures the writer that he is 



TWIGGS COUNTY. 563 

a believer. His gubernatorial messages, writings, and procla- 
mations, prove that he has unaffected respect for the institu- 
tions and ministers of Christianity. May his life, now 
extended to near seventy years, be prolonged many more, and 
may the blessings of a grateful people continue with him unto 
the grave ! 



TWIGGS. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Twiggs county is bounded N. by 
Jones, E. by Wilkinson, S. by Pulaski, and W. by the Ocmul- 
gee river and a portion of Bibb. Laid out from Wilkinson in 
1809, and a part added to Bibb in 1833. Length, 25 miles, 
breadth 14. Area 350 square miles. 

RrvEEs, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee river forms most of the 
western boundary ; Shell Stone, Crooked, Flat, and Savage 
creeks empty into the Ocmulgee. There are several streams 
in the eastern part, among which Big Sandy creek is the prin- 
cipal. 

Post Offices. — Marion, Tarversville, Jeffersonville. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, the population was 3,752 whites, 4,084 blacks; 
total, 7,836. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature 
of the State. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,841 61. 

Towns.— Marion, named after General Marion, is the capi- 
tal, situated 36 miles S. W. of Milledgeville, 8 from the Oc- 
mulgee, 20 from Macon, and 30 from Hartford. It has a 
court-house, jail, tavern, two stores, &c. Population about 
60. Incorporated in 1816. A branch of the Darien Bank was 
formerly located here. 

Tarversville is in the S. W. corner of the county. 

Jeffersonville is 6 miles from Marion, and 22 from Macon. 
It contains two churches, a fine school, and is considered a heal- 
thy place. Population, 100. 

Early Stttlers. — Mr. John Denson, Joel Denson, Wm. 
Jamerson, Jeremiah Dupree, Benjamin Joiner, Edmund Hod- 
ges, Mr. Hughs, George Wimberly, and Col. Lawson. 



564 TWIGGS COUNTY. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists 
are the prevailing sects. There are good schools in this 
county, and there is a disposition to encourage the efforts 
of faithful teachers among a large portion of the com- 
munity. Number of poor children, 283. Educational fund, 
$245 43. 

Markets. — Macon and Savannah. 

Mills. — Saw-mills, 6 ; grist-mills, 9. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The upper 
part of the county is broken. The soil is generally gray, 
although there are some red lands. On Turkey creek and Oc- 
mulgee river the lands are fertile. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 400 pounds, 
corn about 12 bushels, wheat 8 bushels. 

RncKs, Fossils. — Burr stone of good quality is found in 
this county. The bones of the Zuglodon have been discovered 
on Mrs. Thorpe's plantation. In various parts interesting 
fossils abound. The county, like Houstoun, abounds with lime 
rock 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads will compare favourably 
with those of the adjacent counties. The bridges are neglected. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity — The climate is unhealthy. 
The instances of longevity with which we are acquainted 
are, John Keeth, who died at the age of 90 ; Ephraim Lile and 
Thomas Taylor, who were nearly 80 at their death. Mr. 
John Denson died at 90 ; Sarah Denson is now living, 
aged 80. 

Character op the People — The citizens of Tvi^iggs are 
said to be industrious, frugal, and temperate. In morals the 
people generally have improved. 

Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$112,320. Stock in trade, $27,692. Money at interest, 
$80,050. 

Name. — The details of the life of General John Twiggs, 
from whom this county received its name, would fill a volume ; 
but agreeably to the plan we are compelled to observe, in de- 
scribing the character and services of Georgia's noble sons, 
we can only refer to some of the most prominent incidents in 
the history of this gallant soldier. The blessings which are 



TWIGGS COUNTY. 565 

enjoyed under this free government, were purchased at a dear 
rate, and the memory of those brave men, by w^hose prowess 
they were obtained, should never be effaced from our minds. 
General Twiggs is eminently deserving the gratitude of the 
people of Georgia ; /or never did soldier serve them with more 
steadiness and fidelity. He was born in Maryland, on the 5th 
of June, 1750, and came to Georgia some time before the 
American Revolution, and settled in Burke county. His pa- 
rents were poor, and were unable to give him any more than 
a few months' schooling ; after which, he learned the trade of 
a carpenter. Upon coming to Georgia he followed his trade, 
and married Miss Ruth Emanuel, sister of the Hon. David 
Emanuel, a lady of great firmness of character, and who, dur- 
ing the Revolution in which her companion was soon to figure, 
endured many sufferings, with a fortitude becoming the wife 
of an American patriot. After his marriage he removed to 
Richmond county, and built a mill, near which he resided, 
until his oppressed country called him to the battle-field. To 
that call he promptly responded. About the time he joined 
the army, the Cherokee Indians were giving much trouble to 
the frontier settlements, and an expedition under Colonel Jack 
was ordered to proceed against them. Twiggs, as captain of 
a company, joined this expedition, and by his bravery and 
skill secured the confidence of Col. Jack. In 1779, when 
Lieut. Col. Campbell was on his way to Augusta, he detached 
400 men against Burke county jail. With the assistance of 
Col. Few, Twiggs raised an inconsiderable force, and defeated 
the enemy in two diflferent actions. 

A short time after the memorable battle at Kettle Creek, 
Col. Twiggs and Col. John Mcintosh surprised a British post 
at Herbert's, not far from Augusta, consisting of seventy men, 
and compelled them to surrender. Between this period and 
that of the attack upon Savannah by the combined forces of 
Gen. Lincoln and Count D'Estaing, he was constantly employed 
in skirmishes with the enemy and cutting off" their supplies. 
One among the most splendid achievements in which he was 
engaged, took place in June, 1779, when he was attacked at 
Butler's plantation, on the Ogeechee river, having only thirty 
men under his command, by Capt. Muller, of the GOth regi- 



566 TWIGGS COUNTY. 

ment, with sixty grenadiers. Twiggs formed his spirited band 
so well, that the enemy were totally overcome. The captain 
was killed, and several other officers, and the remainder taken 
prisoners. When intelligence of this brilliant affair reached 
Savannah it produced a great sensation among the British offi- 
cers. One of them is reported to have said, " that if an angel 
was to tell him that Capt. Muller, who had served twenty-one 
years in the King's Guards with his detachment, had been de- 
feated by an equal number of rebels, he would disbelieve it." 
Our hero, shortly after this engagement, anxious to inflict pro- 
per chastisement upon the notorious McGirth, and his party, 
who were pillaging the property of the citizens, went in pur- 
suit of these marauders, and overtook them on Buck Head 
creek ; but unhappily for the cause of humanity, after a short 
skirmish they made their escape into a swamp, not however 
without losing a number of their men. On the 12th of Sep- 
tember, 1779, Colonel Twiggs with his regiment joined Gene- 
ral Lincoln, at Cherokee Hill, eight miles from Savannah. In 
the bloody conflict at the latter place he was present, and with 
Pulaski, Laurens, Mcintosh, Butler, Jones, Jackson, Few, and 
Baillie, did all that military skill could accomplish, to recover 
the town from a cruel enemy. Col. Twiggs was favoured 
with a retentive memory, and long after the drama of the Re- 
volution closed, he would amuse and interest for hours, the 
young men who were wont to circle about him, by reciting 
the incidents of the war. What a privilege must it have been 
to hear from the lips of the war-worn veteran himself, the re- 
cital of Pulaski's gallantry, Jasper's daring, and Mcintosh's 
ardour! What emotions must they have felt when the old sol- 
dier spoke of the carnage and blood of that siege ! After the 
unsuccessful enterprise against Savannah, many of the fami- 
lies of the patriots experienced sufferings of which it is hardly 
possible to form an idea. Though the family of Col. Twiggs 
was removed under the protection of a flag, they were actu- 
ally fired upon by the enemy, and the Colonel himself only 
escaped by flight. At Gates' defeat at Camden, he was se- 
verely wounded by a sabre, and left for dead upon the field. 
After his partial recovery he returned to Georgia, determined 
not to shrink from the contest for independence. Collecting 



TWIGGS COUNTY. 567 

a body of men, he went in pursuit of his old enemy McGirth, 
whose depredations upon the defenceless frontiers had created 
great alarm ; but his knowledge of the country enabled him 
again to make his escape. At this period, also, he was en- 
gaged south of Savannah, in checking the operations of the ene- 
my's scouting parties. At the Fish Dam fords he contributed 
greatly to the victory gained by the Americans over the Bri- 
tish, commanded by Major Wemyss ; and a few days after- 
wards, at Blackstock's house, at the head of his band of Geor- 
gians, he resisted the furious charge of Tarlton's cavalry. 
Justice has not been done to the Georgia officers engaged in 
this battle. We have no desire to lessen the glory of Sumter 
in this action ; but it is the opinion of many, and of some too 
who participated in the battle, that the venerable historian of 
South Carolina, Dr. Ramsey, does not give a proper share of 
praise to the Georgia officers. Sumter, it is true, commanded 
at the beginning of the action, but receiving a wound, he was 
compelled to retire from the field. The command then de- 
volved upon the oldest Georgia officer, Col. Twiggs, and to 
this officer, and his associates, Jackson, Chandler, and Clarke, is 
due much of the glory of the victory. When Brown surrendered 
to the arms of the Americans at Augusta, Twiggs was present, 
and shared in all the toils and dangers of that memorable oc- 
casion. When the Legislature met in Augusta, in 1781, in 
consideration of the gallant services of Colonel Twiggs, he was 
appointed a Brigadier General. His attention was now turned 
to the eastern part of the State, and having advanced with his 
army as far as Burke county, he learned that large bodies of 
loyalists and Indians were collecting on the western frontiers ; 
upon which he retraced his steps to Augusta, for the purpose 
of concerting a plan of operations to disperse them. During 
the remainder of the revolutionary conflict he was incessant- 
ly engaged, and at all times acquitted himself as a patriot 
soldier. When the war closed he retired, but only for a brief 
period, to his plantation in Richmond county, for the Indian 
difficulties called him again from his home. To thwart the 
designs of the savages, goaded on by unprincipled men, re- 
quired consummate skill and prudence ; and the government 
of Georgia, believing that General Twiggs possessed in a high 



568 TWIGGS COUNTY. 

degree these qualifications, invested him with full power to di- 
rect the plan of operations against the Indians, and which he 
did with complete success. In October, 1786, a detachment 
of 1500 men was ordered by Governor Telfair to attend the 
Commissioners appointed to treat with the Creek Indians, and 
which was placed under the command of General Twiggs. 
Previous to this period, he had been a commissioner to nego- 
tiate treaties with the Indians. At Augusta, on May 31st, 1783, 
in conjunction with Lyman Hall, Elijah Clarke, W. Few, Ed- 
ward Telfair, and Samuel Elbert, he made a treaty with the 
Cherokees, and in November, of the same year, a treaty with 
the Creeks. In 1785, he concluded a treaty with the 
Creeks at Galphinton. At Shoulder Bone, in obedience 
to the orders of Governor Telfair, he attended the Commis- 
sioners appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Creeks. In 
1791 he was promoted to the rank of Major General. In 
1794, his former associate in arms, General Elijah Clarke, 
and his adherents, took possession of the territory on the In- 
dian side of the Oconee, and General Twiggs received orders 
to draft 600 men to proceed against him. Clarke, however, 
abandoned the project before the military force was organized. 
It will be remembered, that the Legislature of 1795 passed an 
act for the sale of the Western Territory. An account of 
that infamous transaction may be found in our sketch of Gene- 
ral James Jackson, and we allude to it here to have an oppor- 
tunity of saying that General Twiggs was violently opposed 
to it, and was one of the principal agents in having the act 
declared null and void by the Legislature of 1796. In 1800, 
General Twiggs was honoured by the Legislature with the 
appointment of a Trustee of Franklin University, and in its 
prosperity he continued to take a deep interest to the close of 
his life. This devoted friend to Georgia died on the 29th of 
March, 1816, aged 65 years. He had always requested that 
no monument should be placed over his grave. He was five 
feet ten inches in height, stoutly made, well proportioned, gray 
eyes, florid complexion. He was affable and hospitable. His 
house was open to all. To his fellow-soldiers of the Revolu- 
tion he was much attached ; and his sons can remember when 
whole nights were consumed by the soldiers of '76, at General 



UNION COUNTY. 569 

Twiggs' residence, in recounting the events of the war. His 
humanity was exemplary ; and although he had many provo- 
cations from the British, and the dastard tories, he endeavour- 
ed to exercise a spirit of forbearance. A notorious tory by 
the name of Gunn, had actually concerted a plan to kill Gene- 
ral Twiggs in his own house. This man afterwards came in- 
to his power. The famous Paddy Carr, who, it is said, had killed 
more than 100 tories with his own hand, insisted that Gunn 
should be immediately hung; but General Twiggs, with his 
characteristic good nature, would permit no injury to be in- 
flicted upon the poltroon. General Twiggs left five sons and 
one daughter ; one of his sons. General D. E. Twiggs, now 
of the United States army, has inherited much of his father's 
spirit. Posterity will speak of his deeds. Major Levi Twiggs 
was killed at the storming of Chepultepec. 



UNION. 

Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by North Caro- 
lina, E. by Rabun and Habersham, S. by Lumpkin, and W. by 
Gilmer. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The principal streams are the Hiwas- 
see, Notley, and Tcccoa rivers. The creeks are High Tower, 
Dooly's, Hemp Town, Cooper's, Brass Town, Mill, &c. 

Towns. — Blairsville is the seat of justice ; and is situated 
in the midst of the Blue Ridge. It has a court-house,. and jail ; 
one school, two hotels, six stores, one tailor, one cabinet- 
maker, &c. It is distant from the North Carolina line 1 1 miles ; 
from Milledgeville, 165; from EUijay, 40; from Dahlonega, 35; 
from Clayton, 45. Provisions are abundant and cheap. The 
scenery in the vicinity of Blairsville is hardly surpassed by any 
in the United States. The population are quiet and orderly. 
The public buildings were located in Blairsville, in 1835. 
Population, about 150. Amount of goods sold in a year, 
$20,000, mostly purchased in Augusta and Charleston. Incor- 
porated in 1847. 



570 UNION COUNTY. 

Climate, Diseases, Instances of Longevity. — The cli- 
mate is delightful in summer. In winter sudden changes oc- 
cur, which commonly produce colds, pleurisy, (fee. The dis- 
ease called " Milk Sick," sometimes prevails upon the head 
waters of Brass Town and Cythis creeks. Instances of 
longevity are common. Mrs. Sarah Lloyd is over 85 ; Mrs. 
Addington, over 80 ; Dicy Queen, 85 ; Mrs. Patterson, over 
80 ; John Nickerson, a revolutionary soldier, over 90 ; Samuel 
Reid, 95 ; Ruther Brown, over 80. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — This county 
has some excellent lands, mostly on the bottoms and creeks, 
adapted to corn and Irish potatoes, worth $10 per acre. There 
is a description of land called table land, having a growth of 
nickory and post oak, suited to corn, tobacco and wheat ; value 
$3 to $5 per acre. Excellent ranges for cattle are to be found 
in every section of this mountain region. 

Average product of corn per acre, 20 bushels, wheat 6. 
No cotton is cultivated. Rye, oats, and Irish potatoes do well. 

Trees, Orchards. — Mountain birch, spruce, mountain lau- 
rel, hackberry, black locust, sarvis, maple, white pine, &c. 
The country being newly settled the inhabitants have not yet 
paid much attention to orchards. Apples succeed admirably. 

Minerals. — A more interesting field for the mineralogist 
cannot be found in the United States than this section of 
Georgia. It is rich in minerals. Three diamonds have been 
found in the county. Gold occurs in several places, particularly 
on Gum Log, Ivy Log, High Tower, Brass Town, and Cosa 
creeks. The mines on the last named creek have the repu- 
tation of. being rich, having yielded 100,000 pennyweights of 
gold since they were operated upon. 

White and variegated marble is found on Cat creek, and 
Cut Cane creek, in the western part of the county. Iron is 
abundant. Silver, it is said, exists in this county. Granite, 
mica, quartz, alum, and sulphuret of iron, are common. Six 
miles northwest of Blairsville, on Ivy Log and Brass Town 
creeks, are quarries of millstone, said to be excellent. 

Mountains. — The Blue Ridge crosses Union, and its differ- 
ent peaks are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, Cooper's 
Creek, Blood, Track Rock, Ball, and Round Top mountains. 



UNION COUNTY. 571 

Valleys. — The valleys are Brass Town, Hiwassee, Cho- 
estoah, Ivy Log, and Young Cane, most of which have fine 
lands, cultivated by an industrious and simple class of people. 

Post Offices. — Blairsville, Ivy Log, Polk, Shady Grove, 
and Young Cane. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the cen- 
sus gave Union a population of 5,670 whites, and 142 blacks ; 
total, 5,812. The amount of taxes for 1848, $878 80 cents. 
Entitled to one representative. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-Mis- 
sionary Baptists, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, and Bible, 
Christians. In this region ministers and Sabbath schools are 
much needed. Education is at a low ebb. Schools are want- 
ed, and efficient teachers would be encouraged. Number of 
poor children, 850. Educational fund, $737 20 cents. 

Remarkable Places. — Track Rock is situated about 7 
miles east of Blairsville, in the gap of a mountain, which has 
received the name of the Enchanted Mountain, at the head 
waters of the Arquequa and Brass Town creeks. The rock 
appears to be a species of soapstone, and on it are tracks, sup- 
posed to have been made by the Indians, such as the tracks of 
turkeys, deer, cows, horses, bears, men, boys, girls, &c. Dr. 
Stevenson, of Canton, in Cherokee county, cut out one of 
these impressions, and wrote a very romantic story about this 
rock, and the Enchanted Mountain. On the side of this 
mountain is a rock fort. 

Bell Creek or Pilot Mountain is situated in the northeast 
corner of Union county, and appears to be placed upon the 
summit of a larger mountain. The northwest side of it is 400 
yards perpendicular. It is visible for 20 miles around, and re- 
ceived its present name from the Indians. The top is almost 
inaccessible. 

About a mile and a half from Blairsville, on Notley river, a 
fierce battle occurred between the Cherokees and Creeks, rela- 
tive to territory claimed by both parties. On Hiwassee river a 
battle was fought by the Cherokees and Creeks, in which the 
latter were defeated. At Track Rock, a severe battle is 
supposed to have been fought. 

Mineral Springs, Falls. — Mineral springs are to be found 



572 UNION COUNTY. 

near the head waters of the Hiwassee river, but none particu- 
larly celebrated. On the head waters of the Hiwassee river, 
are several falls, some of which are 100 feet perpendicular, de- 
cidedly superior, it is affirmed, to the Toccoa falls. 

Original Settlers. — Mr. John Butt and his family, the . 
'Chastains, Smiths, Turners, Loudermiths, Englands, Burches, if 
Sanders, and others. 

Mills, Distilleries, &c. — In the county are 11 saw-mills ; 
25 grist-mills, and 1 merchant-mill in process of construction. 
There are 7 distilleries. Iron works have been erected on 
Ivy Log creek, 7 miles from Blairsville. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads are necessarily rough, being 
in a mountain region. The citizens are, however, paying at- 
tention to their roads, and we feel no hesitation in saying, 
that we have met with worse roads in some of the older coun- 
ties. There are not many bridges. The one over Notley's 
creek, a mile and a half from Blairsville, is 80 feet in. length. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Hospitality is 
a peculiar trait in the character of the people. Strangers are 
always welcome, and treated with marked kindness. The 
rules of etiquette do not exist, it is true, among these moun- 
taineers ; but every one is anxious to make the visiter happy. 
The ladies are artless, and unsophisticated, and seem to take 
much pleasure in conversing with strangers. The luxuries of 
cities are unknown in Union. Many of the mountain people 
never use sugar except upon very special occasions. Hunting, 
fishing, and dancing are the amusements. 

Value of Town Lots, &;c. — The value of town lots is 
$6,490. Value of stock in trade, $7,700. Money at interest 
$3,913. 

Name. — The following is said to be the origin of the name 
of this county. When the question was asked in the Legis- 
lature, the representative from that region answered " Union, 
for none but union-men reside in it." — Sherwood's Gazetteer. 



UPSON COUNTY. 573 



UPSON. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by- 
Pike ; E. by Monroe and Crawford ; S. by Talbot, and W. by 
Meriwether and Talbot. Laid out from Crawford and Pike 
in 1824. It is 24 miles long, and 16 wide, containing 384 
square miles. 

Post Offices. — Thomaston, Double Bridges, Hootensville, 
Waymanville. 

Amount of State Tax. — The amount of State tax for 
1848, was i3,357 13. 

Population, Representation. — According to the last 
census, Upson had 5,740 whites, and 4,080 blacks ; total, 
9,828. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The principal river is the Flint, 
into which the following creeks empty, viz.; Big Potato, Lit- 
tle Potato, Tobler's, Swift, and Turkey. 

Towns. — Thomaston, a remarkably neat village, is the 
seat of justice for the county. It has a handsome brick court- 
house, jail, one excellent tavern, two churches, Methodist and 
Baptist, one male and one female academy, each averaging 
fifty pupils, four stores, one family grocery, three tailors, four 
blacksmiths, two wheelwrights, one tinner, one cabinet-maker, 
one tannery, two carpenters, one shoe factory, seven attor- 
neys, five physicians, three ministers, one Odd Fellows' 
Lodge, one Masonic Lodge, one Division of the Sons of 
Temperance, one Bible Society, and two Sabbath schools. 
The people are intelligent, moral, and hospitable. It is situ- 
ated upon the waters of Potato creek, on the road leading 
from Columbus to Macon. From Milledgeville it is 75 miles 
W. S. W ; 16 from the Macon and Western Railroad, 45 
from Macon, 27 from Knoxville, and 17 from Zebulon. The 
Columbus stage passes through Thomaston every day. It 
was incorporated in 1825. 

Logtown, nine miles S. E, of Thomaston, is distinguished 
for the number of its mechanics' shop. 

Hootensville, is three miles from Fhnt river, and twelve from 
Thomaston. 

37 



574 UPSON COUNTY. 

Double Bridges is 1 1 miles from Thomaston, on the road 
leading to Columbus. ' 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face 
of the country is undulating and broken. The best lands are 
in the south and southeast parts of the county, on Flint river, 
Potato, and Tobler's creeks. The soil is of a dark gray colour, 
peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of cotton and corn. The 
red lands are adapted to grains particularly. The pine lands 
are inferior. 

Value of Land. — The best lands are M^orth f 8 per acre ; 
red lands, $7 ; chestnut lands, $3 ; pine lands, $2. 

Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is 
$26,370. Value of stock in trade, $27,030. Money at inte- 
rest, $138,109. Capital invested in manufactures, 880,000. 

Productions, Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, wheat, 
and oats are the chief productions. Ten thousand bags of cot- 
ton are annually produced, twenty-five hundred of which are 
taken by the factories. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre, 
corn, 3| barrels, wheat, 10 bushels. Apples and peaches 
succeed, as well as vegetables of every description. 

Manufactures, Mills, — The water power in this county 
is very fine. At the Thomaston factory, there is a succession 
of natural dams or water-falls, which could be rendered valu- 
able by a few hours' labour. From various sources we have 
derived the following statistics of the factories in this county. 

The Franklin factory and Wayman factory are on Tob- 
ler's creek, 7 miles S. E. of Thomaston, owned and managed 
by the same persons. 

The Franklin factory was first put into operation, April, 
1833. Spindles, 1,320. Cards, 16. 

The Wayman factory was first put into operation in 1841. 
Spindles, 1,664. Looms, for weaving heavy osnaburgs weigh- 
ing half a pound per yard, 26. 

Amount of cotton consumed in both 

factories per annum, . . 1,100 bales. 
Number of operatives, . . . 125 
Amount paid operatives each month, 900 dollars. 
Hours of work, per day, . . 12 

Bacon used per week, . . . 500 pounds. 



UPSON COUNTY. 575 

Flour used per week . . . 700 pounds. 

Corn Meal, " .... 20 bushels. 

Coffee, " ... 50 pounds. 

Molasses, " .... 20 gallons. 

Tobacco used' by men, women and 

children, 20 lbs. per week. 

No provision is made for the education of the children. 
The character of the operatives is distinguished by the usual 
traits that mark the poor, uneducated class of this country. 
Of the whole population of the village, which amounts to 240, 
there are not 20 who can either read or write. They are 
much inferior in moral deportment to the operatives of New 
England, where the laws make provision for their education, 
yet their condition is much improved. Nearly all the families 
residing here, are those who have been driven by necessity to 
engage their children to work in the mills, whose toil on some 
worn-out or barren piece of ground w^as not sufficient to sup- 
ply their wants. 

Flint river factory, owned by Walker & Grant. 

Spindles, 1,560 

Cards, ..... 16 

Looms, ..... 26 

Pounds of cotton used per day, . 700 

Operatives, .... 50 

Thomaston factory, on Potato creek, a mile and a half 
from Thomaston, owned by Rogers & Turner. 

Spindles, ..... 1,260 

Cards, ..... 16 

Looms, ..... 24 

Operatives, .... 50 

Pounds of cotton used per day, . 700 

At this factory the advantages of church and Sunday 
school instruction are afforded to the operatives. 

Another factory will soon be erected, as well as a paper- 
mill. 



576 UPSON COUNTY. 

On Potato creek, ... 5 flour mills. 

On Tobler's creek ... 3 " 

Saw-mills, ..... 13 

Grist-mills, .... 15 

Roads and Bridges. — In dry seasons the roads are in good 
order ; in wet, they are very bad. The bridges are kept in 
tolerable repair. 

Mountains. — The Pine mountains begin on the east side 
of the Flint river. The highest summits are 800 feet above 
the Flint river. Among these mountains are some fine springs, 
and upon the highest summit an Indian burial ground. 

Character of the People. — No one can visit this sec- 
tion of country without forming a favourable opinion of the 
character of its population. The greater part of the people 
are snug farmers, and few of them are in debt. 

Education. — Schools of excellent character are in Tho- 
maston, and other places. Number of poor children, 295. 
Educational fund, $255 84 cents. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — In some parts of the 
county fevers and chills prevail. The instances of longe- 
vity are the following : Mr. Daniel Parker, died at the age of 
90 ; Mr. Henry Garland, at 90 ; Mrs. Doles is now living, 90 
years old; also Mr. James Walker, 85 years old. 

Mineral Spring, — The Thundering spring is in the 
N.W. part of the county, 2 miles from the Flint river, 20 from 
Thomaston, and 18 from Zebulon. It derives its name from a 
rumbling noise resembling distant thunder, which formerly 
proceeded from it, but which is no longer heard. The dis- 
continuance of the sound is owing, it is supposed, to the num- 
ber of rocks which have been thrown into it by visiters. The 
spring is at the base of a hill, and is enclosed by a frame 
building, to which is attached a convenient dressing-room for 
bathers. It is 12 feet in diameter ; its depth has never been 
correctly ascertained. It is said to possess medicinal virtues, 
in cases of rheumatism and other chronic diseases. Its warm 
and pleasant temperature renders it a delightful bath at all 
seasons, and its buoyancy is such, that bathers cannot sink 
below the arm-pit, the motion of the water having a tendency 
to throw all light bodies to the surface. The country around 



UPSON COUNTY. 577 

the spring is healthy and romantic. There is an Indian tra- 
dition connected with this spot not altogether devoid of inte- 
rest. About 150 yards from the present site of the spring, on 
the side of the hill, is a large circular excavation in the earth 
somewhat resembling a lime sink, which the Indians say was 
the former location of the spring ; but a white man in a 
drunken frolic having spurred his horse into the spring, its 
presiding spirit, offended at its pollution, caused the spring to 
disappear, and it burst forth where it now is, at the base of the 
hill. 

Name. — Upson county was named after Stephen Upson, 
Esq., an eminent lawyer of Lexington, Oglethorpe county. 
This gentleman was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1785. 
He graduated at Yale, in 1804, with a high reputation for 
scholarship. He then studied law at Litchfield, with Judge 
Reeves. Ill health rendered it necessary for him to remove 
to a southern cHmate ; and in 1807 he left his native State, 
and came to Hanover, in Virginia, where he had letters to 
Colonel Pope. Here he remained a short time, employing him- 
self in teaching the Colonel's children, and reading law. The 
Colonel became much attached to Mr. Upson, and did every 
thing in his power to render his residence with him agreeable ; 
but finding that the climate of Virginia did not improve his 
health, Mr. Upson determined to try that of Georgia. The 
Hon. William H. Crawford, who then resided in Lexington, 
and to whom Mr. Upson had brought letters from Colonel 
Pope, immediately perceived that the stranger was a man of 
no ordinary merits. His modesty, his industry and intelli- 
gence, prepossessed Mr. Crawford in his favour, and he ac- 
cordingly received him as a student in his office, and afforded 
him many facilities, of which Mr. Upson always retained a 
grateful recollection. He commenced the practice of the law 
in 1808. His mind and habits were of such a character, that 
he soon became distinguished in his profession. To his busi- 
ness he devoted himself without intermission. Company, 
amusements, every thing was given up, and he seemed to have 
no thoughts except _ those connected with his profession. 
Merit like his could not long remain unrewarded. The citi- 
zens of Oglethorpe were not slow in perceiving, that if perse- 



578 UPSON COUNTY. 

verance, integrity, and legal knowledge, could insure success 
to any claims which called for the interposition of the Courts, 
then it would be prudent in them to secure the services of 
Mr. Upson. Accordingly, business came to him from every 
quarter. Persons from a distance came to Lexington to con- 
sult him on legal subjects. Mr. Crawford, having the highest 
opinion of Mr. Upson's abilities as a lawyer, placed in his 
hands some important cases. Indeed Mr. Upson possessed in 
a very high degree the confidence of this eminent man, who 
was in the habit of freely communicating to him his views 
on the various subjects which at that time agitated the people 
of Georgia. 

When the Hon. Judge Cobb, one of the most celebrated 
lawyers in Georgia, was elected to Congress in 1816 and 1818, 
and when he finally removed to Greenesborough, Mr. Upson 
was left without a rival on the Northern Circuit. All his 
contemporaries speak of him as possessing a mind enriched 
with the stores of literature, and a disposition peculiarly 
amiable and obliging. A gentleman who studied law in his 
office, says " that his neatness of person and dress was pecu- 
liar. Dust could not adhere to his clothes." His complexion 
was fair, and a little florid ; his person tall and straight. 
He seldom laughed. Strict economy, which was forced upon 
him in early life by the want of means, never left him, even 
when he had acquired a large fortune. 

In 1812, Mr. Upson married Miss Hannah Cummins, 
youngest daughter of the celebrated Dr. Francis Cummins. 
Mr. Upson represented Oglethorpe county in the State Legis- 
lature, from 1820 to the period of his death, which took place 
August 24, 1824, aged 39 years. At the time of his decease 
he was justly esteemed at the head of the Georgia bar, and 
had he lived until the ensuing session of the Legislature 
he would doubtless have been elected to the United States 
Senate. In that body he would probably have held a higher 
grade than any gentleman from Georgia since it was repre- 
sented by Mr. Crawford. 



WALTON COUNTY 579 



WALTON. 



Situation, Boundaries. — Walton county lies in the pri- 
mitive formation. It is bounded on the N. E. by Jackson ; on 
the E. by Clarke ; on the S. by Morgan ; on the S. W. by 
Newton ; and on the N. W. by Gwinnett. The average length 
is 35 miles, and width 18. 

TowN«. — Monroe is the county site, situated on the ridge 
dividing the waters of the Ulcofauhachee and Appalachee 
rivers, at the head of Mountain creek, distant from Milledgeville 
66 miles, from Social Circle 10, from Athens 25, from Law- 
rence ville 18, from Madison 23, from Watkinsville 22, from 
Covington 18. The town presents a very neat appearance. It 
contains a brick court-house, jail, two hotels, two churches, seven 
stores, four groceries, two tailors, four blacksmiths, two wagon 
makers, one tannery, one harness-maker, two carriage-makers, 
one painter, two boot and shoe-makers, five lawyers, five 
doctors, two teachers, and two excellent schools. The town 
is well shaded. It was made the public site and incorporated 
in 1821. It is considered healthy, and the water is tolerable. 
Population, 400. 

Social Circle was incorporated in 1831, and is inhabited 
by a kind and enterprising people. It is situated on the Georgia 
ilailroad, on the highest eminence between Covington and 
Augusta. It is the depot for the county. Considerable busi- 
ness is done here, and the amount of goods sold in twelve 
months has reached $40,000. Population, 200. The com- 
piler of this work knows of no place in Georgia where one 
can find a kinder people than those of Social Circle. It has 
indeed an appropriate name. One of the best dentists in Geor- 
gia resides in this town. 

Centreville is G miles west of Social Circle. 

Broken Arrow is 3 miles north of Centreville. 

Post Offices. — Monroe, Social Circle, Cut Ofi', Good Hope, 
and Windsow. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the cen- 
sus gave this county 7,761 whites, 4,709 blacks ; total, 12,470. 



580 WALTON COUNTY. 

The amount of State tax returned for 1848 is 12907 52. En- 
titled to two representatives. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevitv. — The climate is as healthy 
as any in middle Georgia. The most prevalent diseases are 
those of an inflammatory character. The instances of longe- 
vity are quite numerous. Mr. Carson died at the age of 100 ; 
Mr. Stark Brown, over 100 ; a negro woman belonging to Mr. 
William Anderson, died at the advanced age of 116; Tom, 
belonging to Mr. William Terry, died at 105 — he was a 
soldier in the Revolution. There are now living Mr. Joseph 
Herndon, aged 90 ; Mr. Anderson, 89 ; Mrs. Carson, 90 ; 
Mrs. Harris, 85; Mrs. McMahon, 80; Mrs. Hudson, over 
80. A negro named Lot, the property of Mrs. Graves, is 
now living, aged 90 years. 

Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 23, grist-mills 23, flour- 
mills 5. A few small distilleries. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads are generally kept in 
good order. There are six bridges over the Alcovi, and six 
over the Appalachee. 

Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, 
wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, &c. Average of cotton, 
per acre, 400 pounds, corn 3 barrels, wheat 5 bushels. 

Minerals. — There is a gold mine on Hard Labour creek, 
9 miles S. W. of Monroe, the property of Capt. J. S. Means, 
who informs the author, that one and a half pennyweights of 
gold have been made per day, to the hand. 

Austin's mines are in the N. E. part ; and Smith's in the 
N. W. part of the county. There is a granite formation 
running through the county Irom N. E. to S, W., in some 
places half a mile wide, and in others two miles. 

Iron, plumbago, tourmaline, quartz, granite, &c., abound. 

Market. — Farmers carry their produce to Augusta. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — Many worthy 
and intelligent people reside in this county. The inhabitants 
are industrious and temperate. The amusements are hunting, 
rifle-shooting, fishing, racing, and dancing. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, Bible Christians, and a few of other denominations. 
There are about thirty churches in the county. Considerable 



WALTON COUNTY. 581 

attention is paid to education, and some provision is made 
for the instruction of poor children. Number of poor chil- 
dren, 294. Educational fund, $254 97. 

Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — The first quality 
lands are on Alcovi river. Jacks and Hard Labour creeks, 
mulatto soil, value $5 per acre. The second quality embraces 
the gray lands, value $4 per acre. The third quality embraces 
the ridge lands, value $2 per acre. 

Original Settlers. — R. M. Echolls, Vincent Harralson, 
John Steel, Elisha Betts, W. T. Colquitt, David Johnson, Zac 
Phillips, Capt. J. S. Means. Col. Blackburn, Wm. P. Easley, 
Jesse Arnold. 

Mineral Springs. — There are no mineral springs of any 
celebrity in the county. One mile north of Monroe is a spring, 
said to possess chalybeate properties. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Appalachee and the 
Ulcofauhachee. The creeks are Jack's, Cornish, Little 
Haynes, Bay, Marbury's, Shoals, &c. 

Remarkable Places. — "The Cowpens" is a place of 
some notoriety, known formerly as Easley's Cowpens. The 
first court in Walton was held at this place. It is three miles 
south of Monroe, and is beautifully situated with a fine spring. 

Jack's creek is celebrated for a battle fought, 21st of Sept., 
1787, between the Indians, commanded by McGilvary, a half 
breed, and the whites, commanded by Col. Elijah Clarke. The 
force of the Indinns amounted to 800, the Americans 200. The 
attack was made on the hill, three miles east of the spot upon 
which Monroe now stands, by Clarke, in thVee divisions. The 
battle commenced at 10 o'clock, and continued until sunset. 
The Indians were defeated. The Americans carried their 
dead about a mile into a branch, and there buried them 
among the canes ; from which circumstance the place has 
since been known by the name of " Dead Man's Branch." 

Number of Bags of Cotton. — Four thousand bags of 
cotton are annually produced in this county. 

Miscellaneous Notice. — R. M. Echolls, President of the 
Senate, lived in this county. He died in Mexico, and his re- 
mains were brought to Walton, and buried at his homestead, 
one mile from Broken Arrow. 



582 WALTON COUNTY. 

Name. — This county was named after George Walton, 
whose history is full of interest, and affords proof that talents, 
joined with industry, may overcome all difficulties. Like 
many illustrious men who have adorned the annals of this and 
other countries, Mr. Walton owed the distinction to which he 
attained, to his own efforts. He was born in Frederick coun- 
ty, Virginia, in 1740, and received no other education except 
that which he acquired during the intervals of labour. He was 
apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter ; and such was 
his thirst for knowledge, that he collected lightwood during 
the day, by the light of which he would pursue his studies, his 
master not allowing him the use of a candle. After his ap- 
prenticeship had expired he removed to Georgia, and com- 
menced the study of the law in the office of Henry Young, 
Esq. About the time that he commenced practice, the colo- 
nies were contending against the tyranny of Great Britain, 
and Walton did not hesitate to advocate the cause of his in- 
jured country. In the first call, published in the Georgia Ga- 
zette, for a meeting of the friends of liberty, to be held at Ton- 
dee's tavern, 27th July, 1774, JMr. Walton's name first appears in 
the history of Georgia. At this meeting he acted a conspicuous 
part, encouraging by his eloquence resistance to the encroach- 
ments of the mother country. On the 12th of January, 1775, 
another meeting was held, and with great earnestness he en- 
deavoured to convince those who doubted the propriety of 
the measures which the other colonies had adopted, that fur- 
ther efforts to obtain a redress of grievances were wholly use- 
less, and that the time had arrived for immediate action. At 
this period he acquired the reputation of a determined patriot, 
and upon most of the important committees we find his name. 
In February, 1776, his talents and patriotism were recognised by 
the Legislature, by appointing him a delegate to Congress, the 
duties of which he discharged with great fidelity. Between 
February and June of this year, he appears to have been in 
Virginia, exerting himself in behalf of his country. The 
following letter to Col. Lachlan Mcintosh, dated Williams- 
burgh, lUh June, 1776, will give an idea of his determined 
spirit : " The time and place whence this letter is about to be 
wrote, 1 don't doubt will astonish you ; but know that I have 



WALTON COUNTY. 583 

been persecuted sorely with an inward fever, ever since I left 
the salubrious plains of Georgia. I can inform you, however, 
that I am not too late for the great American question. Vir- 
ginia is with one consent determined never to be reconciled to 
her cruel parent, and to this end all her preparations and pro- 
ceedings look forward to the latest posterity. Oh, America! 
did this happy spirit equally animate all thy sons, the inhabit- 
ants of all Europe transformed into devils could not hurt thee. 
They have in this dominion nine regiments of as fine fellows 
as ever vaunted in the field of Mars, besides a number of row- 
galleys, and six troops of horse ; but I have not seen any 
troops equal in point of discipline to the Georgia battalion. 
May Heaven animate and direct the counsels of that infant 
State ! Desirous for the success of your recruiting officers, I 
found it eligible and necessary to wait on the Convention of 
this colony, as I found it customary to apply for leave to re- 
cruit men for any service here. Accordingly, I came to this 
place, and found the Convention sitting, to whom I made ap- 
plication to recruit 300 men for your battalion, which was 
readily granted, together with the loan of a sum of money. 
You may be assured, that the number of men you have order- 
ed will be «nlisted, and on their march to Georgia in two 
months." Mr. Walton was six times elected a representative 
to Congress, and the journals of that body show his high 
standing. His name is affixed to the Declaration of American 
Independence. When Savannah was taken by the British 
troops under Col. Campbell, he commanded a battalion on the 
right of General Howe's army. In this battle he was wound- 
ed and taken prisoner. He was paroled until he recovered 
from his wound, and then transferred to Sunbury, as a prisoner 
of war. In 1779 he was exchanged, and in October, 1779, he 
was elected Governor of the State of Georgia. Many other 
important offices were conferred upon him, among which was 
that of Judge of the Superior Court, the duties of which he dis- 
charged for fifteen years, and until the day of his death, which 
took place in Augusta, February 2d, 1801. Mr. Walton, in a 
letter which he wrote from Congress, complains " that for 
want of information, the deeds of Georgia are given to others." 
He seriously contemplated writing the History of Georgia 



584 WALKER COUNTY. 

In the prosperity of the State he took a great interest, and in 
his charges to the grand jurors, always dilated with consider- 
able emphasis upon the high destiny which awaited our State. 



WALKER. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Tennessee ; S. by Chattooga ; E. by Murray ; W. by Dade 
and Alabama. Laid out from Murray, and organized in 1833. 

Post Offices. — La Fayette, Medicinal Springs, Chestnut 
Flat, Ringold, Frick's Gap, Rock Springs, Rossville, Snow 
Hill, Villanow, Wood's Station, Duck Creek. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 
1845 gave to this county 7,023 whites, 1,044 blacks; total, 
8,067. State tax returned for 1848, $1,939 82. Entitled to 
one representative. 

Rivers, Creeks. — East and West Chicamauga rivers dis- 
charge their waters into the Tennessee. The craeks are Pea- 
vine, Rocky, Snake, &c. 

Mineral Springs, Ponds. — No section is favoured with a 
greater variety of excellent springs than this county. The me- 
dicinal springs owned by Rev. Z. Gordon, are among the most 
celebrated. They are situated at the base of Taylor's Ridge. 
There are twenty springs within the space of half a mile, pos- 
sessing different properties ; but the main springs are twelve 
in number, in a space less than a quarter of an acre. Twr> of 
them are chalybeate, two sulphur, and two magnesia. The 
most astonishing cures have been effected by the use of the 
waters. Among the Indians, the reputation of these springs was 
very great, and from three to four hundred were annually in 
the habit of visiting them to partake of their healing virtues. 
About one mile from the springs, Mr. Gordon has cut down 
the trees from a beautiful eminence of Taylor's Ridge, 
and named it Buena Vista, from which the eye feasts itself 
with the most magnificent views of mountain scenery. On 



WALKER COUNTY. 585 

the east may be seen Lady's Peak, John's Mountain, Mill 
Creek Mountain, Cohuttah Mountains, Unicoy on the north, 
Frog Mountain, and Smoky Mountains in North Carolina. On 
the north and northwest, Cumberland Mountains, Walden's 
Ridge, Racoon and Great Lookout Mountain — and on the south- 
west, the Sand Mountains in Alabama. He who desires to 
study nature, can here do it to the greatest advantage. Mr. 
Gordon's establishment bids fair to be among the most fashion- 
able watering places in Geoi'gia. 

The Red Sulphur Springs, a mile and a half from the 
Western and Atlantic Railroad, are thus described by a cor- 
respondent of the Georgia Messenger and Journal, published 
at Macon : — 

" Imagine lo yourselves an elevated cove, or basin, in the 
Blue Ridge, surrounded almost entirely by towering eminences. 
From the eastern slope, a bold, clear brook comes tumbling 
into the valley, and passes rapidly westward until it escapes 
between two abrupt mountain peaks, and dashes for half a 
mile over rocky barriers, into a branch of the Chicamauga. 
On the borders of this brook, and in the centre of this basin, 
which 1 shall designate ' The Vale of Springs,' there is a 
level spot about two acres in extent, within the limits of which 
I have counted no less than Jifty -two distinct, bold, and well 
defined springs. It is not unusual to find these springs pos- 
sessing entirely different mineral qualities, within a few feet of 
each other. The waters are strongly mineral — so much so as 
scarcely to require the trouble of an analysis to discover their 
distinctive characteristics. We have here the red, the white, 
and the black sulphur, iron, magnesia, and the salts, in all their 
various combinations. The deposits from the red sulphur are 
of the most beautiful bright carmine tinge, and those of the 
other springs are equally distinctive. On the north side of 
the valley, there is a large, bold, blue limestone spring, and 
within less than fifty yards of this, a fountain of the purest 
freestone water gushes forth. It is almost impossible for the 
mind to conceive a class of disease, or a condition of the hu- 
man system, to which some of these waters are not adapted. 

" All these springs seem to issue either from the mountain 
side, upon a bed of hard, black slate, or boil up through the 



586 WALKER COUNTY. 

slate. They are perennial; the most severe and continued 
droughts make no perceptible difference in the quantity of 
water which they discharge. The layers of slate seem 
to stand almost perpendicularly, and terminate abrcrptly 
near the west end of the valley, in a kind of barrier or dam, 
immediately adjoining which, may be found a formation of 
beautiful white sandstone. Upon the slate formation in the 
north side of the valley are found black and variegated marble, 
and blue limestone in small qnantities. I cannot doubt that the 
curious and scientific will find much in this ' Vale of Springs' to 
attract their attention and elicit their investigations. To the 
seeker after pleasure and of health, they cannot fail to become 
a favourite resort. The approach from the railroad can be 
easily made over a level and delightfully shaded road, not 
more than a mile and three quarters in length. The scenery 
immediately around the springs is rather of the calm and quiet 
order, but a walk of half a mile up the mountain side, will 
afford the visiter a delightful view of a highly picturesque and 
romantic region, embracing many a mountain height and fer- 
tile valley. 

" The location for the buildings is as beautiful and as con- 
venient as the most tasteful or the most fastidious could de- 
sire. The country around is protected by its native forests. 
The atmosphere is pure, dry, and bracing, and entirely free 
from disease, or from any cause which could produce it. 

" Immediately in the rear of the springs there are two 
beautiful mountain peaks, from the summits of which visiters 
might enjoy an extensive prospect of the surrounding country. 
To the summit of the eastern peak a carriage road could be 
constructed at comparatively little expense. They are so 
convenient to the proposed building site, that the ascent to 
the top of either would not consume over twenty-five or 
thirty minutes. 

The Sand Mountain on the north side, distant about a mile 
and a half, is well worth a visit, and its summit is destined to 
be the goal of many a pilgrimage from these springs in future 
days. It rises probably 1800 feet above the valley — is wholly 
isolated, nearly circular, and is entirely surrounded by Tiger 



WALKER COUNTY. 587 

creek or its tributaries, which meander through a broad and 
very fertile valley. The ascent is easy on the south side, 
where a good road could be made. On all other sides, the 
brow is surrounded by a perpendicular wall of white sandstone, 
often 100 feet high. The summit, for nearly 200 acres in ex- 
tent, is nearly level, and heavily timbered with oak, hickory, 
pine, and the usual growth of the valleys. The soil is very 
rich and light, and nearly resembles the alluvial sands on a 
river bank. On the centre of this plain is another of about 12 
acres in extent, and 200 feet high. This is also remarkable 
for the fertility of its soil, and is crowned with immense forest 
trees. Here, too, in places, may be seen immense walls of 
sandstone, which look as if they had for ages been washed by 
the ocean's surges. On the extreme summit, and near the 
eastern side, may be seen the ' Giant's Tomb.' It consists 
of an immense block of ' Pudding Stone,' which rests upon a 
smaller mass of ' White Sandstone.' 1 have no doubt that, 
at no very distant day, the enterprising proprietor of the 
springs will cause a carriage road to be constructed to the 
summit of this mountain, whither both the gallant and the fair 
will resort to catch the invigorating mountain breezes, and 
gaze over the vast expanse of field and forest, of valley and 
mountain, which will thus be brought within their view. 

" Taking every thing into consideration, I know of no spot 
on the wide earth for which nature has done more than for 
this beautiful ' Vale of Springs.' The waters are indeed 
'waters of life' — life -restoring and life-preserving. They 
were the favourite resorts of the Indians, who upon leaving 
the country endeavoured to destroy them, by driving plugs of 
wood into the apertures in the slate. Some of these, in a re- 
cent examination of the springs, were found to be completely 
petrified. They cannot fail, with proper accommodations, to 
attract annually thousands of visiters. 

Yates Springs, five miles from the Medicinal Springs, gush 
from a beautiful hill. 

Crayfish Spring is twelve miles from the Medicinal Springs. 
Here is water as fine as ever gushed from rock. In depth it is 
15 feet, and 200 feet wide. 

There is a pond in Chattooga Valley, called the Round 



588 WALKER COUNTY. 

Pond. It embraces four or five acres, 48 feet deep in the 
middle, of a sea-green colour. Distant from La Fayette four 
miles. Tradition says two Indians were drowned in this 
pond. There is no visible outlet, and the water never be- 
comes stagnant. Long Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, 
famous for excellent fish. 

Early Settlers. — This county was first settled by per- 
sons from Tennessee and different parts of Georgia. Mr. 
Williams and Mr. HarUn were among the first settlers. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — Walker may be put down 
as a healthy county, although chills and fevers prevail on the 
waters of Chicamauga. A curious disease, called Milk Sick, 
prevails in McAlmore's Cove, which embraces 10,000 acres, 
situated between Pigeon and Lookout mountains. The 
following account of this disease is taken from Dr. Samuel 
Henry Dickson's " Practice of Medicine :" — 

"It is known exclusively in the southern and southwes- 
tern parts of our Union. The fertile coves, or deep valleys, 
among the mountains of South Carolina, Tennessee, North 
Carolina, and Georgia, are subject to this singular malady ; 
neither the nature nor the cause of which are clearly 
set forth in the few monographs which have appeared 
in the journals concerning it. Some attribute it to the 
ordinary malaria, which before and since the time of McCul- 
loch has been supposed capable of originating every malady in 
the long catalogue of nosologists. Others again have ascribed 
it to some unknown and undiscovered vegetable poison, con- 
fined in its growth to the spots above alluded to. Others still 
look upon it, reasoning from analogies of symptoms, upon which 
they found their opinion, as the efiect of mineral exhalations ; 
perhaps of lead, antimony, or arsenic. Whatever be the cause 
which gives rise to it, in the lower classes of animals, it would 
seem that it never affects directly the human subject. Man 
is not attacked by the disease unless after eating the flesh of 
herbivorous animals exposed to receive it, or using the milk 
or butter obtained from them. Other carnivorous animals are 
liable to be attacked in the same way if they eat of the dis- 
eased flesh. The cow and horse are most frequently its vic- 
tims. It derives its name from the fact, that as occurring in 



WALKER COUNTY. 589 

the human subject, it is most frequently met with as the con- 
sequence of eating milk rendered poisonous by the diseased 
condition of the cow from which it was taken. Butter made 
from such milk is still more acrid, and the flesh of the animal, 
even when cooked, more strongly poisonous. It is fortunate 
that the localities in which it resides are capable of being 
defined accurately. Such places are carefully fenced in from 
the intrusion of cattle. If animals be kept within their enclo- 
sures until late in the forenoon, when the dew has entirely 
exhaled, and driven home again early in the evening, it is said 
they escape injury, even although allowed to feed within the^ 
known localities of this poison. It usually affects animals as a 
chronic disease, and they may not appear in any way to be suf- 
fering from ill-health ; but it sometimes attacks them with great 
violence, and rapidly proves fatal. Languor and lassitude are 
among the earliest symptoms of the attack, soon followed by 
nausea and vomiting, with great oppression at the epigas- 
trium, and pain with a sense of heat and burning in the sto- 
mach. The thirst is great, the skin soon becomes hot and 
dry, the eyes are red and suffused, and, as some say, a peculiar 
odour is exhaled from its surface. The pulse is little changed 
from its ordinary condition ; patients recover slowly and im- 
perfectly." 

The instances of longevity, are Mr. Farris, over 90 ; Mrs. 
Tift, over 92 ; Mrs. Graham, over 80, and others. 

Religious Sects, Education.' — The principal sects are 
Baptists of both sorts, Methodists, Presbyterians, Reformed 
Presbyterians, Bible Christians, Universalists, and a few Ro- 
man Catholics. There are good schools in this county. The 
people generally are ambitious to have their children educated. 

Character of the People, Amusements. — The people 
are moral and industrious. They are remarkably attached to 
their home, and consider Walker county as the garden spot 
of Georgia. The amusements are hunting and fishing. 

Roads and Bridges. — The roads in the valleys are fair, 
but generally much cannot be said in favour of the roads. 
There are two or three bridges over the Chicamauga river. 

Minerals. — Excellent marble and coal are found on the 
38 



590 WALKER COUNTY. 

western limits of the county ; quantities of lead, particularly 
near Ringold, and almost every mineral found in limestone for- 
mations. In the vicinity of Gordon's springs, near the Red 
Sulphur springs, and on Col. Ramsey's plantation, and indeed 
in almost every section of this county, the geologist will find 
much to interest him in the fossil remains which he meets 
with at almost every step. Very recently a bed of gypsum 
has been discovered near Ringold. 

Caves. — Walker has many caves. The most remarkable 
is Wilson's cave, of which the following description is taken 
from Sears's Wonders of the World : 

" Upon the representation of the citizens of Lafayette, a 
small but growing village, in the county of Walker, Georgia, 
my attention was drawn to a subterranean cavern, five or six 
miles from the above-named village ; and being rather an ad- 
mirer of the works of nature, curiosity prompted me, accom- 
panied by five or six others, to visit it. 

" The company being met, with lighted torches we entered 
the cave, through a small aperture, descending a flight of 
natural stairs almost perpendicularly, some ten or twelve feet. 
The company having all got down safe, I could not avoid, in an 
ecstasy of admiration and wonder, exclaiming, " O Lord God 
Almighty, how wonderful are all thy works !" for we were 
then shown the grandest and most magnificent room that I 
have ever beheld, formed on each side with the utmost regu- 
larity, and ceiled overhead with a perfectly smooth surface ; 
and being desirous of viewing as minutely as we could, from 
the amplitude of this anomaly of nature, its various curiosities, 
we raised a considerable light, and illuminated the room as 
far as we could by the means we had, when we discovered 
that an almost infinite number of stalactites had been formed 
by the almost continual dripping of the water, resembling in 
size and appearance various animal bodies. 

" Being somewhat satisfied with our examination of this 
apartment, with our hearts glowing with wonder, love and 
praise to the Architect of Nature, we moved slowly and rather 
pensively along this solitary and hitherto unexplored mansion, 
through devious wiles of " incognita loca," in quest of new 
discoveries. 



WALKER COUNTY. 591 

" Having reached the extreme end of this spacious dome, we 
found that to proceed farther, we had to ascend stupendous and 
almost inaccessible heights, over craggy precipices and yawn- 
ing gulfs, to the height of some fifty or sixty feet, when, by the 
dim light of our tapers, we discovered through a small open- 
ing another room less spacious, but far more beautiful and 
picturesque ; — for there appeared to the astonished beholder 
not only the representation of a part of the animal creation, 
but a true delineation of a great number of inanimate objects, 
such as cones, altars, pyramids, tables, candle-stands, with a fac 
simile of some of nature's choicest productions ; and it really 
appeared as if she, in her wild and playful moments, had in- 
tended to mock the curiosities of art. While gazing in dumb 
astonishment upon this delightful scenery, I was roused from 
my agreeable re very by a hollow and reverberating sound, 
produced by one of the company, who being of a bold and 
adventurous spirit, had gone unobserved into a remote part of 
the room, and beat with a stick, or something else which he 
held in his hand, several tabular spars, which echoed through 
this solitary mansion with almost deafening reverberations, 
which, by the association of ideas, reminded me in some de- 
gree of the masticating clangour of the supper bell." 

Mountains. — Walker is a region of mountains which ge- 
nerally run from northeast to southwest. Their names are 
Taylor's Ridge, John's, Pigeon, Lookout, and White Oak 
mountains. 

Valleys. — Dogwood valley is between John's mountain 
and Taylor's ridge. Armucha valley is between John's moun- 
tain and two ridges of Taylor's mountain. Middle Chica- 
mauga is between Pea Vine ridge and Taylor's ridge. West 
Chicamauga is between Lookout and Pigeon mountain. Cray- 
fish valley is between Pigeon mountain and Crayfish ridge. 

Markers. — Planters send their produce to Augusta and 
Macon. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Although the water power of 
this county is excellent, the citizens have not yet turned their 
attention to cotton factories. Twelve months since there were 
in the county 12 saw-mills and 12 grist-mills ; and the pro- 
bability is great, that the number has been augmented since 



592 WALKER COUNTY. 

that time. There are three or four excellent flour-mills, of 
which McCulloch's is the most celebrated. There are six dis- 
tilleries in the county. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$24,298. Value of stock in trade, $18,844. Money at in- 
terest, $6,960. 

Nature of the Soil, Value op Land. — A great diver- 
sity of soil exists in this county. The first quality is alluvial, 
on the bottoms of the streams, of a dark chocolate colour, 
adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes ; average 
value, $15 per acre. The second quality are the valley lands, 
gray and dark soil, adapted to corn and cotton ; average value 
$7 per acre. The third quality are the lands lying between 
the valleys, called ridge lands; average value $1 per acre. 
The fourth quahty embrace the mountain lands, worth 25 
cents per acre, fit for grazing, and finely timbered. 

Towns. — Lafayette is the capital, beautifully situated, 
having a court-house built at the expense of $7,000 ; a jail, two 
churches. Baptist and Methodist, each having a bell ; two 
hotels, six stores, four groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, 
one shoe shop, one saddlery, two cabinet-rnakers, six carpen- 
ters, two bricklayers, one tanner, six or seven lawyers, three 
doctors, and one academy. Distant from Milledgeville 210 
miles, from Summerville 18, from Chattanooga 24, from the 
Medicinal Springs 10, from the nearest point on the State road 
21 ; from Pigeon mountain 2^, and 12 from the Lookout 
mountain. It is considered a healthy town. The water is 
excellent, and the scenery around it, is grand beyond descrip- 
tion. Several intelligent gentlemen reside in this town, and 
take much pleasure in showing visiters the curiosities of 
the country. This place was formerly called Chattooga, but 
in 1836 the name was changed to that of Lafayette. 

Ringold is a town of recent date, situated in^ romantic 
part of the county, and bids fair to be one amor^ the most 
flourishing towns in Cherokee Georgia. 

Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 800 lbs. 
per acre, corn 35 bushels, wheat 15, barley 30, and rye 10. 

Miscellaneous Remarks. — Hicks, Taylor, and Ross, emi- 
nent Cherokees, once resided in this county. There are apple- 



WALKER COUNTY. 593 

trees, at the plantation formerly owned by Hicks, six feet in 
circumference, now producing fine fruit. 

Name. — This division of the State received its name in ho- 
nour of Major Freeman Walker. He was born on the 25th 
day of October, 1780, in Charles City county, Virginia. He 
came to Georgia in 1797, and after a course of study in the 
Richmond Academy, entered the office of his brother, George 
Walker, Esq., as a student of law. In 1802 he commenced 
practice, and by his unwearied attention to his profession, soon 
became one among the most successful lawyers in the coun- 
try. In 1807, he was elected a member of the State Legisla- 
ture, in which body he exhibited the same powers of mind 
which had distinguished him before the tribunals of justice. 
For several years after this time, his attention was exclusively 
devoted to his private affairs. In 1819 he was elected a Sena- 
tor of the United States. In this august assembly, he did the 
State which he represented great honour. He assisted in the 
settlement of the Missouri question, and his speech, which he 
delivered on that subject, will ever remain a monument of his 
genius and patriotism. He held many other appointments, 
such as Mayor of Augusta, Judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas, &c. He died at his residence, Spring Hill, on Butler's 
creek, Richmond county, September 23d, 1827, in the 47th 
year of his age. We might add much more in reference to 
this gentleman, but think our readers will have a better idea 
of his character from the following epitaph fupon his tomb, 
written by the Hon. Richard Henry Wilde : 

Consecrated 
To the cherished memory and mortal relics 
of 
Freeman Walker, 
nl An able and successful Advocate, 
a graceful and fluent speaker. 
His influence as a Statesman, his reputation as an Orator, and 
his urbanity as a gentleman, were embellished and endeared 

by 

social and domestic virtues. 

Long a distinguished Member of the Bar, 



594 WARE COUNTY. 

Often elected to the Legislature of the State, 

He at length became 

one of her Senators in Congress, 

and retired after two years of honourable service, 

to resume a profitable profession, 

which he practised with untiring industry, and 

unblemished character, until shortly before his death. 

Generous, Hospitable, and Humane, 

of cheerful temper and familiar manners, 

he was idolized by his family, 

beloved by his friends, 

and 

admired by his countrymen. 

Even party spirit, in his favour, 

forgot something of its bitterness, and those 

who differed from the politician, 

did justice to the man. 

Born in Virginia, in October, 1780. 

His brilHant and useful life 

was terminated by a pulmonary complaint, 

on the 23d day of September, 1827, 

in the 47th year of his age. 



' WARE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Appling ; E. by 
Wayne and Camden ; 8. by Florida, and W. by Lowndes 
and a part of Irwin. Laid out from Irwin, and organized in 
1824. Length, 55 miles; breadth, 53. Square miles, 2,915. 

Rivers, Creeks. — This section of the State is well wa- 
tered. The head waters of the Suwanee and St.''Mary's are 
in this county, besides innumerable creeks, among which are 
the Big Hurricane, Little Hurricane, Hog, Seventeen Mile 
creek, Indian, Wolf, &c. 

Post Office. — Waresborough. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the 
census of 1845, this county had a population of 2,733 whites. 



WARE COUNTY. 595 

and 201 blacks ; total, 2,934. Amount of State tax for 1848, 
$784 86. Sends one representative to the Legislature. 

Value of Stock in Trade, (fee. — The value of stock in 
trade is $2,200. Money at interest, $34,095. 

Towns. — Waresborough is the capital, situated 163 
miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 70 from Troupville, and 40 from 
Holmesviile. It has a court-house, tavern, store, &c. 

Early Settlers. — The Hargroves, Hilliards, Tomber- 
lines, and others. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists 
are the most numerous. Very little interest is taken in the 
subject of education. 

Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- 
ty is flat, and interspersed with numerous swamps. The soil 
is light and tolerably productive. The salt palmetto abounds. 

Productions. — Sugar-cane, cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. 
Black seed cotton grows finely. Cotton averages about 600 
pounds per acre. Peaches, melons, figs, and oranges, succeed 
well. It is a fine country for cattle and hogs. 

Character of the People. — The citizens are said to be 
hardy, industrious, and honest. Much good might be done 
by the organization of temperance societies. 

Climate. — The climate is warm. Fever and ague prevail 
in some places. 

Market. — Centreville, on the St. Mary's river, in Camden 
county. 

Roads. — The roads are excellent. 

Game. — Game is abundant. Bears and wolves are often 
killed. 

Swamp. — Okefinocau, formerly called by the Indians 
E-cun-fi-no-cau, from Ecunnau, earth, and finocau, quivering. 
The first was the most common among the Creeks, from Ooka, 
a Choctaw word for water, and finocau, quivering : a little 
motion will make the mud and water of the swamp quiver ; 
hence its name. It is about 30 miles long, and 17 broad. Se- 
veral rivers have their head waters in this swamp. In it are 
several islands, one of which the Creeks represented to be one 
among the most blissful spots in the world ; that it was inhab- 
ited by a peculiar race of Indians, whose women were incompa- 
rably beautiful ; that this place had been seen by some of their 



596 WARE COUNTY. 

hunters when in pursuit of game, who being lost in inextri- 
cable swamps and bogs, and on the point of perishing, were 
unexpectedly relieved by a company of beautiful women, 
whom they called daughters of the sun, who kindly gave them 
such provisions as they had, chiefly fruit, oranges, dates, &c., 
and some corn cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for safety 
to their own country, as their husbands were fierce men, and 
cruel to strangers. They also stated, that these hunters had a 
view of their settlements, situated on the elevated banks of an 
island or promontory, in a beautiful lake ; but that in their 
efforts to approach it, they were involved in perpetual laby- 
rinths, and, like enchanted land, when they imagined they 
had just gained it, it seemed to fly before them, alternately ap- 
pearing and disappearing. They resolved, at length, to leave 
the delusive pursuit and to return, which after a number of 
inexpressible difficulties they effected. When they reported 
their adventures to their countrymen, their young warriors 
were inflamed with a desire to invade and conquer so charm- 
ing a country ; but ah their attempts proved abortive, never 
being able again to find that enchanting spot, nor even any 
road to it.* 

Name. — Nicholas Ware, whose name this county bears, 
was the son of Captain Robert Ware, an officer of the Revo- 
lution, and was born in Virginia, on the 16th of February, 
1776. He accompanied his father to Georgia, and was placed 
in the academy of Dr. Springer. Having completed his edu- 
cation, he studied law in the city of Augusta, and attended 
law lectures at Litchfield, in Connecticut. In Augusta, he 
acquired considerable practice, and was honoured with many 
appointments by his fellow-citizens. He was particularly ac- 
tive in promoting the interests of the Richmond Academy, and 
took a great interest in the cause of literature generally. For 
several years he was a member of the Legislature, and was 
always found faithful and independent in the discharge of his 
duty. He was Senator to Congress from 1821 to 1824. 
He died in the city of New- York, in September, 1824, whilst 
Lafayette was landing, amidst the acclamations of the peo- 
ple. He is represented to have been a man of much industry, 
great liberality, and unimpeachable honour. We regret that 
* Bartram's Travels. 



WARREN COUNTY. 597 

it has not been in our power to gather information which 
would have enabled us to give a more particular account of 
Mr. Ware. 



WARREN. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by 
Taliaferro and Wilkes; E. by Columbia; S, by Jefferson; and 
W. by Washington and Hancock. Laid out in 1793, and 
portions set off to Jefferson in 1796, and in 1825 portions to 
Taliaferro. Length 26 miles, breadth 16, containing 416 square 
miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The north fork of the Ogeechee is on the 
western boundary of the county. Brier creek rises in this 
county, runs S.E., and after a course of 100 miles, discharges it- 
self into the Savannah river. Several creeks have their origin 
in this county and empty into the Little river, such as Town, 
William's, and Carson's creeks. Rocky Comfort, Goulden's, 
Beach Tree, Joes, Deep, and Long creeks, flow south. 

Post Offices. — Warrenton, Camak, Double Wells, May- 
field. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — The last census 
gave this county a population of 5,975 whites, 5,493 blacks ; 
total, 11,468. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,761 
45 cents. Entitled to two representatives. 

Towns. — Warrenton, a pleasant and flourishing town, is the 
seat of justice. It is situated on the waters of Goulden's creek, 
nearly in the centre of the county, distant from Milledgeville 45 
miles E. N. E., 42 from Augusta, 22 from Sparta, 26 from Wash- 
ington, and 34 from Louisville. A large amount of business is 
done here, and it is said that goods can be purchased cheaper 
than in almost any town in Georgia. The stores are spacious 
and well stocked with goods. About $125,000 worth of goods 
are annually sold. The court-house is constructed of brick ; the 
jail of granite, found near the town. There are two churches, 
one male and one female academy, five stores, three groceries, 
one tailor, two shoemakers, one carpenter, one blacksmith, one 



598 WARREN COUNTY. 

milliner, one wagon shop, two hotels, two saddlers, seven 
lawyers, five physicians, and one minister. The place has the 
reputation of being healthy. The citizens are intelligent and 
enterprising. From the Georgia Railroad, there is a branch 
railroad terminating at Warrenton, three miles and a quarter 
in length. The town was incorporated in 1810, and made the 
county site in 1797. 

Double Wells and Camak, are stations on the Georgia 
Railroad. 

Mayfield is on the Ogeechee. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Ro- 
man Catholics, Presbyterians and Protestant Methodists. In 
•the county are fifteen Baptist and sixteen Methodist churches. 
The means of education are abundant, and ample provision is 
made for the instruction of the poor. Number of poor children, 
391. Educational fund, $339 10. 

Mineral Spring. — On Long creek, eight miles from 
Warrenton is a spring, the waters of which are chalybeate. 

MiNERALS.^Gold in small quantities has been found in the 
upper part of the county, and excellent granite and soapstone 
are abundant. 

Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The oak 
and hickory lands are the most fertile, adapted to cotton and 
corn. About half of the county embraces the oak and hickory 
uplands, together with those which the farmers denominate 
mixed land, the peculiar growth of which is pine, with a little 
oak and hickory interspersed, adapted to cotton and the dif- 
ferent grains. The gray sandy pine lands produce well for a 
few years. 

Average Product per Acre, Value op Land. — Cotton 
produces 350 pounds per acre, corn 10 bushels, wheat 5. 
Land is worth upon an average $3 per acre. 

Climate, Diseases, Lotvgevity. — The climate is mild and 
healthy. Most of the diseases occur on the water-courses. 
This county is remarkable for cases of longevity. Eighteen 
months ago, there were living the following persons : Capt. Hill, 
- aged 87 years; Mr. John Jones, 85; Mr. G. Berry, over 90; Mr. 
* D. Newsome, 80 ; Mr. H. Pool, over 85 ; Mr. H. Chalker, 85 ; 
Mr. J. Burkhalter, 90 ; Mr. Crenshaw, over 80 ; Mrs. Persons, 
92 ; Mrs. Bass, 90 ; Mr. Brinkley, 85; Mrs. Hobbes, 100. The 



WARREN COUNTY. 599 

following persons died in this county : Mrs. Peoples, aged 100 ; 
Mrs. Killebrew, 100 ; Mrs. Heath, 90 ; Mrs. Walker, 93 ; Mrs. 
Bates, 90 ; Mr. Cason, 96 ; Mr. J. W. Jackson, 100 ; Mr. 
John Wilson, 92 ; Mr. Charles Sturdevant, 95 ; Mr. Bullock, 
90 ; Mr. James Draper, 80. 

Character of the People. — The people are generally- 
well informed. Religion and morality are highly esteemed. 

Manufactures, Mills. — Rock Mills factory on the Ogee- 
chee. Capital, $25,000. 

Spindles, . . 600 

Operatives, . . 40 

Wages of operatives, $7 75 cts. per month. 
The morals of the operatives are good. 

Brother's factory. Capital invested, $18,000. 
Spindles, . . . 1,000 

Hands employed, . 30 

Merchant-mills, five or six ; saw-mills, 12 ; grist-mills, 10. 
One wool-carding machine at the Brothers factory, on the 
Shoals of Ogeechee ; one ditto, at Mayfield ; one ditto, at 
Deep Creek. 

Eminent Men. — The Hon. Mr. McDufTee, of South Caro- 
lina, is a native of Warren county. 

Name. — Major General Joseph Warren, whose name this 
county bears, was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1741. 
He was favoured with the advantages of a liberal education, 
and graduated with honour at Harvard University, 1759. 
Directing his attention to medical pursuits, he became one of 
the* most eminent physicians of his day, but the agitating ques- 
tions which then occupied the thoughts of his countrymen, 
diverted his mind from a profession which promised him 
wealth and reputation. When the news of the passage of the 
Stamp Act reached Boston, he decided upon his course, which 
was open and determined resistance to taxation and tyranny. 
By his pen, and by attending the meetings of his fellow-citi- 
zens, held to discuss the rights of the colonies, he contributed 
much to kindle the flame of opposition to the British ministry. 
His orations on the massacre of the 5th of March, are well- 
known to breathe the spirit of the true patriot. When the 



600 WARREN COUNTY. 

time arrived for tiie appointment of an orator, for 1775, com- 
memorative of this massacre, this office was again conferred 
upon Mr. Warren, at his own request. Some of the British 
officers, then in Boston, had pledged themselves to take the 
life of any man who should refer to the massacre on that 
occasion, and, hearing of this threat, Mr. Warren earnestly de- 
sired the honour of braving it. The oration was delivered. 
Unappalled the patriot orator depicted in moving terms the 
injustice of Great Britain ; and although crowds of British 
officers were present, no attempt was made to carry their 
threats into execution. On the evening before the battle of 
Lexington, Warren received information that the enemy de- 
signed to seize the military stores at Concord, and immediately 
adopted measures to spread the information. On the next 
day, the never to be forgotten 19th of April, Mr. Warren was 
destined to display gallantry, which has given him a high 
rank among those who lost their lives in fighting for the liber- 
ties of their country. Four days previous to the battle of 
Bunker's or Breed's Hill, he had received his commission of 
Major General. His friends entreated him not to expose him- 
self incautiously ; but such was his zeal, that he rushed into the 
battle with his mi^sket, and received a shot in the head, which 
immediately killed him. In 1776, his remains were taken from 
the earth, at Breed's Hill, placed in a coffin, and brought to the 
Stone Chapel, in Boston, and deposited in a vault under the 
chapel, by the Freemasons, of which he was Grand Master. 
A monument also was erected by this ancient fraternity, to 
his memory, on the battle-field, which has, however, given place 
to the Bunker Hill Monument. Congress made provision for 
the maintenance and education of his children. People of 
Warren ! should necessity ever require you to take up arms 
in the defence of your country, imitate the example of the man 
after whom your county is called. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 601 



WASHINGTON. 



Boundaries, Extent. — This county constitutes a portion 
of territory acquired by a treaty with the Creek Indians, by 
which all the lands claimed by them east of the Oconee river, 
were given to the State of Georgia. The country thus ac- 
quired was divided into two counties, one called Franklin, and 
the other Washington ; the latter embracing " all the territory 
from the Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee 
to the Oconee, south, to Liberty county." It was laid out in 
1784. In 1786, a portion of it was added to Greene; in 1793, 
a part set off to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; in 
1811, a part to Laurens ; in 1812, a part to Baldwin ; and in 
1826 ia part to Baldwin. It is now bounded on the N. by 
Hancock ; on the E. by a part of Warren and a part of Jef- 
ferson ; on the S. by Emanuel and Laurens, and on the W. 
by Wilkinson and a portion of Baldwin. Length 38 miles; 
breadth 38 ; containing 1444 square miles. 

Population, Representation, Taxes. — In 1840, the po- 
pulation was 10,565; in 1845, 11,272. Sends two representa- 
tives to the Legislature. Amount of State tax returned for 
1848, ^3,772 15. 

Post Offices. — Saundersville, Curry's Mills, Davisbo- 
rough, Hebron, Irwin's, Cross Roads, Oconee, Warthen's 
Store, and Tennille. 

Face of tue Country, Nature of the Soil, — The face 
of the country, in some sections, is hilly, and in others level. 
On Williamson's swamp there are as rich lands as any in 
Georgia, and which have produced 3,000 pounds of cotton per 
acre. The lands on Buffalo are excellent. In the vicinity of 
Saundersville there is a large body of fertile land. The soil 
generally through this county is mixed with lime, in some 
parts more-' and in others less. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Oconee, Ogeechee, 
and Ohoopee. Tlie creeks are Dyes, Buckeye, Deep, Sand 
Hill, Lamar's, Keg, Buffalo, Bluff, and others. 

Character of the People. — Washington county is in- 



602 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

habited by a generous and high-minded people. Love for 
their State is a predominant feeling with them. 

Mineral Spring. — On a branch leading into Williamson's 
swamp, there is a spring containing mineral properties. 

Rocks, Minerals. — Fine burr stone is abundant in this 
county. Near Saundersville are five or six lime-sinks, or caves, 
as many of them may be properly called, in which fossil teeth, 
ribs, and shells of endless variety are gathered in almost any 
quantity. Cypleasters, silicified oyster shells, and coprolites are 
also abundant. Recently, opal has been discovered in this 
neighbourhood ; also hornstone, jasper, chalcedony, agate, &c. 
The compiler of this work has frequently visited the neighbour- 
hood of Saundersville, and can safely say, that in his judgment, 
a more interesting geological locality is not to be found in our 
country. It is very strange that so little should be known of 
these " medals of creation." Persons have resided near the 
spot for years, and yet have not had the curiosity to visit these 
caves. The friends of science have reasons to regret that Sir 
Charles Lyell, when in Georgia, and who passed within three 
miles of Saundersville, did not visit this interesting locality. 

Shells. — The streams of this county abound with rare 
muscles. Many of them have been collected and sent to Eu- 
rope and the Northern States, to adorn the cabinets of the cu- 
rious. The stream near Brantley's mill-pond is rich in these 
beautiful shells. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Methodists and Bap- 
tists are the most numerous. There are several incorporated 
academies, but they are not now in operation. The census' of 
1840 gives 882 persons over 20 years of age, in this county, 
who could not read or write. Surely the citizens should endea- 
vour to adopt some system, by which the means of education 
can be brought to every man's door. 

Number of poor children 387. Educational fund, $335 60. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is moderate. 
In some settlements, particularly on water-courses, fevers and 
chills prevail. The instances of longevity are the following : 
William Rachel died at the age of 118 years; Mr. Bedgood 
at 112 ; Mr. A. Peacock at 85 ; Moses Cox over 80. 

Original Settlers. — John Stokes, Mr. Saunders, John 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 603 

and George Galphin, Col. Francis Tennille, Jared, John and 
Alexander Irwin, John Robinson, David Fluker, John Ruther- 
ford, James Thomas, Philemon Franklin, and Samuel Sinque- 
field. 

Mills. — Two very superior flour-mills, thirteen saw-mills, 
thirteen grist-mills. 

Productions.— Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. The 
soil produces the finest sweet potatoes. Fruits and vegetables 
succeed very well. Amount of cotton produced in one year, 
10,000 bags. 

Town. — Saundersville, on the ridge between the Oconee 
and the Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water, is the 
county town, established in 1796, and incorporated in 1812. It 
is distant from Milledgeville 28 miles, 135 from Savannah, 26 
from Louisville, and 3 from the Central Railroad. Population, 
400. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail of wood. 
There are six dry goods stores, three groceries, one tavern, four 
blacksmiths, two shoemakers, two carriage-makers, one news- 
paper, one tanyard, one tailor, one cabinet-maker, eight law- 
yers, six physicians, one church, one Masonic Lodge, one Odd 
Fellows' Lodge, and one Division of the Sons of Temperance. 
About 8100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. 

Roads, Bridges. — The roads and bridges are generally 
good. 

ANTiauiTiEs. — There are the remains of two old forts in 
this county. One is four miles and a half W. of Saundersville, 
the other 8 miles S. of Saundersville. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
f 17,975. Value of stock in trade, $26,950. Money at inte- 
rest, $85,523. 

Name. — This division of the State was named in honour of 
GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



604 WAYNE COUNTY. 



WAYNE. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. E. by 
Mcintosh ; E. by Glynn ; S, by Camden, and W. by Ware and 
AppHng. Wayne is a portion of the territory obtained from 
the Creeks by the United States Commissioners, in a treaty 
entered into at or near Fort Wilkinson, on the 16th of June, 
1802, and was laid out in 1803, by the Lottery Act, and or- 
ganized in 1805. It is 33 miles long, and 18 wide, containing 
594 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — The Great St. Ilia river runs through the 
southern part of the county. The Alatamaha washes the 
north side ; the FinhoUoway flows into the Alatamaha. There 
are several streams of less importance, such as McMillen's 
creek, &c. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$4,200. Value of stock in trade, $4;200. Money at interest, 
$10,130. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to 
the census of 1845, the population was 935 whites, and 355 
blacks ; total, 1,290 ; being less than any other county. State 
tax for 1848, $317 92. Sends one representative to the Le- 
gislature. 

Post Office — Waynesville. 

Town. — Waynesville is the seat of justice, situated in the 
southeast part, one mile from the main road leading from Fort 
Barrington ferry on the Alatamaha to St. Mary's ; 176 miles 
from Milledgeville, 20 from Fort Barrington, 45 from St. Ma- 
ry's, and 22 from Jefiersonton. It has one store, one Baptist 
church, one academy, and one boarding-house. The courts 
are held in the academy, and there is no jail. Near the vil- 
lage there are many beautiful pine hills, with pure water, 
affording delightful summer residences for the wealthy plant- 
ers of Glynn. 

Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The soil is gene- 
rally poor, barren, pine land. When manured, it will produce 
. about 20 bushels of corn per acre. The productions are long 



WAYNE COUNTY. 605 

Staple cotton, corn, and sweet potatoes. Sugar-cane grows 
well, and many families make syrup, and sugar enough for 
their own consumption. Rice is grown only in small quanti- 
ties for family use. 

Cattle, Sheep, Hogs. — Every farmer has a stock of cat- 
tle and hogs, and depends in some measure upon them for a 
support. There are a few flocks of sheep, which seem to 
do well. 

Manufactures, Mills. — There are no cotton factories, 
saw-mills, or distilleries in the county, and but few grist-mills. 
Corn is generally ground by hand-mills. 

Religious Denominations, Schools. — The religious de- 
nominations are Baptists and Methodists. There are but 
few schools. 

Character of the People. — The county is inhabited by 
poor but honest farmers. For morality and hospitality they 
stand high. 

Climate. — The climate is as healthy as any in Georgia. A 
resident of the county writes to us thus : " We have no use 
for doctors." 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The Digest of the State for 
1848, values the town lots at $4,200. Stock in trade, $4,200. 
Money at interest, $10,130. 

Name. — When our children shall ask who were the heroes 
that stood foremost in the struggle for their country's liberty, 
the name of the bold and enterprising Major General Anthony 
Wayne will be pronounced. One who knew him well, says, 
" that he had a constitutional attachment to the decision of the 
sword." He was born in Pennsylvania, on the 1st of January, 
1745. When a boy, the love of military amusements inter- 
fered materially with his education, although he was success- 
ful in his mathematical studies. He left school at the age of 
eighteen, and became a surveyor. In 1773 he was appointed 
a representative to the General Assembly, where he took a 
firm stand against the demands of Great Britain. He had long 
desired a military command, and the revolutionary war fur- 
nished him with an opportunity of gratifying his wish. He 
raised a regiment of volunteers, of which he was elected Colo- 
nel, and afterwards received the appointment of Colonel from 
39 



(506 WAYNE COUNTY. 

Congress. He accompanied General Thompson to Canada, 
and displayed his military talents at the battle of Three Ri- 
vers. On the 21st of February he was appointed Brigadier 
General, and in the following May joined the army of Wash- 
ington. He shared in the perils and glory of Brandy wine, 
Germantown, Monmouth, and Stony Point. At the latter 
place, particularly, he gathered fresh laurels. Washington 
deemed the recovery of Stony Point an object of great import- 
ance, and General Wayne was selected to make an attack up- 
on it. With the choicest troops, through a road traversed by 
numerous difficult and dangerous defiles and morasses, the in- 
trepid soldier arrived at the desired point, resolved to accom- 
plish the object by the bayonet alone. In defiance of every 
obstacle, and in face of an incessant fire from the enemy, the 
two columns made the attack, driving every thing before them 
at the point of the bayonet. Wayne had placed himself at 
the head of the right division, and receiving a slight wound 
upon the head, which he conceived to be mortal, he exclaimed, 
" Carry me forward, and let me die in the fort." By this enter- 
prise, two flags, two standards, 15 pieces of ordnance, and a 
large quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the 
Americans, besides 543 prisoners. Of the Americans, 98 were 
killed and wounded ; of the enemy, 63 were killed. For his 
gallantry on' this occasion, he was honoured by Congress with 
a vote of thanks, and a gold medal. After the capture of 
Cornwallis, at which he displayed a bravery bordering upon 
rashness, he was sent to conduct the war in Georgia, and with 
limited means, successfully prosecuted it against British sol- 
diers, savages, and tories. When peace was concluded, he 
retired to private life, but only for a short period, for the In- 
dians on the Northwestern frontier having for a long time 
manifested hostility to the United States, it was determined 
to punish them ; and Washington, knowing the qualifications 
of General Wayne for such enterprises, gave him the com- 
mand of the expedition. To those who are familiar with the 
incidents of that campaign, the manner in which General 
Wayne conducted it is well known. The hopes of the sa- 
vages were crushed ; and on the 3d of August, 1795, Wayne 
concluded a treaty with them. This gallant soldier died the 



WILKES COUNTY. 607 

next year, at Presque Isle, and was buried upon the shores of 
Lake Superior. In 1809, his remains were removed to his 
native county in Pennsylvania. The State of Georgia felt 
that she owed a debt of gratitude to General Wayne, and pre- 
sented him with a large tract of land, and named this section 
of the State after him. 



WILKES. 

Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Elbert on the N. ; 
Lincoln on the E. ; Columbia, Warren, and Taliaferro on the 
S. ; and Taliaferro and Oglethorpe on the W. It formerly in- 
cluded all the lands north of the Ogeechee, acquired by treaty 
from the Cherokees and Creeks, at Augusta, 1st of June, 1773. 
It was laid out in 1777, and a part added to Elbert in 1790, a 
part to Warren in 1793, a part to Lincoln in 1796, a part to 
Greene in 1802, a part to Taliaferro in 1825 and 1828. Its 
length is 23 miles, breadth 17; containing 391 square miles. 

Rivers, Creeks. — Broad and Little rivers are the chief 
streams. Rocky, Cedar, Beaver Dam, Upton, and Kettle 
creeks, discharge themselves into Little river; Dry Fork and 
Chickasaw into Broad river ; and Fishing and Pistol into the 
Savannah. 

Post Offices. — Washington, Aonia, Centreville, Dan- 
bury, Mallorysville, Pistol Creek, Rehoboth. 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — Some years ago 
Wilkes was the most populous county in the State ; but owing 
to many causes the population has diminished. The census 
of 1845 gives it 3,771 whites, 7,271 blacks; total, 11,042. 
Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $5,046 73 cents. 
Sends two representatives to the Legislature. 

Towns. — Washington is the county town, situated on the 
ridge which divides the waters of the Broad and Little rivers, 
66 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 53 N. W. of Augusta, 18 from 
Lincolnton, 31 from Greenesborough, and 18 from the Georgia 
Railroad. The court-house is a neat building with a steeple, 



608 WILKES COUNTY. 

in which there is a clock said to be equal to any in the State, 
and which cost $1,100. The jail is a very inferior building; 
there are four churches, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian 
and Roman Catholic, a branch bank of the State of Geor- 
gia, one printing office, one hotel, eighty-eight dwellings, 
six stores, a large number of mechanics, seven lawyers, six 
physicians, a Division of the Sons of Temperance, Masonic 
Lodges, &c. Population, 1,350. 

Washington is among the most beautiful towns in the 
State, and the citizens have the reputation of being intelligent 
and hospitable. Amount of goods sold annually is over $90,000. 

Mallorysville is 14 miles N. W. of Washington. It has 
one church, one academy, one cotton-gin factory, one black- 
smith, one store, and one tanyard. 

Danbury is 12 miles from Washington. 

Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The sur- 
face of the country is undulating. The soil is various. The 
lands of the best kind are on Little and Broad rivers, and on 
the creeks generally, having a red soil, adapted to cotton and 
the different grains. The light sandy lands produce well for 
a few years. The soil of Wilkes generally was once very 
fertile, but has suffered much from injudicious culture. The 
quantity of worn-out land which we see in travelling through 
this county, should warn us to avoid the errors of gone-by 
days. Economy in the management of land is as necessary 
as in any other business. 

Value of Land. — Lands of the first quality average $8 
per acre, second quality $5, turned out lands are worth $2. 

Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 
$48,590. Stock in trade, $42,795. Money at interest, $398,579. 

Price of Grain, Provisions, Board, Taverns, Labour. 



Corn 


Averages 


$2 50 per barrel. 


Wheat, 


(C 


75 " bushel. 


Eggs, 


(C 


10 " dozen. 


Beef, 


(C 


04^ '• pound. 


Pork, 


(( 


04^ " 


Bacon, 


(C 


10 " " 


Fowls, 


(t 


20 " pair. 


Turkeys, 


(C 


1 00 " " 


Geese, 


(t 


1 00 " " 


Board from $10 to $14 per month. 





wtLkes county. 609 

In Washington is one of the best hotels in Georgia, and 
travellers will find the landlord ready to accommodate them 
in superior style. Would not the travelling public be under 
great obligations to the v^^orthy proprietor of the Washington 
Hotel, if he would make a tour through Georgia, and deliver 
lectures on the art of keeping a good tavern ? We know of se- 
veral places where this kind of knowledge is much wanted. 

Negro men are hired at $75 per annum ; women at $40. 

Mineral Spring. — About a mile and a half from Wash- 
ington is a sulphur spring, formerly much frequented. 

Minerals. — Granite, quartz, iron, soapstone, and many 
others which are common to middle Georgia. 

Productions, Market. — Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, 
potatoes, &c., are the chief productions. About 14,000 bags 
of cotton are annually produced. 

Augusta is the chief market. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is subject 
to great changes. In 1826 — 27, the county suffered much 
from sickness, but since those periods the inhabitants have 
enjoyed a great share of health. Many instances of longe- 
vity have occurred. Mrs. Shener died last summer, at the 
age of 100. There are now living Mrs. Minton, 94 ; Mr. 
Wm. Jones, 80 ; Mr. John Combs, 80 ; and Mrs. Ray, 90. 

Mills. — Flour-mills, 4 ; saw-mills, 9 ; grist-mills, 14. 

Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- 
dists are the most numerous religious societies in the county. 
There are a few Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. There 
are sixteen churches in the county. 

At a very early period in the settlement of Wilkes, atten- 
tion was paid to the important subject of education. Excellent 
schools are in Washington and other places. 

Character of the People. — The people of this county 
are generally well informed, industrious, temperate, and reli- 
gious. During the American Revolution, no part of the State 
suffered more than Wilkes, and yet the citizens, with few ex- 
ceptions, devoted themselves to the cause of liberty. It re- 
ceived the name of the "Hornet's Nest," from the great op- 
position of the people to the tories. 

>| Early Settlers. — Jesse Willingham, John Freeman, 
Holman Freeman, Thomas Gresham, John Pope, and others 



610 WILKES COUNTY. 

whose names appear on the presentments of the grand jury 
on page 611. 

Distinguished Persons. — Wilkes has produced a host of 
men, who would have done honour to any country. Gen. Elijah 
Clarke, Hon. Matthew Talbot, Rev. Jesse Mercer, Hon. Ben- 
jamin Taliaferro, Gen. David Meriwether, Hon. Peter Early, 
Col. John Dooly, Col. Duncan G. Campbell, Dr. Joel Abbot, 
and if space allowed other illustrious names might be inserted. 
Gov. Towns is a native of this county. 

Here is a proper place to introduce the name of Mrs. Hill- 
house, one among the most extraordinary women of her age. 
Upon the death of her husband, Mr. David Hillhouse, in 1804, 
she took charge of his newspaper, called the " Monitor and 
Impartial Observer," and conducted it for several years. The 
journal of the House of Representatives was printed in her 
office, and sent to Louisville, then the seat of government. 

Remarkable Places. — Kettle creek is famous as the 
battle ground where Clarke, Dooly and Pickens, distinguished 
themselves in the war of the Revolution. 

On the spot where Washington is now located, a fort was 
built in 1774, and near it the American army encamped, after 
the engagement at Kettle creek. 

Miscellaneous Notices. — We have examined the old re- 
cords in the offices of the clerks of the courts in Wilkes, and 
made the following extracts for the amusement of our readers. 

November, 22d, 1786, Superior Court, Wilkes county, 
held at Washington. 

On petition of Joseph Wilson, Ordered, that he be per- 
mitted to take out a license to keep tavern, agreeable to law. 

Tavern Rates. 

s. d. 

For every warm dinner, , . . . • . 16 

« breakfast, 10 

" " supper, 10 

" cold dinner, 10 

" " breakfast 8 

" " supper, 8 

Lodgings per night, 4 

For corn or oats per quart, 2 

For stabling for every horse per night, finding in fodder 

or hay, , 10 

For good pasturing twenty-four hours, . . 8 



WILKES COUNTY. 611 





s. d. 


Good Jamaica spirits per gill, 


6 


Good West India rum per gill, 


4 


TafFe or northern rum per gill. 


2 


Good Maderia wine per bottle, 


4 8 


All white wine " . . . . 


4 8 


Claret and red wine " ... 


3 6 


Porter " . . . . 


1 9 


Strong malt beer per quart, 


4 


Good whiskey or brandy per gill, 


6 


Good Geneva " 


6 



The first court held in Wilkes, was on the 25th of August, 
1779, at the house of Jacob McClindon, before the Hon. 
Williams Downs, Benjamin Catchings, and Absalom Bedell, 
Esquires, assistant judges for the county aforesaid. Henry 
Manadue appointed clerk ; Joseph Scot Riden, sheriff; and 
John Dooly appointed to act as attorney for the State. 

Names of first grand jurors. Stephen Heard, Esq., fore- 
man, Barnard Heard, Georgg^Walton, Daniel Burnett, Thomas 

Carter, Bailey, John Glass, Charles Bidingfield, Mi- 

caiah Williamson, James McLean, Jacob Terington, William 
R. Aycock, Robert Day, John Gorham, Dionysius Oliver, 
Holman Freeman, sen., Daniel Colman, Thomas Stroud. 

At this court the grand jury presented as a grievance, 
" the running at large of several persons whom they had cause 
to believe, have acted in conjunction with, and have aided, 
abetted, and assisted the British, and the avowed enemies of the 
United States." At this court, nine persons were sentenced 
to be hung, principally for treason. 

At the March term of the Superior Court of Wilkes county, 
held in 1785, the grand jury presented as a grievance " the 
inattention of the Honourable the Legislature, to the requisitions 
of the Honourable the Congress of the United States, for laying 
an impost on goods, wares, and merchandise, imported in this 
State, or devising some support for the public credit, and pay- 
ment of that part of the debt, which we may owe to those friend- 
ly powers who, on the faith of the States, supported us in the 
Revolution. The requisitions of Congress are founded on 
equity and justice, nor can we expect reasonably to enjoy the 
advantages of the Union, unless we contribute to its support. 



612 WILKES COUNTY. 

We therefore apprehend a non-compliance on the part of our 
State will disgrace us as a people, and ultimately tend to de- 
stroy our credit at home and abroad." 

At the opening of the session of the Superior Court, held 
at Washington, Wilkes county, 7th day of December, 1784, 
the following charge was delivered by his Honour George 
Walton, Chief Justice : 

" I now earnestly recommend it to your observation, in- 
deed the general principles of taxation form a subject worthy 
the attention of the several counties, particularly this, in which 
there is such a prodigious influx of inhabitants, besides the rage 
which perhaps has taken place in the northern and neighbouring 
States of removing into this. The superior advantages of the 
soil and climate and navigation are such, that by population 
alone, the increase of numbers and agriculture must be con- 
siderable, and from whence an adequate proportion of the 
public revenues will be drawn ; in short, every part of govern- 
ment attracts the notice of thgpatriot and man of sense. 
Having established it in blood, we are greatly bound to ma- 
nage it well. It should be a science, and taught in our schools, 
which are opening in a manner, and upon a foundation the 
most flattering and most solid. Whenever I approach the 
middle region of the State, and contemplate around, I feel 
myself astonished at its immensity. Such is the rapid pro- 
gress of our settlements at either extremity, that I look for- 
ward to the time when, under the mild influence of our laws, 
the whole will be settled and connected, and the roads will be 
opened from the shores of the Atlantic to the banks of the 
Mississippi, and inconvenience of distance will one day be re- 
medied by a line of natural, friendly, and political separation, 
straight along the summit of the Appalachian hills, with the 
shores of the waters to the east and west." 

Name. — This county was named in honour of John Wilkes, 
who, as a member of the British Parliament, strenuously op- 
posed the measures which produced the war with America. 
On the motion in parliament, in 1778, to bind the colonies and 
people of America, in all cases whatsoever, Mr. Wilkes said, 
" that he considered the designs of the ministry to be the 
shortest compendium of slavery ever given. It is the broadest 



WILKES COUNTY. 613 

basis of tyranny. Three millions of people to be taxed at the 
arbitrary will and pleasure of this house, without a single per- 
son present to represent them ! If the Americans could tamely 
submit to this, they would deserve to be slaves." This great 
friend of liberty was born in England, and completed his 
studies at the Universit5'' of Leyden. In 1757, he obtained a 
seat in parliament for the borough of Aylesbury. Through 
the interest of his friend, Earl Temple, he was appointed 
Lieut. Colonel of the newly raised county militia, and upon 
the resignation of Sir Francis Dashwood, he succeeded to the 
Colonelcy. At the dissolution of the parliament, on the death 
of George the 2d, he was re-elected for Aylesbury. He first 
appeared, as a political writer in 1762, by a tract entitled " Ob- 
servations on the papers relative to the rupture with Spain.' 
This production gave him considerable fame. In 1762, he 
commenced a periodical paper called the " North Briton." 
In the 45th number of this paper, he commented with much 
acrimony upon the King'^ . speech, for which he was taken 
into custody and committed to the Tower. Some time after 
he was brought out by a writ of Habeas Corpus ; and Lord 
Chief Justice Pratt (Earl of Camden) pronounced his com- 
mitment illegal, and discharged him. He then established 
a private press, and reprinted the North Briton. This led to 
another prosecution and conviction, and he was expelled from 
the House of Commons. His Essay on Woman was published 
at this time, which gave so much offence, that he was not only 
found guilty of a libel, but also of blasphemy. After this he 
withdrew into France, and returned to England after a change 
of the ministry had taken place, and offered himself as a can- 
didate for parliament for Middlesex, and was elected ; but was 
not allowed to take his seat, owing to his conviction on two 
libels, and other causes. Being now regarded as the great 
Martyr of Liberty, he was again re-elected ; but his election 
was again declared void. Mr. Wilkes then commenced his 
career of civil honours, being first elected, while yet in prison, 
alderman of the most considerable ward in London. Whilst 
in this office he embraced every opportunity of resisting what 
he considered illegal authority. In 1772, he was chosen one 
of the sheriffs for London and Middlesex; and in 1774, was 
40 



614 WILKINSON .COUNTY. 

elevated to the mayoralty. The duties of this important 
office were discharged by him with great dignity and fidelity, 
and secured him so much popularity, that he was once more 
elected a member of parliament. Here he advocated the 
cause of injured America. In 1779, he became chamberlain 
of the city of London, which office he retained to his death. 
He died in the 73d year of his age, December 26, 1797. 



WILKINSON. 



Boundaries. — This county was laid out by the Lottery 
Act of 1803, organized in 1805, and is bounded by Jones on 
the N. W., Baldwin on the N., Washington on the E., Lau- 
rens and Pulaski on the S., and Twiggs on the W, 

Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- 
pulation was 5,343 whites, 1,722 Wacks ; total, 7,065. Amount 
of tax returned for 1848, $1,763 36. Sends one representa- 
tive to the Legislature. 

Post Offices. — McDonald, Cool Spring, Gordon, Irwin- 
ton, Emmet, Stephenson, Milton. 

Rivers, Creeks, Lake. — The Oconee river separates the 
county from Washington and Baldwin. Commissioners' creek 
is quite a considerable stream, emptying into the Oconee. 
The other creeks are Black, Uchee, Buck, Cedar, Big Sandy, 
and Porter. Black lake is in the eastern part of the county. 

Towns. — Irwinton is the county town, 21 miles from Mil- 
ledgeville, three from the Central Railroad, and 23 from Ma- 
rion. It has a court-house, jail, tavern, two churches, school, two 
or three stores, one tailor, one blacksmith, and one carpenter. 
It is situated between Commissioners' and Big Sandy creeks, 
and was named after Governor Irwin. It was made the coun- 
ty site in 1811, and incorporated in 1816. 

Gordon is situated on the Central Railroad, having two 
stores, one tavern, one blacksmith, and one physician. It is the 
point from which a daily line of stages leaves for Milledgeville, 
distance 17 miles. The amount of business done here is quite 



WILKINSON COUNTY. 615 

considerable. More than 7,000 bales of cotton were received 
from 1st of August, 1848, to June 1st, 1849, principall}'^ from 
Jones, Baldwin, and Twiggs. 

McDonald is a station on the Central Railroad, with a 
store, post-office, &c. 

Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the"] 
Bioodworths, William Lord, John Lord, Silas Lesley, John/ 
Brannon, Joel Rivers, D. McCook, Green Meadows^ Washing-/ 
ton Williams, and John Fi'eeman. i^^'^ 

Mills. — Eight saw-mills, nine grist-mills. 

Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti- 
Missionary Baptists, Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. 
Education is neglected. Number of poor children, 248. Edu- 
cational fund, $215 08. 

Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — There is nothing M^hich 
distinguishes the climate. The diseases are the same as those 
of the adjacent counties. Several instances of longevity 
have occurred. Robert Rosier, Sen., John Meadows, and 
William Jenkins, all lived to an advanced age. Mr. Myers 
died at 80 ; Mr. Bloodworth, over 80. Mrs. Myers is now 
living, over 80. 

Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions. 
— The face of the country is somewhat undulating. The soil 
is characterized by much variety. On the Oconee river, and 
on several of the creeks, the lands are productive. The pine 
lands, of which there is a great quantity, are poor. The pro- 
ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, and sweet potatoes. 
This last article grows to great perfection. 

Value op Land, Average Product per Acre. — Land 
sells from two to three dollars per acre ; cotton averages 
about 400 pounds per acre ; corn, eight bushels ; wheat, from 
six to seven bushels per acre. 

Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is 
f 10,392. Value of stock in trade, $13,300. Money at inte- 
rest, $11,553. 

Minerals. — Rotten limestone abounds. Near Irwinton 
is a quarry of a soft kind of stone, which, upon exposure to 
the atmosphere becomes hard. Many of the chimneys in Ir- 
winton are constructed of this article. 



616 WILKINSON COUNTY. 

Mineral Spring. — There is on the Central RaUroad, four 
miles below McDonald, a spring strongly impregnated with 
sulphur. It has been named Cameron's spring, in honour of 
Mr. Cameron, a gentleman who has been a conductor upon the 
Central Railroad for ten years, and who has recently retired 
with a reputation for politeness and attention to his duties, un- 
surpassed by any railroad officer in the United States. 

Character of the People. — As far as industry and hos- 
pitality are concerned, the people of this county acknowledge 
no superior. The amusements are hunting, fishing, dancing, 
and horse-racing. 

Name. — This county was named after Brigadier General 
Wilkinson, who, in 1816, published a work in three large vo- 
lumes, entitled " Memoirs of my own Times." It contains 
many historical incidents of an interesting nature, but entirely 
too cumbrous for general readers. As a book of reference it 
is valuable, and we feel much indebted to it for the informa- 
tion which it gives in regard to the services of this useful and 
active officer. General James Wilkinson was born in Calvert 
county, in the State of Maryland. At the age of seventeen 
years he was sent by his mother to the Medical School at Phi- 
ladelphia. Soon after his arrival he visited the barracks, where 
a regiment of soldiers was stationed, and witnessed their pa- 
rade, which pleased him so much, that from that day his incli- 
nations took a military turn. He remained in Philadelphia two 
years, and retired to Maryland and commenced the practice 
of medicine, and joined a company commanded by a Quaker ; 
and such was his fondness for military tactics, that notwith- 
standing his residence was 30 miles from the place of rendez- 
vous, he was always punctual at parade. Hearing of the bat- 
tle at Breed's Hill, he abandoned his profession, repaired to the 
camp before Boston, and joined a rifle corps under the com- 
mand of Colonel WiUiam Thompson. In March, 1776, Wash- 
ington gave him a commission as captain in the regiment com- 
manded by Colonel James Read, of Philadelphia, and which 
was under marching orders for Canada. In the course of 
three or four years he was gradually promoted ; and in Octo- 
ber, 1777, he was honoured with the brevet of Brigadier Gene- 
ral, which however he resigned ; and shortly afterwards re- 



WILKINSON COUNTY. 617 

ceived the appointment of Clothier General to the army. Af- 
ter the end of the war he went to Kentucky, and engaged in 
mercantile pursuits. Entering again the -army, he was sta- 
tioned on the frontiers. For some years he was at the head 
of the southern department of the army. In the war of 1812 
he was variously employed a portion of the time, in making 
the fortifications of New Orleans, and in directing operations 
on the northern frontiers. In 1815 he was tried by a court- 
martial upon several charges, but was acquitted. He died in 
Mexico, on the 28th of December, 1825. His body was brought 
to the house of Mr. Poinsett, then Minister from the United 
States to Mexico, and his interment took place in the parish 
of St. Miguel. Public opinion has been much divided as to 
the character of General Wilkinson ; but all agree that he was 
a gallant soldier of the Revolution, though his conduct after 
that period appears, in the estimation of some, to be inex- 
plicable. 



ADDENDA. 



JEWS. 

On page 101, reference is made to the history of the Jews in this State. 
Since that part of the work was printed, M. M. Noah, Esquire, of New-York, 
has kindly favoured us with the following additional items : 

Dr. Samuel Nunez, whose name belonged to a distinguished family in 
Lisbon, was a physician of eminence, and had an extensive practice, even in 
times when tlie Jews of that city were under the surveillance of the Inquisition. 
Jealousy and rivalry, however, caused him to be denounced to that dreadful 
tribunal, and himself and family were arrested as heretics, and thrown into 
the dungeons of the Inquisition. At that period the Jews were not permitted 
openly to follow their religion ; they had no synagogues or places of public 
worship, but assembled for devotional purposes in each others' houses, and 
their prayer-books were concealed in the seats of chairs, and opened by 
springs. It had long been observed that the families never ventured abroad on 
Friday evenings, being the evening of the Sabbath, and suspicions were awak- 
ened as to their real faith, although for form sake they all attended mass. The 
familiars of the Inquisition, who were generally spies, were set to work to dis- 
cover what their pursuits were on the Sabbath, and detecting them at prayers, 
seized their Hebrew prayer-books, and threw them all into prison. 

Doctor Nunez, who was a most popular and skilful man, was physician 
to the Grand Inquisitor, who was anxious to save him. He did all in his power 
to alleviate the sufferings of his family ; but one of them, Abby de Lyon, who 
died in Savannah, carried to her grave the marks of the ropes on her wrists when 
put to the question. They remained for some time in prison ; but as the me- 
dical services of Doctor Nunez were very much in demand in Lisbon, the eccle- 
siastical council, under the advice of the Grand Inquisitor, agreed to set him 
and family at liberty, on condition that two officials of the Inquisition should re- 
side constantly in the family, to guard against their relapsing again into Juda- 
ism. The doctor had a large and elegant mansion on the banks of the Tagus, 
and being a man of large fortune, he was in the habit ?)f entertaining the prin- 
cipal families of Lisbon. On a pleasant summer day he invited a party to din- 
ner ; and among the guests was the Captain of an English brigantine, anchored 
at some distance in the river. While the company were amusing tliemselves 



620 ADDENDA 

on the lawn, the captain invited the family and part of the company to accom- 
pany him on board the brigantine, and partake of a lunch prepared for the occa- 
sion. All the family, together with the spies of the Inquisition, and a 'portion 
of the guests, repaired on board the vessel ; and while they were below in the 
cabin, enjoying the hospitality of the captain, the anchor was weighed, the 
sails unfurled, and the wind being fair, the brigantine shot out of the Tagus, 
was soon at sea, and carried the whole party to England. It had been pre- 
viously arranged between the doctor and the captain, who had agreed, for a 
thousand moidores in gold, to convey the family to England, and who were 
under the painful necessity of adopting this plan of escape to avoid detection. 
The ladies had secreted all their diamonds and jewels, which were quilted in 
their dresses, and the doctor having previously changed all his securities into 
gold, it was distributed among the gentlemen of the family, and carried around 
them in leathern belts. His house, plate, furniture, servants, equipage, and 
even the dinner cooked for the occasion, were all left, and were subsequently 
seized by the Inquisition and confiscated to the State. 

On the arrival of Doctor Nunez and family in London, th6 settlement of 
Georgia, and the fine climate and soil of that country, were the subjects of much 
speculation. The celebrated John Wesley, and his brother Charles, had re- 
solved to embrace the occasion of visiting this El Dorado ; and when the ship 
which conveyed Governor Oglethorpe to that new settlement was about sail- 
ing, the doctor and his whole family embarked as passengers, not one of whom 
could speak the English language ; and from them the families have descended, 
already named in the body of this work After a few years, a number 
sailed for New- York ; and Zipra Nunez married the Rev. David Machado, 
Minister of the Hebrew congregation of that city. Major Noah states that he 
remembers his great-grandmother, Zipra Nunez, as a very remarkable person- 
age. She died at nearly ninety years of age, and was celebrated for her 
beauty and accomplishments. She spoke several languages — preserved to 
the last a beautiful set of teeth, unimpaired, and was observed, whenever the 
clock struck, to repeat a silent prayer, which had some reference to her impri- 
sonment in the Inquisition. The whole family were rigid in their attachment 
to the doctrines of their faith. Two of her brothers, who arrived in the same 
vessel from London, lie buried in the Jewish cemetery in Chatham Square, 
New- York ; and from them has sprung a long list of highly respectable 
descendants in Savannah, Charleston, Philadelphia, and New-York, all of 
them of the Hebrew persuasion at this day. 



CONGRESSIONAL TABLES. 



Names of the Gentlemen from Georgia ivlio signed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 



Button Gwinnett, 



Lyman Hall, 



George Walton. 



Nam£s of those who signed the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 
between the Stales. 



John Walton, 



Edward Telfair, 



Edward Langworthy. 



Delegates to the Convention which met at Philadelphia in May, 1787, to 
frame a new Constitution. 



William Few, 
Abraliam Baldwin, 



William Pierce, 
George Walton, 



William Houstnim, 
Nathaniel Pendleton. 



Members of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788. 






From 


To 




From 


To 


Baldwin, Abraham 


1785, 


'88 


Howley, Richard 


1780, 


'81 


Brownson, Nathaniel 
Bulloch, Archibald 


1776, 
1775, 


'78 
'76 


Jones, Noble Wimberly 


5 1775, 
( 1781, 


'76 

'83 


Clay, Joseph 


1778, 


'80 


Langworthy, Edward 


1777, 


'79 


Few, William 
Gibbons, William 


5 1780, 
( 1785, 

1784, 


'82 
'88 
'86 


Pierce, W. 
Telfair, Edward 


1786, 
S 1777, 
) 1780, 


'87 
'79 
'83 


Gwinnett, Button 
Habersham, John 


1776, 
1785, 


'77 
'86 


Walton, George 


\ 1776, 
} 1780, 


'79 

'81 


Hall, Lyman 


1775, 


'79 


Wood, Joseph 


nil. 


'79 


Houstoun , John 


1775, 


'77 


Zubli, John J. 


111 6, 


'76 


Houstoun, William 


1784, 


'87 









Senators from the Commencement of the Government under the Constitution 
to the End of the Twenty-ninth Congress, March 3, 1847. 





From 


To 




From 


To 


Baldwin, A. . 


1799, 


1807 


Elliott, John 


1819, 


'26 


Berrien, J. M. 
Bibb, W. W. 


^ 1825, 

} 1841, 

1813, 


'29 
'47 
'16 


Few, William, 
Forsyth, John - 


1789, 
S 1818, 
I 1829, 


'93 
'19 

'34 


Bulloch, William B. 
Cobb, Tliomas W. 


1813, 
1824, 


'13 

'28 


Gunn, .Tames 


S 1789, 
■ } 1791, 


'90 
1801 


Colquitt, T. Walter 
Crawford, William H. 


1843, 

1807, 


'49 
'13 


Jackson, Jumes 


S 1793, 
\ 1801, 


'96 
'06 


Cuthbert, Alfred 


1835, 


'43 


Jones, George 


1807, 


'07 


41 













622 



ADDENDA. 



King, John P. 
Lumpkin, Wilson 
Milledge, John 
Prince, Oliver H. 
Tait, Charles 
Tattnall, Josiah 



From 
1834, 

1838, 
1806, 
1828, 
1809, 
1796, 



To 
'38 
'41 
'09 
'29 
'19 
'99 



Troup, G. M. 

Walker, Freeman 
Walker, John 
Walton, George 
Ware, Nicholas 



From 


To 


1816, 


'18 


1829, 


'34 


1819, 


'21 


1790, 


'91 


1795, 


'96 


1821, 


'24 



The present Senators are J. M. Berrien and William C. Dawson. 



Abbot, Joel 
Alvord, Julius C. 
Baldwin, A. 
Barnett, William 
Bibb, W. W 

Black, Edward J. 

Bryan, Joseph 
Carnes, Thomas P. 
Gary, George 
Clayton, Augustus S. 
Cleaveland, J. F. 
Clinch, Duncan L. 
Chappell, Absalom H. 
Cobb, Howell 
Cobb, Howell 

Cobb, Thomas W. 

Coffee, John 

Colquitt, Walter T. 

Cook, Zadok 

Cooper, Mark A. 

Crawford, Joel 

Cuthbert, A. 

Cuthbert, John A. 
Dawson, W. C. 
Early, Peter 
Floyd, John 

"-Forsyth, John 

Fort, Tomlinson 

Foster, Thomas S. 

(nimble, Roger L. 

Gilmer, George R. 

Glascock, Thomas 
Grantland, Seaton 
Habersham, R. W. 
Hackctt, T. C. 
Hall, Boiling 
Hammond, Samuel 
Haralson, Hugh A. 



Representatives. 



1817, 
1839, 
1789, 
1812, 
1806, 
S 1839, 
} 1842, 
1803, 
1793, 
1323, 
1831, 
1836, 
1843, 
1843, 
1807, 
1843, 
5 1817, 
I 1823, 
1833, 
S 1839, 
} 1842, 
1817, 
J 1839, 
) 1842, 
1817, 
S 1814, 
l 1821, 
1819, 
1837, 
1802, 
1827, 
^ 1813, 
} 1823, 
1827, 
S 1829, 
( 1841, 
S 1833, 
^ 1841, 
S 1821, 
\ 1827, 
1836, 
1835, 
1839, 
1848, 
1811, 
1803, 
1843, 



'25 
'42 
'99 
'15 
'14 
'41 
'45 
'06 
'95 
'27 
'35 
'39 
'45 
'45 
'12 

'21 

'24 

'37 

'41 

'43 

'19 

'41 

'43 

'21 

'17 

'27 

'21 

'42 

'07 

'29 

'18 

'27 

'29 

'35 

'43 

'35 

'43 

'23 

'29 

'39 

'39 

'43 

'17 

'05 



Haynes, Charles E. \ 

Holsey, Hopkins 
Jackson, Jabez 
Jackson, James 
Jones, James 

Jones, Seaborn \ 

King, Thomas Butler \ 

Lamar, Henry G. 

Lumpkin, Wilson \ 

Lumpkin, Joseph H. 
Matthews, George 
Meriwether, Daniel 
Meriwether, James 
Meriwether, J. A. 

Milledge, John } 

Newnan, Daniel 
Nisbet, E. A. 
Owen, Allen T. 
Owens, George W. 
Reid, Robert K. 
Schley, William 
Smelt, Dennis 
Spalding, Thomas 
Stephens, Alexander H. 
Stiles, William H. 
Talpferro, Benjamin 
Tattnall, Edward F. 
Telfair, Thomas 
Terrill, William 
Thompson, Wiley, ~ 
Toombs, Robert 

Towns, George W. B. s 

Troup, George M. 
Warren, Lott, 
Wayne, Anthony 
Wayne, James M. 
Welborn, M. J. 
Willis, Francis 

Wilde, Richard Henry < 



1825, 


'31 


1835, 


'39 


1336, 


'39 


1836, 


'39 


1789, 


'91 


1799,1801 


1833, 


'35 


1845, 


'47 


1839, 


'43 


1845, 





1829, 


'33 


1815, 


'17 


1827, 


'31 


1843, 


'47 


1789, 


'91 


1802, 


'07 


1825, 


'27 


1841, 


'43 


1792, 


'93 


1795, 


'99 


1801, 


'02 


1831, 


'33 


18S9, 


'42 


1848, 


— 


1835, 


'39 


1818, 


'23 


1833, 


'35 


1806, 


'11 


1805, 


'06 


1843, 


— 


1843, 


'46 


1799, 


1802 


1821, 


'27 


1813. 


'17 


1817, 


'21 


1831, 


'33 


1845, 


— 


1835, 


'39 


1845, 


'47 


1807, 


'15 


1839, 


'43 


1791, 


'92 


1829, 


'35 


1848, 


— 


1791. 


'93 


1824, 


'25 


1827, 


'35 



GENERAL SUMMARY. 

CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY. 

1732 June 9, Charter of Georgia granted, and 21 Trnstees appointed. 
" July, First meeting of the Trustees lield in London. 

." Nov., First ship leaves England with 116 persons for Georgia. 

1733 Feb., Colonists arrive in Georgia. 

" Treaty of amity and commerce made by Oglethorpe with the Indians in Savannah. 

" Saltzburghers arrive at Ebenezer. 

" Tomochichi, his queen, and other Indians, accompany Oglethorpe to England, and are pre- 
sented at court. 

1734 Oglethorpe carries to England 8 pounds of raw silk, the first produced in Georgia. 
" Impiiriation and use of rum and brandies into Georgia forbidden by the Trnstees. 
" Twenty families of Jews arrive in Savannah. 

1735 Augusta laid otf. 

" Colony of Saltzburghers arrive at Ebenezer. 

1736 130 Highlanders arrive.at the Alatamaha and build a town, which they named New Inverness, 

now Darien. 

" John and Charles Wesley arrive in Savannah. 

1737 Oglethorpe appointed General of the forces in Georgia and South Carolina. 
" George Whitfield arrives in Georgia. 

1738 Gen. Oglethorpe meets the chiefs of four Creek towns at Coweta, afterwards Fort Mitchell. 

1739 Tomochichi dies, and is buried with military honours. 
" 'War declared by England against Spain. 

1740 Col. Palmer and his force surprised and defeated near St. Augustine. 
" Whitfield's orphan house erected near Savannah. 

1742 Battle at Bloody Marsh, St. Simon's Island, in which Gen. Oglethorpe obtains a complete vic- 

tory over the Spaniards. 

1743 Christ Church in Savannah erected. 

" Gen. Oglethorpe leaves Georgia, and Capt. Horton has charge of the colony. 
" Col. Wm. Stephens made President of Georgia. % 

1744 Gen. Oglethorpe marries in England. 

" Charles Harris and James Habersham establish the first commercial house in Georgia. 

1747 Colony much excited by the claims of Bosomworth and his Indian wife Mary. 

1749 Slaves allowed by the Trustees to be brought into Georgia. 

1750 Number of persons in Georgia 1500. 

" Uniou Society of Savannah founded. 

1751 First Colonial Assembly held. 

'■ Rev. Jonathan Copp sent as a missionary to Angnsta. 
" Quaker settlement, west of .liugusta, abandoned. 

1752 Trnstees resign their charter, and the province formed into a royal goyernment. 

" 31,950 acres of land granted to emigrants from Dorchester, S. C, and settlement made at 
Med way. 
1754 Capt. John Reynolds appointed Governor of Georgia. 
17.55 First legislature, consisting of three branches, held. 
" Gov. Reynolds lays out Ilardwick in what is now Bryan county, and recommends that it be 

made the capital of Georgia. 
" 400 papists arrive in Georgia. 

1756 E.\ ports from Georgia amount to $74,484 44. 

1757 10.50 pounds of silk received in Savannah, the product of Georgia. 
" Henry Ellis appointed Governor. 

1758 Province divided into eight parishes. 

" Very warm. Thermometer stood at 102 in the shade. 

I7.59 Dispute between Bosomworth and colony settled. 

1700 Jame^ Wright appointed Governor. 

1703 First newspaper published in Georgia, called the Georgia Gazette. . 

17fi5 Four additional parishes laid off. 

1708 Dr. Franklin appointed agent for Georgia. 

1770 Legislature of Georgia express their sentiments in regard to the conduct of the mother country. 

1771 Gov. Wright embarks for England. 
" James Habersham acts as Governor. 

1772 E.xports from Georgia, in 217 vessels, amonnt to £121,077 sterling. 

1773 June 1, Txeaty at Augusta by Sir James Wright and John Stewart with the Cherokecs and 

Creeks. 
" Gov. Wright returns to Georgia. 
" William Bartrani, the celebrated botanist, makes a tour through Georgia. 

1774 Inhabitants of the province invited to meet in Savannah, to consider what measures ought to 

be adopted in regard to the arbitrary acts of the British government. 

1775 Dr. Lyman Hall elected to Congress by the inhabitants of St. John's parish. 
" Powder magazine broke open in Savannah by the sons of liberty. 

" Liberty meeting held at Tondee's tavern in Savannah. 
" Nov. 25, Snow fell eighteen inches deep. 



624 GENERAL SUMMARY. 

1776 Col. John Baker marches to St. Mary's to dislodge a band of loyahsts, but is unsuccessful, 

owing chiefly to the treachery of two of his men, Daniel and James McGirth. 

" July 4, Congress proclaim the independence of the colonies. 

" Aug., First celebration uf American Independence in Georgia. 

1777 Archibald Bulloch, first republican Governor, dies. 

" Constitution formed, for the future government of the State, in Savannah. 

" Duel between Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh and Buttun Gwinnett, in which the latter is killed. 

" Two thousand acres of land offered by the legislature to all persons who would manufacture 
bar iron. 

1778 Confiscation acts passed. 

" Unsuccessful expedition against Florida, conducted by Gen. Howe. 

" Battle at Medway. ..Gen. Screven killed. Savannah taken by the British. 

1779 Sunbury taken. ^ 

" Gen. Ash defeated at Brier Creek. 

" Unsuccessful attack upon Savannah by the combined forces of Count de Estaing and Gen. 
Lincoln. 

1780 Small-po.x makes its appearance in Georgia. 
" First siege of Augusta. 

1781 Augusta taken. 

1782 Emanuel, Davis, and Lewis, members of the Executive Council, taken prisoners by the tories. 

1783 Treaty with theCherokees at Augusta. 

" Formal surrender of Savannah to Col. James Jackson, after having been 3 years 6 months and 
13 days in possessinn of the enemy. 

1784 Franklin and VViisidngton counties laid out. 

1785 Nov. 28, Treaty at Hopewell. 
" University incorporated. 

" 20,000 acres of land granted to Count de Estaing. 

1786 Seat of government ordered to be removed to Louisville. 
" Treaty at Shoulder Bone. 

" Major-General Greene dies. 

1787 Convention between Georgia and South Carolina held at Beaufort. 

1789 Second Constitution of the State formed at Augusta. 

1790 Aug. 7, Treaty at New-York. 

1791 Washington visits Georgia. 

" First bridge erected over Savannah river, by Wade Hampton. 

1795 Yazoo act passed. 

1796 Yazoo Fresh. 

" Yazoo act declared to be unconstitutional, corrupt, and ordered to be rescinded and expunged. 

" Destructive fire in Savannah 

" June 29, Treaty at Colerain. 

1802 Treaty at Fort VVilkin>on. 

1803 Legislature appoint commissioners to lay off Milledgeville, 

1804 Tremendous hurricane. 

1805 Noble W. Jones, a jiatriot of the revolution, dies. 

1807 Milledgeville becomes the seat of government. 

1808 First alleviating law passed. 

1809 Duelling prohibited. 
1813 Battle of Taladega. 

1815 Value of property of the State of Georgia, as settled by the board of Assessors, 57,746,771 16. 
" Bank of the State uf Georgia incorporated. 

1816 Bank of the United States chartered. 

1817 Very wet. Yellow Fever in Savannah. 

1818 Remarkable drought. 

1819 Monroe visits Georgia. 

" Steam Ship Savannah arrives in Savannah. 

1820 Large Fire in Savannah, 403 buildings destroyed. Loss $4,000,000. 

1822 Destructive hurricane. 

1823 The town of Macon commenced. 
1825 General Lafayette visits Georgia. 

1829 Large fires in .Augusta. 

" May, Large Meteor fell in Forsyth, Monroe Co., Georgia. 

1830 June 1st, Mercury down to GOO. 

1832 Anti tarilf Convention meets at Milledgeville, 134 delegates present. 
" Medical College of Georgia goes into oj)eration. 

1833 Centennial Celebratipn at Savannah of the settlement of the State. 
18.55 Feb. 8th, Coldest weather ever known in Georgia. 

1836 Central Railroad commenced. 

1837 May 29. Violent hail-storm in Wilkes. Hail lay for twelve days in some places. The oldest 

citizens never saw any thing like it. 

1839 Georgia Female College opened 

" Sept 5, Yellow Fever in .\ugusta. 

1840 May, Great rains ; ."Vugusta and Hamburgh inundated. 

1847 May 17th, A portion ol Jasper County visited by a tremendous hail storm. 

1849 April l.'ith. Snow and severe frost, by which great damage was done to the crops in Georgia, 
as well as in other sections of the U. S. 

" Small-pox makes its appearance in Cass County, Georgia. 



CATALOGUE 



OF THE 



FAUNA AND ELOEA 



OP THE 



STATE OF GEORGIA. 



PEEPARED FOR THIS WORK BY EMINENT NATURALISTS. 



COMPKISING 



MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES, INSECTS, 
CRUSTACEA, SHELLS, AND PLANTS. 



FAUNA AND FLORA. 



MAMMALIA. 



OR ANIMALS WHICH SUCKLE THEIR YOUNG. 



The following catalogue of the mammiferous animals of Georgia, was 
prepared by the Rev. Dr. Bachman, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gen- 
tleman well known as an accomplished zoologist. 



Ursus 

Americanus Pall. 
Procton 

lotor L. 
Mephitis 

chinga Tied. 

MUSTELA 

erminea Lin. 

PUTORITJS 

vison Lin. 

LUTRA 

Canadensis Sab. . 
Cakis 

lupus Lin. 
Canis 

lupus Lin (variety ater) 

VULPES 

Virginianus Schr. 

VULPES 

fulvus Desm. 
Felis 

discolor Schr. 
Lynx 

rufus Guld. . 



MOLOSSUS' 

Carolinensis Geoff. 



CARNIVORA. 

. Black bear. 

. Racoon. 

. Skunk. 

. Ermine weasel, northern parts. 

. American mink. 

. Otter. • 

. Common gray wolf. 

. Black wolf. 

. Gray fox. 

. Red fox, few in the mountains. 

. Cougar, Panther, Glynn and Wayne co. 

. Common wild cat. 
CHEIROPTERA. 

. Carolina molossus, southern Geo r { ; 



MAMMALIA. 



Vespertilio 

subulatus Say. 

monticola Bach. 

Virginianus Bach. 

Carolinensis Geoff. 

nigrescens Bach 

noctivagans Lee. . 
Ntcticeus 

noveboracensis Lin. 

pruinosus Say. 

crepuscularis Lee. 
Plecotus 

macrotis Lee. 



SOREX 

brevicaudis Say. 
Carolinensis Bach , 
cinereus Bach. 
longirostris Bach. 

CONDYLURA 

cristata Lin. 

SCALOPS 

aquaticus Lin. 
breweri Bach. 



SciUKUS 

capistratus Bosc. . 

Carolinensis Gm. . 

cinereus Lin. 
Tamias 

listeri Ray. . 
Pteromts 

volucelia Gm. 
Arctomys 

monax Li7i. . 
Meriones 

Atnericanus Penn. 
Arvicola 

pinetorum Lee. 
Pseudostoma 

pinetorum Raff. 

SiGMODON 

hispidum Say and Ord. 
Neotoma 

floridana Say and Ord. 
Castor 

fiber Lin. 
Fiber 

zibethicus Lin. 
Mus 

decumanus Lin. , 

rattus Lin. . 

humilis Bach. 

musculus Lin. 



Mountain bat. 
Virginia bat. 
Carolina bat. 
Black bat. 



. New-York bat. 

, Hoary bat. 

. Long-eared bat. 

INSECTIVORA. 

. Short-tailed shrew. 

. Carolina shrew. 

. Ash-coloured shrew. 

. Long-nosed shrew. 

. Star-nosed mole, mountains. 

. Common shrew mole, mountains. 

. Brewer's shrew mole. 

RODENTIA. 

. Fox squirrel. 

. Gray squirrel. 

. Cat squirrel, mountains. 

. Ground squirrel. 

• Flying squirrel. , 

. Ground hog, wood-chuck, northern parts. 

, American jumping mouse. 

. Pine mouse. 

. Salamander, sandy tracts . 

. Cotton rat. 

. Florida rat. 

. Variety Americanus, rare, near Milledge- 

ville and Macon. 

. Muskrat, upper Georgia. 

. Norway rat. 

. Black rat 

. Little harvest mouse. 

. Common house mouse. 



MAMMALIA. 



Mus 

aureolus Bach. 

leucopus Raf. 

Le Contii Bach. 

oryzivora Bach. 
Lepus ' 

syivaticus Bach. 

palustris Bach. 

aquaticus Bach. 



Cervus 

Virginianus Lin. 



Delphdtos 

phocoena Lin. 
globiceps Cuv. 



DiDELPHIS 

Virginianus Pen. 



. Orange-coloured mouse. 

. American white-footed mouse. 

. Le Conte's mouse. 

. Rice mouse, southern parts. 

. American gray rabbit. 

. Marsh rabbit, southern Georgia. 

. Swamp rabbit, Coweta county. 

RUMINANTIA. 

. Common deer. 

CETACEA. 

. Porpoise. 

. Black porpoise. 

MARSUPIALIA. 

. Opossum. 



NOTE. 

(') There are two species of molossus described by William Cooper, of New- 
York, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, both from Georgia, and 
both very common : 

Molossus cynocephaius ; 

fuliginosus. 



BIRDS. 

In presenting the following Catalogue of Birds to the public, it is proper 
to remark, that many kinds are migratory, and consequently are found among 
us only at certain seasons of the year. The Catalogue is intended to include 
all the species of birds, which an industrious ornithologist might procure 
within the limits of our State. 

J. J. Audubon has described 508 species of birds inhabiting the United 
States and their territories ; and it will be seen, by reference to our Catalogue, 
that 273 species are found in the State of Georgia. Indeed, our Fauna is 
peculiarly rich and interesting in this department, whether we regard the 
number of species, or the many kinds remarkable for beauty and splendour of 
plumage. 

Every effort has been made to render the list as complete and as accurate 
as possible. Doubtless there are some species of birds inhabiting our State, 
which have escaped the vigilance of naturalists ; but they must be very limited 
in number. 

My grateful acknowledgments are due to the Rev. John Bachman, D. D., 
of Charleston, S. C, the well-known Naturalist; and to my brother, Joseph 
Le Conte, M. D., of Macon, Georgia, for important assistance in enabling me 
to determine the habitat of several species concerning which there was con- 
siderable doubt. I am under peculiar obligations to the former gentleman 
for the valuable information he furnished, particularly in relation to the water- 
birds. 

Athens, Georgia, May, 1849. 



Catalogue of Birds inhabiting the State of Georgia, arranged according to 
Auduhon^s " Birds of America," Octavo Edition, in 7 vols. 



Fam. l.—VULTURINiE. 
Cathartes 

■ aura, red-headed turkey buzzard. 
• atraliis, carrion crow, or black- 
headed buzzard. 

Fam. 2.— FALCONINJG. 

BUTEO 

borealis, (') red-tailed hawk. 



BuTEO 

linealiis, red-shouldered hawk. 
Pen nsijl va nicu s, broad- wi nged 
hawk. 
Haliaetus 

' leucocephalus, bald eagle. 
Pandion 

. haliaetus, fish hawk. 



BIRDS. 



Elanus 

dispar, black^houldered hawk. 

ICTINIA 

plumbea, Mississippi kite.* 
Nauclerus 

furcatus, swallow-tailed hawk. 
Faxco 

peregrinus, duck hawk. 
Columbariiis, pigeon hawk. 
, sparveriui, sparrow hawk. 

ASTUR 

' Cooperi, Cooper's hawk. 
* fuscus, sharp-shinned hawk. 
Circus 

I cjjaneus, marsh hawk. 

Fam. 3.— STRINGING. 

SURNIA 

nyciea, snowy owl. 
Strix 

Americana, barn owl. 
Syrnium 

nebulosum, hooting owl. 
Otus 

vulgaris, long-eared owl. 

brachyotus, short-eared owl. 

BtXBO 

Virginianus, great homed owl. 
asio, (') common screech owl. 

Fam. 4.— CAPRIMULGINiE. 

Caprimxjxgus 

CaroZmensts, chuck-will's widow. 
vociferus, whip-poor-will. 
Chordeiles 

/ Virginianus, night-hawk. 

Fam. 5— CYPSELIN^. 

Ch^tura 

pelasgia, chimney swallow. 

Fam. 6.— HIRUNDINtE. 

HiRUNDO 

purpurea, martin. 
' bicnlor, white-bellied swallow. 
fulva, clitr swallow. 
ruslica, barn swallow. 
riparia, bank swallow. 
serripennis, rough-winged swal- 
low. 

Fam. 7. MUSCICAPTN.^. 

MUSCICAPA 

dominicensis, pipiry flycatcher. 
lyrannus, king bird or, beebird. 
crinila, great-crested flycatcher. 
Cooperi, olive-sided flycatcher. 



MUSCICAPA 

acadica, green-crested flycatcher. 
fusca, pewee flycatcher. 
virens, wood pewee. 
ruticilla, American redstart. 

CxTLICrVORA 

ccerulea, blue-gray flycatcher. 

Fam. 8.— SYLVICOLIN^. 

Myiodioctes 

milratus, hooded flycatching-war- 

bler. 
formosus, (^) Kentucky fly- 
catcliing-warbler. 
Stlvicola 

coronata, yellow-rump wood-war- 
bler. 
- striata, black-poll wood-warbler. 
pensilis, yellow-throated wood- 
warbler. 
icterocephala, chesnut-sided wood- 
warbler. 
pinus, pine-creeping wood-war- 
bler. 
virens, black-throated green wood- 
warbler. 
carulea, csrulean wood-warbler. 
BlackburnicE , Blackburnian wood- 
warbler. 
ccstiva, yellow-poll wood-warbler. 
petechia, yellow-red-poll wood- 
warbler. 
Americana, blue yellow-backed 

wood-warbler. 
Canadensis, black-throated blue 

wood-warbler. 
maculosa, black-and-yellow wood- 
warbler. 
" discolor, prairie warbler. 
Trichas 

Marilandica, Maryland yellow- 
throat. 
Helinaia 

Sivainsonii, Swainson's swamp- 
warbler. 
verniivura, worm-eating swanip- 

warbler. 
protonotarius, prothonotary 

swamp-warbler. 
chrysoptera, golden-winged 

swamp-warbler. 
Bachmanii, Bachman's swamp- 
warbler. 
solitaria, blue-winged yellow 

swanip-warbler. 
celata, orange-crowned swamp- 
warbler. 



8 



BIRDS. 



Mniotilta 

varia, black and white creeping- 
warbler. 

Fam. 9.— CERTHIANiE. 

Certhia 

familiaris, brown tree-creeper. 
Troglodytks 

Ludovicianus, great Carolina 
wren. 

Bewickii, Bewick's wren. 

Americanus, wood wren. 

ccdon, house wren. 

hyemalis, winter wren. 

palusiris, marsh wren. 

brevirostris, short-billed marsh 
wren. 

Fam. 10.— PARINiE. 
Parus 

bicolor, crested titmouse. 
Carolinensis, Carolina titmouse. 

Fam. 11.— SYLVIANiE. 

■'Regulus 

satrapa, golden- crested kinglet. 
calendula, ruby-crowned kinglet. 

SlALIA 

Wilso7iii, common blue bird. 

Fam. 12.— TURDIN^. 

Orpheus 

. polygloltus, mocking-bird. 
- Carolinensis, cat-bird. 
rvfus, brown thrush. 

TURDUS 

migratorius, common robin. 
mustelinus, wood-thrush. 
Wilsonii, tawny-thrush. 
soliiarius, hermit-thrush. 

Fam. 13.— MOTACILLIN^. 

Seiurus 

aurocapillus, golden-crowned 

wood-wagtails. 
noveboracensis, aquatic wood- 
wagtails. 
Anthus 

•Ludovicianus, American wagtail. 

Fam. 14.— FRINGILLINiE. 

Emberiza 

Americana, black-throated bunt- 
ing. 

graminea, grass bunting. 

Savanna, Savannah bunting. 

passerina, yellow-winged bunt- 
ing. 



Emberiza 

Henslowi, Henslow's bunting. 
pusilla, field bunting. 
socialis, chipping bunting. 

NlFH^A 

hyemalis, common snow-bird. 
Spiza 

Ciris, nonpareil, or painted bunt- 
ing. 

cyanea, indigo bird. 
Ammodramus 

* mariiimus, seaside finch. — 

'^ Macgillivrayi Macgillivray's 
shore-finch. 
' caudacutus, sharp-tailed shore- 
finch. 
palustris, swamp-sparrow. 
Peuc^a 

Bachmanii, Bachman's pinewood 
finch. 

LiNARIA 

pinus, pine linnet. 
Carduelis 

trislis, American goldfinch or yel- 
low-bird. 
Fringill\ 

iliaca, foxcoloured Anchor swamp 
sparrow. 

melodia, songfinch or fence spar- 
row. 

Pennsyhanica, white-throated 
finch. 

leucophrys, white-crowned finch. 

PiFILO 

„ eryihropliihalmus, bullfinch or 
towhe bunting. 
Erythrospiza 

purpurea, purple finch. 
LoxiA 

curvirostra, common crossbill. 

PlTYLUS 

* cardinalis, common red-bird 

COCCOBORUS 

caruleus, blue song-grosbeak. 
Ludovicianus, rose-breasted gros- 
beak. 
Pyranga 

' (Estiva, summer red-bird, or fire 
bird. 
rubra, scarlet tanaffer. 



Fam. 15.— AGELAIN^. 

DOLICHONYX 

oryzivora, May bird, or bob-o-link. 

MOLOTHRUS 

pecoris, cowpen bird. 



BIRDS. 



Agelaixts 

■ pJuBniceus, red-winged blackbird. 
Icterus 

Baltimorus, Baltimore oriole. 
' spurius, orchard oriole. 
vulgaris, common troupial. 

QUISCALUS 

■ major, great jackdaw. 
versicolor, small jackdaw. 
ferrugineus, rusty jackdaw. 

Fam. 16.~STURNTN^. 

Sturnella 

Liidoviciaruc, common meadow 
lark. 

Fam. 17.— CORVINE. 

CORVUS 

corax, raven. 

Americanus, common crow. 
• ossifragus, fish crow. 
Garrulus 

crislalus, common bluejay. 

Fam. 19.— LANIIN^. 
Lanius 

Ludovicianus common logger- 
head. 

Fam. 18.— VIREONEN^. 

ViKEO 

flavifrons, yellow-throated green- 
let. 
solitarius, solitary greenlet. 

■ Tioveboracensis, white-eyed green- 

let. 
- olivaceus, red-eyed greenlet. 

Fam. 20.— PIPRIN^. 
Icteria 

viridis, yellow- breasted chat. 

Fam. 21.— AMPELINiE. 

BOMBYCILLA 

Carolinensis, waxwing, or cedar 
bird. 

Fam. 22.— SITTING. 

SiTTA 

Carolinensis, white-breasted nut- 
hatch. 
Canadensis, red-bellied nuthatch. 
pusilla, brown-headed nuthatch. 

Fam. 23.— TROCHILIN^. 
Tbochilus 

colubris, common humming-bird. 



Fam. 24— ALCEDINiE. 

Alcedo 

" Alcyon, kingfisher. 

Fam. 25.— PICINiE. 

Pious 

principalis, ivory-billed wood- 
pecker. 

pileatus, pileated woodpecker, or 
log-cock. 

villosus, hairy woodpecker. 

pubescens, downy woodpecker. 

querulus, red-cockaded wood- 
pecker. 

varius, yellow-bellied wood- 
pecker. 

Carolinus, red-bellied wood- 
pecker. 

erythrocephalus, red-headed wood- 
pecker. 

auratus, golden-winged wood- 
pecker, or yellow hammer. 

Le Contei, (*) he Conte's three- 
toed. 

Fam. 26.— CUCULIN^. 

COCCYZUS 

Americanus, cuckoo, or rain- 
crow. 
' erythrophihalmus, black-billed 
cuckoo. 

Fam. 27.— PSITTACIN^. 
Centurus 

Carolinensis, (*) paroquet. 

Fam. 28— COLUMBINiE. 

COLUMBA 

passerina, ground-dove. 

EcTOPISTES 

migraloria, wild pigeon. 
Carolinesis, turtle-dove. 

Fam. 29.— PAVONINE. 

Meleagris 

gallopavo, wild turkey. 

Fam. 30.— PERDICIN^. 
Ortix 

Virginiana, common partridge. 

Fam. 31.— TETRAONINiE. 

Tetrao 

umbellus, (*)rufFed grouse. 



10 



BIRDS. 



Fam. 32.— RALONiE. 

Gallinula 

martinica, purple gallinule. 
cTiloropus, common gallinule. 

FULICA 

Americana, American coot. 
Ortygometra 

Carolinus, sora rail. 

noveboracensis, yellow-breasted 
rail. 
Rallus 

elegans, freshwater marsh hen. 

crepitans, saltwater marsh hen. 

Virginianus, Virginian rail. 



Fam. 33.— GRUINiE. 



Grus 



Americana, C) sandhill, or 
whooping crane. 

Fam. 34— CHARADRIIN^. 

Charadrius 

• Helvelicus, black-bellied plover. 
marmoratus, American golden 

plover. 
. vociferus, kildeer plover. 
'Wilsonius, Wilson's plover. 
' semipalmatus, ring plover. 

• melodus, piping plover. 
Strepsilas 

interpres, turnstone. 

H-EMATOPUS 

pallialus, American oyster- 
catcher. 

Fam. 35.— SCOLOPACIN.E. 

Tringa 

Barlramia, Bartramian sandpiper. 

islandica, red-breasted sandpiper. 

pectoralis, pectoral sandpiper. 

alpina, red-backed sandpiper. 

subarquata, curlew sandpiper. 

Himantopus, long-legged sand- 
piper. 

Schinzii, Schinz's sandpiper. 

semipalmata, semipalmated sand- 
piper. 

pusilla, little sandpiper. 

arenaria, sanderling sandpiper. 

TOTANUS 

. macularius, peetweet, or spotted 

sandpiper. 
snlilarius, solitary sandpiper. 
flavipes, yellow-shank tatler, or 

snipe. 
vociferus, tell-tale tatler, or 

clou-clou. 



ToTANUS 

semipalmatus, stone curlew. 

LiMOSA 

^ fedoa, great marbled godwit. 
Hudsonica, Hudsonian godwit. 

SCOLOPAX 

Wilsonii, common snipe. 
iVoi-e5orace7iS'is,red-breasted snipe. 

MiCROPTERA 

Americana, woodcock. 
Recurvirostra 

Americana, American avocet. 
Himantopus 

nigricollis, black-necked stilt. 

NUMENIUS 

■> longirostris, long-billed, or Span- 
ish curlew. 
Hudsonicus, Hudsonian curlew. 
borealis, Esquimaux curlew. 

Fam. 36.— TANTALINiE. 

Ibis 

alba, white curlew ibis. 
Tantalus 

loeulator, wood ibis or garnet. 
Platalea 

ajaja, roseate spoonbill, or pink 
curlew. 

Fam. 37.— ARDEIN^. 

Ardea 

Nycticorax, qua bird. 

violacea, night heron. 
■ lenliginosa, bittern, or sky-gazer. 

exilis, least bittern. 
* virescens, green heron, or skyou. 
' Herodias, great blue heron. 
" Egretta, great white heron. 

cccrulea, small blue heron, 

Ludoviciana, Louisiana heron. 
" Candidissima, small white heron. 

Fam. 38.— ANATINiE. ^ 
Phcenicopterus 

ruber, American flamingo. 
Anser 

~ Canadensis, Canada goose. 
albifrons, white-fronted goose. 
, hyperboreus, snow goose. 
Cygnus 

Buccinator, trumpeter swan. 
Americanus, American swan. 
Anas 

Boschas, Mallard, or English 

duck. 
obscura, dusky duck, 
slrepera, gadwall duck. 



BIRDS. 



11 



Anas 

Americana, American widgeon. 
'acuta, pintail duck. 
' sponsa, wood or summer duck. 
' Carolinensis, green-winged teal. 
' discors, blue-winged teal. 

clypeaia, shoveller duck. 

FXJLIGOLA 

valisneriana, canvass-back duck. 

Ferina, red-headed duck. 
' Marila, scaup duck. 

mariloides, smaller scaup duck. 

rujitorqiies, ring-necked duck. 

rubida, ruddy duck. 

fusca, velvet duck. 

Americnjia, American scoter 
duck. 

clangula, golden-eyed duck. 
• albeola, white teal, or bufFel-head- 
ed duck. 

glacialis, long-tailed duck. 

Fam, 39.— MERGING. 

Mergus 

' serrator, red-breasted merganser. 
cucullatiis, shagpoll, or hooded 
merganser. 

Fam. 40.— PELECANIN^. 

Phalacrocorax 

'Floridanus, Florida cormorant. 
Plotus 

anhinga, snake bird, or plotus. 
Pelecanus 

Americanus, white pelican. 
Tachypetes 

aquilus, frigate pelican. 

fuscus, brown pelican. 

This Catalogue embraces 1 



SULA 

bassana, common gannet. 
fusca, booby gannet. 

Fam. 41.— LARINJE. 

Rhynchops 

. nigra, black skimmer. 
Sterna 

cayana, cayenne tern. 
anglica, marsh, or gull-billed 
tern. 
• hirundo, common tern. 
nigra, black tern. 
minula, least tern. 
Larus 

Bonapartii, Bonaparte's gull. 
. alricilla, black-headed, or laugh- 
ing gull. 
argenlatus,h.erx'mg, or silvery gull. 
marinus, great black-backed gull. 

Fam. 42.— PROCELLARIN^. 

PUFFINUS 

cinereus, wandering shearwater. 
obscurus, dusky shearwater. 
Thalassidroma 

Wilsonii, mother Carey's chicken. 

Fam. 43.— COLYMBIN^. 

COLYMBUS 

glacialis, great northern diver. 
arclicus, black-throated diver. 
se.pLcntrionalis, red-throated diver 

PODICEFS 

cristatus, crested grebe. 
cornutus, horned grebe. 
Carulinensis, conunon diver or 
grebe. 
10 Genera, and 273 Species. 



NOTES. 

(') BuTEO LiNEATDS. AuduboH is probably correct in the opinion that this hawk 
is identical with the B. hyemalis of Wilson, Bonaparte and Nuttall ; age makes 
considerable diflerenoe in the plumage. 

(2) Bubo Asio. Many ornithologists believe that Audubon has confounded two 
distinct species under this name. According to him the Stiix (or Bubo) ncvvia, oi 
gray owl of Wilson and others, is nothing more than the adult of the Z>. Asio, or 
red owl of the same writers. The specific identity of the two birds which Wilson 
had described as distinct under the above names, was first publicly maintained by 
Charles Lucien Bonaparte. In this opinion the French ornithologist is supported 
by Audubon and Dr. Bachman. On the contrary, the observations of Dr. Ezra 
Michener of New Garden, Chester county, Pennsylvania, published in the eighth 
volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, seem 
to indicate that they are specifically distinct. He observes that the red owls rear 



12 BIRDS. 

young of the same colour ; and that the gray owls likewise have young which are 
gray, and mottled from the very nest. I have seen a specimen, having all the ap- 
pearances of a very young bird, which was gray and mottled instead of red. Ad- 
ditional observations must be made, before this question can be decided. 

(^) Mtiodioctes formosus. Several specimens of this beautiful warbler were 
procured in Cass county, Georgia, during the summer of 1847, by my brother, Jo- 
seph Le Conte, M. D. of Macon., Dr. Bachman has never found it in South Caro- 
lina. 

(4) Pious Le Contei. This is a new species of woodpecker, discovered by my 
young friend Wm. L. Jones, M. D., of Athens, who procured a single specimen in 
Liberty County, during the Spring of 1847. It is described and figured by him, in 
the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New- York, for Sept. 1848. (vol. 
4. No. 12. Sept. 1848 ; p. 489-90.) It is named in honour of Joseph Le Conte, M. D., 
of Macon, Georgia. The species is tolerably well characterized, although it would 
be desirable, as suggested by its discoverer, to have it established by further speci- 
mens. The absence of the first toe may possibly be the result of an arrest of de- 
velopment ; but, it is proper to remark, that if the deficiency arose from this cause, 
the laws of monstrosity render it probable that any other than the first toe would 
have been more likely to be absent. Besides, it is well known that there are two 
other species of three-toed woodpeckers found in the United States. The speci- 
men is deposited in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia. 

(*) Centurus Carolinensis. It is a remarkable fact that our paroquets are 
very rapidly diminishing in number. Along our maritime districts, where 15 or 
20 years ago they were plentiful, scarcely any are now to be found ; and it is prob- 
able, that in a short time they will entirely disappear from our State. 

(*) Tetrao umbellus. This bird is not uncommon in the mountainous dis- 
tricts of Georgia. 

(7) Grus Americana. Contrary to the opinion of many Naturalists, Audubon 
and Bachman maintain, that the white crane (G. Americana) and the brown crane, 
(G. Canadensis) are identical ; the latter, being only the young of the former. 
The fact that young birds usually associate together, together with the circumstance 
that many birds breed long before they have attained their full plumage, may, in a 
measure, serve to remove the difficulty of explaining on the assumption of an 
identity of species, why it is that the white and brown cranes are seldom, if ever, 
found associated. But it appears to me that additional observations are required 
to clear up this difficulty. Many individuals who have resided 40 or 50 years on 
our pine barrens near the sea-coast, and who have observed the habits of the crane, 
have informed me that they have never seen a white bird. It is true, that the ob- 
servations of Audubon and Bachman prove conclusively, that the young of the 
white crane, like those of most white birds, are dark coloured ; but this is far from 
being sufficient to establish an identity of species ; for it is possible that the young 
of the brown bird never becomes while. The only method of deciding the ques- 
tion is, to procure a specimen of the young of the brown crane, (as it is unques- 
tionable that birds of this colour do breed,) and to keep it for several years. 



EEPTILES. 

The compiler of this work returns his thanks to Dr. Holbrook, of Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, for the following catalogue of the reptiles of the State of 
Georgia. 





CHELONIA. 


Tkstudo 




polyphemus Davd, 


. Gopher. 


CiSTUDA 




Carolina JEdw. . . 


. Box cooter. 


KiNOSTERNON 




Pennsylvanicum Edic. . 


. Mud cooter. 


SxERNOTH-aERUS 




odoratus Bosc. 


. Musk cooter. 


Emys 




serrata Brong. 


. Yellow belly terrapin 


reticulata Bosc. 


. Chicken terrapin. 


picta Schn. . 


. Checkered terrapin. 


guttata Schn. 


. Speckled terrapin. 


terrapin Schoepf. . 


. Salt-water terrapin. 


concinna Lee. 




Chelonura 




serpentina Lin. 


. Alligator cooter. 


Trionyx 




ferox Schn. . 


, Soft shelled turtle. 


Chelonia 




mydas Lin. . 


. Green turtle. 


caretta Lin. 


. Loggerhead turtle. 


Sphargis 




coriacea Lin, 


. Leather-backed turtle 




SAURIA. 


Alligator 




Mississipiensis Dand. 


. Alligator. 


Anolius 




Carolinensis Cuv. . 


. Green lizard. 


Tropidolepis 




undulatus Bosc. 


. Brown lizard. 


Ameiva 




sexlineata Lin. 


. Six-striped lizard. 


Plestiodon 




erythrocephalus Gil. 


. Scorpion. 


SciNCUS 




quinquelineatus Lin. 


. Five-striped lizard. 


fasciatus Lin. 


. Blue-tailed lizard. 



14 



REPTILES. 



Ltgosoma 

laterale Say 



. Ground lizard. 



Ophiosaurus 

ventralis Ijin. 
Coluber 

constrictor Lin. . 

gnttatus Lin. 

punctatus Lin. 

AUeghaniensis Holb. 

quadrivittatus Holb. 

CORONELLA 

getula Lin. . 

doliata Lin. 
Helicops 

erythrogrammus Daud. 

abacurus Holb. 
Brachyorrhos KvM. 

amoenus Say. 
Calamaria 

elapsoidea Holh. 

striatula Lin. 

RfflNOSTOMA 

coccinea Blum. 

PiTYOPHIS 

melanoleucus Davd. 
PsAMMOPHis Boie. 

flagelliformis Cat. 
Leftophis Bell. 

asstivus Lin. 

sauritus Lin. 
Tropidonotus KvM. 

fasciatus Lin. 

erythrogaster Shaw. 

taxispilotus Holb. 

rigldus Say. 

sirtalis Lin. . 

ordinatus Lin. 
Heterodon p. de B. 

simus Lin. 

niger Cat. 

platyrhinos Lat. 
Elaps Schn. 

fulvius Lin. . 
Trigonocephalus Oppel. 

piscivorous. Lac. 

contortrix Lin. 
Crotalopiiokus Gray. 

miliarius Lin. 
Crotalus Lin. 

durissus Lin, 

adamanteus P. de B. 



OPHIDIA. 

. Glass snake. 

. Black snake. 
. Corn snake. 

. Chicken snake. 
. Chain snake. 



Scarlet snake. 

Pine snake. 

Coach-whip snake. 

Green snake. 
Ribbon snake. 

Copperbelly. 



Striped snake. 
Grass snake. 



Black viper. 
Hognose viper. 

Bead snake. 

Water mockeson. 
Copperhead. 

Ground rattlesnake. 

Banded rattlesnake. 
Water rattlesnake. 



Rana Lin, 

pipiens Lat. 
Rana Lin. 

clamitans Bosc. 

halecina Kalm, 
Cystignathus Wagl. 

omatus Holh. 

nigritus Lee. 
SCAPHIOPUS Holb. 

solitarius Holb. 
Htlodes Fitz. 

gryllus Lee. 

ocularis Holb. 
Hyla Laur. 

viridis Laiir. 

squirella Bosc. 

femoral is Daud. 

delitescens Lee. 

BUFO 

lentiginosus Shaw. 

erythronotUR Holb. 

quercicus Holb. . 

americaniis Lee. . 
Engystoma Fitz. 

carolinense Holb. 
Salamandra Laur.* . 

guttolineata Holb. 

salmonea Storer. 

rubra Daud. 

glutinosa Green. 

erythronota Green. 

quadrimaculata Holb. 

bilineata Green. 

symmetrica Harl. 

quadridigitata Holb. 

melanostica L. Gibbes. 

venenosa Bart. 

fasciata Green. 

talpoidea Holb. 
Triton Laur. 

dorsalis Harl. 

niger Green. 
Amphiuma, Gard. 

means Gard. 
Siren Lin. 

lacertina Lin. 

intermedia Lee. 

striata Lee. 



REPTILES. 
BATRACHIA. 

. Bullfrog. 



15 



Treefrog. 



Oak frog. 
Common toad. 



i Spring lizard. 

. Congo snake. 
. Mud eel. 



» The Salamanders are generally known as soft-skinned, or smooth-skinned 
lizards. 



FISH. 

To Dr. HoLBROOK, of Charleston, South Carolina, who has acquired great 
celebrity in this department of natural science, the compiler of this work is 
indebted for the following catalogue of the fish of the State of Georgia. 



Labrax Cuv. 

lineatus Block. 

rufus Mitch. 
Serranus 

erythrogaster Dek. 

acutirostris Cuv. 

fascicularis Cuv. 

morio Cuv. . 
Centropristis Cuv. 

nigricans Cuv. 

trifurca Cuv. 
Grystes Cuv. 

salmoides Cuv. 
Centrarchus Cuv. 

sparoides Cuv. 

irideus Cuv. 

gulosus Cuv. 

viridis Vol. . 

hexacanthus Val. 
POMOTIS Cuv. 

vulgaris Cuv. 

Ravenelii Val. 

Holbrooki Val. 

gibbosus Val. 
Brtttus Val. 

punctatus Cuv. 

reticulatus Val. 

unicolor Val. 
Holocentrum Art. 

longipinne Cuv. 
Uranoscofus Lin. 

anoplos Cuv. 
Prionotus Lac. 

Carol] nus Cuv. 

tribulus Cuv. 
Dacttlopterus Lac. 

volitans Lin. 



ACANTHOPTERYGII. 

. Rockfish. 



Grouper. 



Blackfish. 



Trout, fresh-water. 



Mawmouth. 



Flying fish. 



FISH. 



17 



ScoRp^NA Lin. 




bufo Cuv. 




Otolithus Cuv. 




re|ralis Schn. 




Carolinensis Cuv. 




Leiostomus Cuv. 




obliquus Mitch. 




xanthurus Cuv. 


. Yellow-tail. 


CoRviNA Cuv. 




ocellata Lin. 


. Bass. 


argyroleuca Mitch. 




Umbrina Cuv. 




alburiius Lin. . 


. Whiting. 


coroides Cuv. 




H^MULON Cuv. 




formosum Lin. 




chrysopteron Lin. 




arcuatum Cuv. 




POGONIAS Lac. 




chromis Lin. . 


. Drum. 


fasciatus Lac. 


. Young Drum. 


MicROPOGON Cuv. 




undulatus Cuv. 


. Croker. 


costatus Mitch. 




LOBOTES Cuv. 




surinamensis Bloch. 




Pristipoma Cuv. 




rodo Cuv. 




Sargus Cuv. 




ovis Mitch. 


. Sheepshead. 


rhomboides Lin. 




Pagrus Cuv. 




argyrops Lin. 


.. Porgey. 


Gerres Cuv. 




aprion Cuv. 




PiMELEPTERUS Loc. 




boscii Lac. 




Ephifpus Cuv. 




faber Bloch. . 


. Angel-fish. 


gigas Park. 




HOLACANTHUS Loc. 




ciliaris Lac. 




Scomber Cuv. 




colias Gm. 


. Spanish Mackerel, 


vernalis Mitch. 


. Spring Mackerel. 


grex Mitch. 




Pelamys Cuv. 




sarda Bloch. 




Cybium Cuv. 




maculatum Mitch. 




Liciua Cuv. 


• 


Carolina Dek. 




Elacates Cuv. 




atlantica Cuv. 




Caranx Cuv. 




defensor Dek. 




punctatus Cuv. 





18 



FISH. 



Seriola Cuv. 

Boscii Cuv. 

fasciata Cuv. 

cosmopolita Cuv. 
Rhombus Lac. 

longipinnis Miich. 
Pteraclis Cuv. 

Carolinus Cuv. 
Trichiurus Lin. 

lepturus Lin. 
Trachinotus Cuv. 

pampanus Cuv. 

argenteus Cuv. 
Vomer Cuv. 

Brownii Cuv. 
Temnodon Cuv. 

saltator Lin. 
Lampugus Cuv. 

punctulatus Cuv. 
Argyrius Lac. 

vomer Lin, 

CORTPHAENA Lin. 

Sueuii Cuv. 
ACANTHURUS Lac. 

phlebotomus Cuv. 

c^ruleus Cuv, 
Atherina LtJi. 

menidia Lin. 

notata Mitch. 

Carolina Cuv, 
MuGiL Lin, 

albula Lin, . 

petrosus Cuv. 

lineatus Mitch. 

Pliimieri Cuv. 
Blennius Cuv. 

geminatus Wood. 

punctatus Wood. 
Chasmodes Cuv. 

novemlineatus Wood. 

Boscianus Cuv. 
Pholis Fleiu. 

Carolinus Cuv. 
Globius Lin. 

alepidotus Bosc. 
Chironectes Cuv, 

laevigatus Cuv, 
Batrachus Schn, 

tau Lin. 
Malthea Cuv. 

nasuta Cuv. 

vesportilio Cuv. 

XiRICHTHYS Cuv. 

lineatus Lin. 
Tautoga Mitch. 

Americana Bloch. 



Rudder-fish. 



Pompeynose. 



Skipjack. 



Silver-fish. 



Mullet. 



Toad-fish. 



Tautosf. 



FISH. 



19 



Cat-fish, fresh-water. 



Sucker. 



Minnows. 



MALACOPTERYGII ABDOMINALES. 

Galeicthts Citv. 

marinus Mitch. . . . Cat-fish, salt-water. 
Arius Cuv. 

Milberti Cuv. 
PiMELODUS Cuv. 

catus Lin. 

lemniscatus Les. 
Catostomus Les. 

Suceti Lac. 

oblongus Mitch. 
Cyprinodon Lac. 

variegatus Lac. 
Leuciscus Klein. » 

Americanus Lac. ") 

gardoneus Val. 

vandoisiilus Val 

rotengulus Val. 
Hydrarryra Lac. 

fasciata Schn. 
Lebias Cuv. 

ellipsoides Les. 
ExocjETUs Lin. 

fureatus Mitch. 
HemiramphusCuu. species not determined 
Fistularls. Lac. 

serrata Bloch. 
Alosa Ctiv. 

prjestabilis Dek. . . . Shad. 
Amia Li7i. 

calva Lin. . . . Mud-fish 

BUTYRINUS Com. 

vulpes Lin. 
Lepisosteus Lin. . . . Gar-fish. 

osseus Lin. 



Flying-fish. 



Plaice. 
Flounder. 



MALACOPTERYGII SUBBRACHIATI. 

Platessa Cuv. 

oblonga Mitch. 

specie.s not determined 
AcHiRUs Lac. 

mollis Mitch. 
ECHINEIS Liji. 

species not determined Li7i. Sucking-fish. 

MALACOPTERYGII APODES. 



MURAENA Lin. 

species not determined, 
species not determined. 



Salt-water Eel. 
Fresh-water Eel. 



LOPHOBRANCHIATI. 



Syngnathus Lin. 

species not determined. 
HirrocAMPUs Cuv. , 

species not determined. 



Sea-horse. 



20 



FISH. 



Tetraodon Lin. 

laevigatus Lin. 

turgidus Mitch. 
DiODON Lin. 

maculostriatus Mitch. 

hilosus Mitch. 
Baiistes Cuv. 

species not determined. 



AciPENSER Lin. 

species not detennined. 



Ztgaena Cuv. 

malleus Val. 
Pristis Lath. 

antiquorum Lin. 
Squatina Dum. 

Dumerilii Les. 
Selache Cuv. 

maximus Lin. 
Lamna Cuv. 

punctata 
Raja Lin. 

eglantiera Bosc. 

Desmarestia Les. 
Teygon Adan. 

sabina Les. . 
Cephaloptera 

vampyrus Mitch. 
Aetobatis M. <^ H. 

guttata Shaw. 



Petromtzon Lin. 

species not determined 



PLECTOGNATHI. 



STURIONES. 
. Sturgeon. 

PLAGIOSTOMI. 

. Hammerhead shark. 



. Saw-fish. 

. Sharks. 

. Skate. 

, Sting-ray. 

. Devil-fish. 

CYCLOSTOMI. 

. Lamprey. 



CEUSTACEA. 

Professor Gibbes of the Charleston College, South Carolina, has kindly 
furnished the following Ust of the Crustacea of the State of Georgia. 



Leptopodia Leach. 

calcarata Say. 
LiBiNiA Leach. 

canaliculata Say. 

dubia M. Ed. 
MiTHRAX Leach. 

hispidus Herhst. 
Crtftopodia M. Ed. 

granulata L. Gibbes. 



Panopeus M. Ed. 
Herbstii M. Ed. 
limosus Say. 

PSEUDOCARCINUS M. Ed. 

mercenaria Say. 
Platycarcinus Lat. 

Sayi Gould. 
PiLTJMNUS Leach. 

aculeatus Say. 
Platyonichus Lai. 

ocellatus Herbst. 
LuPA Leach. 

dicantha Lat. . 

cribraria Lam. 

Sayi L. Gibbes. 



Pinnotheres Lai. 

ostreum Say. . 

maculatum Say. 
OcYPODA Fab. 

arenaria Cat. . 
Gelasimus Lat. 

vocaiis Lin. 



DEC APOD A. 
OXYRHINCHA. 

. Spider Crab. 



CYCLOMETOPA. 



Stone Crab. 



. Sand Crab. 
. Sea Crab. 

CATOMETOPA. 

. Oyster Crab. 

. Sand or Land Crab. 
. Fiddler. 



22 



CRUSTACEA. 



Sesarma Say. 

cinerea Bosc. ) 
'reticulata Say. ^ 
Plagtjsia Laf. 

squamosa Herhst. 



Calappa Fah. 

marmorata Fah. 
Hepatus Lat. 

decorus Herbst. 
GuAiA M. Ed. 

punctata Brown. 



Albunea Fah. 

symnista Fab. 
HiPPA Fah. 

emerita Lin. 
Manolepis Say. 

spinitarsus Say. 
Pagurus Fah. 

villatus Bosc. ^ 

hollicaris Say. > 

longi carpus Say. ) 
Porcellana Lam. 

pilosa M. Ed. 

macrocheles L. Gibbes. 

ocellata L. Gibhes. 



Callianassa Leach. 

major Say. 
Gebia Leach. 

affinis Say. 
Astacus Fab. 

Bartoni Fab. ) 

Blandingii /iforZ. \ 
Alpheus Fah. 

heterochelis Say. 
PONTONIA Lat. 

occidentalis L. Gibbes. 
HiPPOLYTE Leach. 

Caroliniana Gibbes. 
Paljemon Fab. 

vulgaris Say. 
Peneus Fah. 

sctiferus Lin. i 

caramote Rond. \ 



Square-back Fiddlers. 



OXYSTOMA. 



. Spotted Crab, 



ANOMOURA. 



Soldier Crabs, or Hermit Crabs. 



MACROURA. 



Cray-fish. 



Hard-backs. 



Shrimps. 



Squilla Fah. 

scabricauda Lat. 
empusa Say. 
neglecta L. Gibbes. 
diibia M. Ed. 



STOMAPODA. 



CRUSTACEA. 



23 



AMPHIPODA. 



Orchestia Leach. 

longicornis Say. 
Amphithoe Leach. 

dentata Say. 

not determined. 
Gammarus Fab. 

miicronatus Say. 

fasciatus Say. 



Beach Fleas. 



Caprella Lam. 
equilibra Say. 
geometrica Say. 



IroTiEA Fab. 

caeca Say. 
AsELLus Geof. 

communis Say. 

lineatus Say. 
Lygia Fab. 

Gaudichaudii M. Ed. 
Oniscus Lin. 

not determined. 
Armadillo Branat. 

pilularis Say. 
Sph^roma Lai. 

quadridentatum Say. 
Nes^a Leach. 

caudata Say. 
Nerocila Leach. 

variabilis L. Gibbes. 



Daphnla Mull. 
angulata Say. 

Cythere Lat. 

bifasciata Say. 

Cyclops Mull. 

naviculus Say. 



LiEMODIPODA. 



ISOPHODA. 



. Wiiarf Louse. 



Pill Bugs. 



Fish Louse. 



CLADOCERA. 



OSTRAPODA. 



COPEPODA. 



Nymphum Fab. 

Carolinense Leach. 



ARANEIFORMIA. 



Llmulus Mull. 

polyphemus Lin. 



XIPHOSURA. 

. Kins Crab» 



24 CRUSTACEA. 

CIRRIPEDES. 

Anatifa Brug. 

dentata Brug. 

striata Brug. 
Balanus. 

eburneus Gould. 

not determined. 
CoNOPEA Say. 

elongata Say. 
CoRONULA Lam. 

dentulata Say. 
AcASTA Leach. 

Montagui Leach. 



COLEOPTEEOUS INSECTS. 



The foltewing catalogue of Ooleopterons Insects is by no means to be considered as complete. 
Entomology has been too little studied in this country to render any thing of the kind possible. It, 
however, may give some idea of what was known in the science when it was drawn up. As for 
the other classes of Insects, they have been so entirely neglected that it cannot be said any thing is 
known about them. JOHN LE CONTE. 



CICINDELTD^. 

Megacephala Carol iniana. 

Virginica. 
Cicindela unipunctata. 

rugifrons Dg. 

unicolor Dej. 

sexgiittata. 

splendida Hentz. 

vulgaris Jay, 

repanda Dej. 

hirticollis Say. 

blanda Dej. 

dorsalis Say. 

trifasciata Fab. 

punctulata. . 

abdominalis. 

CARABID^. 

Casnonia Pennsylvanica. 
Leptotrachilus dorsalis.| 
GaJerita janus. 

Le Contei Dg. 
Diaphorus Le Contei Dej. 
Cymindis elegans L. C 
limbata Dej. 
fuscata Dej. 
platycollis Say. 
pice us Dg. 
Calleida viridipennis Say. 
fulgida Dej. 
decora. 

smaragdina Dej. 
Plochionus timidus Hentz. 
vittatus L. C 
Lebia pulchella Dej. 
fuscata Dej. 
axillaris Dej. 
nigripennis Dej. 
ornata Say, 
scapularis Dej. 



Lebia vittata. 

collaris Dej. 
maculicornis L. C. 
affinis Dej. 
smaragdula Dej. 
viridis Say. 
floricola Harris. 
Coptodera signata Dej. 
aerata Knock. 
notata L. C. 
Aptinus Americanus Dej. 
Brachinus alternans Dg. 
strenuus L. C. 
Deyrollii Ferte. 
quadripennis Dej. 
lateralis Dej. 
patruclis Dej. 
Le Contei Dej. 
viridipennis D^. 
viridis L. C. 
cephalotes Dg. 
cordicollis Dej. 
Helluo Clairvillei Escher. 
praeustus Dej. 
laticornis Dej. 
nigripennis Dg. 
Aplochile pygrncea Dej. 
Scarites Ephialtes L. C. 

substriatus Haldeman. 
subterraneus. 
affinis L. C. 
Passimachus morio L. C. 

assimiiis L. C. 
rugosiis L. C. 
sublcBvis Beauo. 
subsidcatus Sat/ 
marginatus. 
Dyschirius crenatus Dej. 

sphaericollis Say. 
Clivina dentipes Dg. 



26 



INSECTS. 



Clivina bipustnlata. 

convexa L. C. 
impressifrons L. C. 
Americana Dg. 
striato-piinctata Dej. 
rufescens Dej. 
Morio monilicornis 
Calathus distinguendus L. C. 
Pristodactyla corvina L. C. 
Anchomenus corvinus Dej. 

extensicollis Say. 
decorus Say. 
Agonum octopunctatum. 
moerens Dej. 
morosum Dej. 
striato-pimctatum Dej. 
aeruginosum Dej. \ 
luctuosum Dej. 
decipiens L. C. 
limbatum Say. 
Poecilue chalcites Say. 

lucublandus Say. 
Argutor lucidulus Dej. 
erratic us Dej. 
femoralis Kirby. 
agilis Dej. 
velox Dej. 
celeris Dej. 
laticollis Chaudoir. 
minor Chaudoir. 
Omaseus tartaricus Say. 
scrutator L. C. 
stygicus Say. 
corvinus Dej. 
morosus Dej. 
Platysma unicolor Say. 
ebeninum Dej. 
submarginatum Say. 
lachrymosum Newman. 
obscurum Say. 
Steropus Brevoorti L. C. 
tenebricosus Dej. 
morio Dej. 
Broscus obsoletus Say. 

latipennis L. C. 
Albux striata Dg. 
Amara pallipes Kirhy. 
basilaris Say. 
musculis Say. 
chalcea L. C. 
Agonoderus lineola. 
pallipes. 
infuscatus. 
Gynandropus elongatus L. C. 
Selenophorus impressus Dej. 
iripennis Say. 
varicolor L. C. 



Selenophorus pedicularius Dej. 

Beauvoisii Dej. 
— ovalis Dej. 

ellipticus Dej. 
granarius Dej. 
pulicarius Dej. 
Pangus caliginosus. 
Anisodactylus carbonarius Say. 
agricola Say. 
nigrita Dej. 
Baltimorensis Say. 
discoideus Dej. 
laetus Dej. 
merula Germar. 
rusticus Say. 
Harpalus bicolor. 

compar L. C. 
Pennsylvanicus Degeer. 
nigerrimus Dej. 
Argestes nitidulus Chaudoir. 
Stenolophus ochropezus Say. 
dissimilis Dej. 
fuliginosus Dej. 
misellus. 
Geobsenus elongatulus Dej. 
Acupalpus longulus Dej. 
testaceus Dej. 
difficilis Dej. 
micros Dej. 
Tetragonoderus Le Contei Dg. 
Badister micans L. C. 
Panagaeus fasciatus. 
DicBelus violaceus Dej. 
oblongus L. C. 
cyaneus Dej. 
chalybeus Dej. 
quadratus Dej. 
ovalis L. C. 
obscurus L. C. 
dilatatus Dej. 
carinatus Dej. 
alternans Dej. 
furvus Melth. 
simplex Dej. 
OOdes picipes L. C. 
amaroides Dej. 
Americanus Dej. 
exaratus Dej. 
Chlsenius erythropus Germar. 
fuscicornis De . 
rufipes Dej. 
Le Contei Dg. 
sericeus Foster. 
solitarius Say. 
patruelis Dej. 
cobaltinus Kluy. 
cqngener L. C. 



INSECTS. 



27 



Chlaenins nemoralis Say. 
tricolor De;. 
SBstivus Say. 
vicinus Dej. 
tomentosus Say. 
emarginatus Jay. 
pusillus Say. 
Carabus serratus Say. 

carinatus De/. 
Calospma scrutator. 
Sayi Dej. 
calidum. 
Omophron labiatum. 
Elaphrus ruscarius. 
Notiophilus porrectus Say. 

semistriatus Say. 
Bembidium Isevigatum Say. 
epphipiatum Say. 
xanthopus Dej. 
proximum Say. 
inornatum Say. 
flavicaudum Say. 

HYDROCANTHARI. 

Cybister fimbriolatus Say. 
Ditiscus fasciventris. 
Thermonectes incisus Dej. 
Graphoderus zonatus. 
Hydaticus fulvicoUis Dej. 
Ilybius confusus Dej. 
Coptotomus ihterrogatus. 
Agabus Eeruginosus Dej. 
Matus elongatus. 
Laccophilus maculosus Knock. 

Americanus Dej. 
Haliplus fasciatus Aitle. 

Americanus Dej. 

maculatus Jay. 
Celina angustata Dg. 
Cyclous vittatus Germar. 

emarginatus Say. 
Gyrinus analis Kirhy. 

PIIILHYDRIDA. 
Heteroceras Americanus Dej. 
Hydrochus scabratus Dej. 
Berosus exaratus Dej. 
Hydrophilus triangularis Say. 

glaber. 

morbillosus Dej. 

xanthopus Dej. 

lateralis. 

striolatus Dej. 
Philhydrus cinctus Dej. 
nigrita Say. 
Laccobius griseus. 
Phalacrus pennicillatus Say. 



Phalacrus testaceus Say. 

pallipes Say. 

piceus Sturm. 

minutissimus Sturm. 

pusillus. 
Corylophus marginicollis Dej. 
Scaphidium Americanum Dej. 
4-notatum Dej. 
concolor. 
Scapliisoma convexum Say. 

NECROPHAGA. 

Necrophorus mediatus. 
lunatus. 
marginatus. 
velutinus. 
Necrodes surinamensis. 
Silpha Americana, 
marginalis. 
inaequalis. 
Colobicus Americanus Dej. 
Nitidula 6-maculata Say. 
interrupta Dej. 
undulata Say. 
rufa Say. 
ochroleuca Dej. 
curvipes Dej. 
bipustulatus. 
8-maculata Say. 
Strongylus striatopunctatus Dej. 
fuscipennis Dej. 
brachypterus Dej. 
Campta ustulata Dej. 
przBusta Dej. 
Carpophilus atratus Dej. 
Cercus conicus. 

spissicornis. 
Ips obtusa Say. 

immaculata Harris. 
4-signata Dej. 
rufipennis Dej. 
lurida Dej. 
livida Dej. 
scutellaris Dej. 
unicolor Jay. 
marginella Dej. 
Trogosita virescens. 
^ violacea. 

cylindrica Dej. 
brevicollis Dej. 
caraboides. 
corticalis Knock. 
depressa Dej. 
punctata Dej. 
Bothrideres costatus Dej. 

geminatus Dej. 
Xylophterus crebricollis Dej. 



28 



INSECTS. 



Xylopterus exaratus Dej. 

bimpressus Dej. 
Colydium Americanum Dy. 

nigripinne Dej. 
Episcapha fasciata. 
Mycotretus 4-punctatus. 
Engis Americana Dej. 
Bitoma variegata Dej. 
sulcicollis Dej. 
Synchita rugosa Dej. 
niinuta Dej. 
Cryptophagus Americanus Dej. 
Antherophagns pallens. 
Adelina complanata Dej. 
Nemicelus marginipennis Dej. 
LaBmophlceus 2-notalus Dej. 
testaceus. 
minutissimus Dej. 
Brontes flavipes. 
dubius. 
Catogenus rufus Dej. 
Rhysodes exaratus. 

sculptilis Newman. 
Mycetophagus pictus. 

affinis Dej. 
multipunctatus Dej. 
Triphyllus bicinctus Dej. 
castaneus Dej. 
Sphindus testaceus Dej. 
Sylvanus bispinosus Dej. 
Americanus Dy. 
lyctoides Dej. 
Corticaria cavicollis Dej. 

picta Dej. 
Dermestes lardarius. 

dissector Kirby. 
vulpinus. 
elongatus Dg. 
Attageniis megatoma. 
Anthrenus pimpinella. 
museovum. 
hajmorrhoidalis Dej. 
murinus Dej. 
punctatus Dej. 
hirtellus Dej. 
erythrocerus Dej. 

BRACHELYTRA. 

Falagria dissecta Er. 

venustnla Er. 
Homolota trimaculata Er. 
lividipennis Er. 
Aleochara fuscipes Er. 
Gyrophaena corruscula. 

socia. 
Tachyporus acaudus Say. 
jocosus Say. 



Tachinus fimbriatus Gruv. 
fumipennis Say. 
Bolitobius dimidiatus Er. 
Xantholinus emmesus Er. 

obsidianus Mels. 
cephalus Say. 
obscurus Say. 
Staphylinus villosus Grav. 

cingulatus Grav. 
maculosus Grav. 
erythropennis Mann. 
vulpinus Harris. 
paganus Dej. 
tomentosus Er. 
cinnamopterus Grav. 
Belonuchus formosus Grav. 
Ocypus ater Er. 
Philonthus cyanipennis Fabr. 
hepaticus Er. 
inquietus Er. 
debilis Er. 
thoracicus Er. 
Cryptobium badium. 

Carolinum. 
Lathrobium puncticolle Kirby. 
Paederus littorarius Fabr. 
Pinophilus picipes Grav. 
latipes Grav. 
flavipes Er. 
Stenus Juno. 

flavicornis. 
Bledius emarginatus. 
Oxytelus incolumis Er. 

insignitus. 
Apocellus sphaericollis Say. 
Anthophagus csesus Er. 
Ctenistes carinatus Say. 

CLAVICORNES. 

Symplocaria puberula Harris. 
Hololepta aequalis Say. 
lucida Dej. 
platysma. 
Platysoma Carolinum Payk. 
depressum Payk. 
parallelum Say. 
cylindricum Payk. 
coarctatum L. C. 
attenuatum L. C. 
Hister stygicus Dej. 
Harrisii Kirby. 
foedatus L. C 
decisus L. C. 
abbreviatus Fabr. 
spretus L. C. 
laevipes Germar. 
biplagiatus Dg. 



INSECTS. 



29 



Hister indistinctus Say. 
depiirator Say. 
Americanus Payk. 
sedecemstriatus Say. 
exaratus Dej. 
subrotundus Knock. 
vernus Say. 
Epierus nigrellus Say. 

minor L. C. 
Tribalus Americanus L. C. 
Paromalus pumilio Erich. 
aeqiialis Say. 
bistriatus Erich. 
seminulum Erich. 
Saprinus Pennsylvanicus Payk. 
assimilis Payk. 
conformis Dej. 
minutus L. C. 
impressus L. C. 
palmatus Say. 
patruclis Dej. 
fraternus Say. 
sphaeroides Dej. 
granarius L. C. 
imperfectus L. C. 
deletus L. C. 
Plegaderus transversus Say. 

pusilla Payk. 
Onthophilus nodatus L. C. 

pluricostatus L. C. 
Abraeus aciculatus L. C. 
exiguus Erich. 
fimetarius L. C. 

LAMELLICORNES. 

Lucanus elaphus. 

dama Fair. 
Dorcas parallelus Knoch. 
Passalus cornutus Fahr. 
Geotrupes Blackbumii Fabr. 
splendidus Fabr. 
exaratus Dej. 
consentaneus Dej. 
retusus McLeay. 
Hybosorus Carolinus Zirmm. 
Bolbocerus Le Contei Dej. 
farctus Fahr. 
concinnus Fabr. 
Lazarus Fabr. 
filicornis Fabr. 
Hyboma gibbosa Fahr. 
Coprobius chalcites Dej. 
volvens Fabr. 
ebenus Say. 
anthracinus Dg. 
viridulus Dej. 
cuprascens Dej. 



Chaeridium capistratum Fabr. 
Copris monachus Dej. 
Carolina Fabr. 
anaglypticus Knoch. 
Ammon Fabr. 
Phanaeus carnifex Fabr. 

nigro-cyaneus McLeay. 
Tityrus Dej. 
Onthophagus latebrosus Fahr. 
furcicollis. 
concinnus Dej. 
Janus Fahr. 
Pennsylvanicus. 
tuberculatus Zirmm. 
Aphodius laevigatus Dej. 
oblongus Say. 
femoralis Say. 
anachoreta Fabr. 
tenellus Say. 
4-tuberculatus Fabr. 
pallid us Dej. 
testaceus Dej. 
corvinus Dej. 
Euparia castanea. 
Oxyomus strigatus Say. 

stercorator Fabr. 
cylindrus Dej. 
cinerascens Dej. 
Psammodius aegialioides Dej. 
iEgialia Americana Dej. 
Acanthocerus globosus Say. 

splendidus Say. 
Trox Carolinus Dej. 
suberosus Fabr. 
porcatus Knoch. 
muricatus Dej. 
tuberculatus Oliv. 
capillaris Say. 
sordidus Dej. 
erinaceus Dej. 
echinatus Dej. 
flavicornis Dej. 
Phileurus taurus Dej. 

castaneus Hald. 
Scarabaeus Tityus Fahr. 
Anta3US Fahr. 
satyrus Fabr. 
relictus Say. 
variolosus Dej. 
obesus D^j. 
Chalipus geminatus Fahr. 
Cyclocephala villosula Dej. 
pygmzea Dej. 
Pelidnota punctata 
^reoda lanlgera Fahr. 
Anomala striatula Dej. 
annulata Dej. 



30 



INSECTS. 



Anomala pinicola Melsh. 
cinctella Dg. 
varians Fabr. 
obscura Dg. 
nigritnia DeJ. 
ruficornis Dej. 
Anisofilia pygmsea Fabr. 
Aucylonycha briinnea Dej. 
fervens Gybo. 
diffinis Def'. 
ilicis Knock. 
serrata. 
hirsuta Say. 
neglecta Dej. 
fallax. 
Chlsenobia fastidita Dej. 
Schizonycha vestita Dej. 

nigritnia Dej. 
moesta Say. 
congener Dej. 
ambigua Dej. 
Dichelonycha litigiosa Dej. 
Macrodactylus polyphagus Mela. 
Omolophia sericea III. 
Camptorhina vespertina Say. 
Hoplia oblonga Dej. 
Trichius piger Fabr. 

lunulatus Fabr. 
viridulus Fabr. 
delta Fabr. 
Valgus canaliculatus Fabr. 

seticollis Bunuv. 
Cetonia fulgida Fabr. 
barbata Say. 
areata Fabr. 
sepulchralis Fahr. 

STERN0XES. 

Acmaeodera pulchella Fabr. 
flavosignata Dej. 
ornata Fabr. 
tubulus Fabr. 
Chalcophora Virginiensis Hei-bst. 
Dicerca corrosa Dej. 

coryphaea Dej. 

Buprestis rufipes Fabr. 

linoata Fabr. 

maculipennis Dej. 

decora Fabr. 

Melanophila luteosignata Dj. 

umbellatarum Kirby. 
Chrysobothris dentipcs Geom. 
femorata Fabr. 
cribraria Dej. 
sobrina Dej. 
hybernata Fabr. 
azurea Dej. 



Anthaxia quercata Fabr. 
cuneiformis Dej. 
viridicornis Say. 
Agrilus fuscipennis Dej. 
cupricollis Dej. 
ruficollis Fabr. 
difficilis Dej. 
fallax Say. 
acutipennis Dej. 
nigricans Dej. 
bilineatus Say. 
egenus Dej. 
polita Say. 
Brachys alboguttata Dej. 
acuducta Kirby. 
tesselata Fabr. 
fucata Dej. 
Eeruginosa Dej. 
Lius Americanus Dej. 

punctatus Dej. 
Drapetes americanus Dej. 

rubricollis Dej. 
Galba luridus. 
Dicrepidiiis picicornis Dej. 
Monocrepidius lobatns Say. 

vespertinus Fabr. 
scutellaris Dej. 
oblitiis Dej. 
Cratonychus paganus Dej. 

communis Scluo. 
cinereus Say. 
Americanus Harris. 
gregarius Dej. 
insipiens Say. 
xanthopus Dg. 
Perothops muscidus Say. 
Agrypnus marmoratus Fabr. 
ornaticollis Dej. 
asperatus Dej. 
ravidus Dej. 
curtus Dej. 
Alaus oculatus Fabr. 

myops Fabr. 
Athens anguinus Dej. 
corticinus Dej. 
sulcicollis Dej. 
eques Dej. 
anachoreta Dej. 
gilvipennis Dej. 
glabricollis. 
Campylus apiculatus Hald. 
diversus Dej. 
perplexus Dej. 
stigma Herbsl. 
misellus Dej. 
Limonius quercinus Say. 
semiaeneus D(j. 



INSECTS. 



Si 



Cardiophorus laevicollis Dej. 
areolatus Say. 
Aphanobius infuscatus Dg. 

torrid us Dej. 
Ampedus sanguinipennis Say. 

luridipennis Dej. 

higubris Dej. 

sellatus Dej. 

verticinus Dej. # 

collaris Dtj. 

flavescens. 

despectus Dej. 
Oophorus cingulatus Dej. 

dorsalis Say. 

bland us Dej. 

delicatulus Dej. 
Ludius hypocrita Dej. 
Dolopius umbraticus. 

silaceus. 

MALACODERMI. 

Cebrio bicolor Fahr. 
Sandalus niger Knock. 
Ptilodactyla elaterina. III. 
flabellata Dej. 
E lodes collaris Dej. 
padi. 

discoidea Say. 
pulchella Dej. 
Pyractomena flavocincta Dej. 
angustata Dej. 
Pygolampis consanguinea Dej. 

contempta Dej. 
Lampjrris brevicornis Dej. 
Photurus lineaticollis. 
versicolor, 
congener. 
Ellychnia corrusca Fahr. 
neglecta Dej. 
nigricans Say. 
miniita Dej. 
Lychnurus laticornis. 
Phengodes pluinosa Fahr. 
Lygistopterus substriatus. 
Charactes reticulatus Fahr. 
mystacinus. 
discrepans Newman. 
Dyctiopterus aurora. 

humeralis. 
confiisus. 
canal iculatus Say. 
marginicollis. 
pygmajus. 
difficilis. 
Calliantha bisignata Dej. 

bimacuhita Fahr. 
marginata Fahr. 



Calliantha Philadelpliica Dej. 
Podabrus Pennsylvanicus D^. 
diadema Fahr. 
longicollis Dej. 
Teiephorus lineola Fabr. 
puella. 
longula. 
congener. 
Silis bridentata Say. 
Malthinus nigriceps. 
abdominalis. 
fasciatus. 
Americanus. 
Malachius 4-maculatns 

circumscriptus Say. 
discicollis Dej. 
rufifrons Dtj. 
erythroderus Dej. 
cinctus Say. 
melanopterus Dej. 
pusillus Say. 
aculeatus Dej. 
Dasytes basalis. 

exaratus. 
Opilus rufescens. 
Priocera bicolor. 
Clerus cribripennis Dej. 
Thanasimus sphegeus Fahr. 
dubius Fahr. 
rufulus Dej. 
thoracicus Oliv. 
Hydnocera humeralis Dej. 
verticalis »Sa;/- 
lineaticollis Uej. 
Corynetes rufipes Fabr. 

violaceus Fahr. 
Enoplium occulatum Say. 
marginatum Say. 
pilosum Forster. 
damicorne Fabr. 
Monophylla terminalis Say. 
Mezium bicolor Dej. 
Dorcatonsa glabratum Dej, 
Anobium notatum Say. 
hirtum. 

Americanum Dej. 
paniceum. 
Cupes capitata. 

concolor Westwood. 
Hylurgus Americanus. 
ater. 

angustatus. 
Hylesinus nebulosus. 
Bostrichus-plni Say. 
abietis. 
parvulus. 
IcBvigratus. 



32 



INSECTS. 



Bostrichus pulicarius. 
Apate bicornis. 
basalis. 
sordida. 
subdentata. 
Platypus bidentatiis. 
productus. 
simplex. 
Cis alni. 

punctatus. 
Scydmsenus clavipes, 

brevicornis. 

HETEROMERA. 

Notoxus monodon. 

bicolor Say. 
Anthicus cinctus Say. 
bilobus Z?p/. 
floralis, 
vicinus Dej. 
corvinus. 
Scotodes miirinus Dej. 
Ichthydion murinum Dej. 
Pyrochroa coUaris Dej. 
Statyra megatoma Dej. 
Mordella 8-punctata Fabr. 
angularis Dg. 
affinis Dej. 
pubescens Fabr. 
pruinosa Dej. 
tesselata D/j. 
fuscata Dej. 
nigerriina McLeay. 
scutellaris Fabr. 
oblonga Dej. 
holosericea Dej. 
corticina Dej. 
lurida D.j. 
picta Dej. 
fuscipennis Dg. 
Ripiphorus nigripes Dej. 
riibidus Dej, 
zonatus De;. 
affinis Dej. 
Cantharis senea McLeay. 
Epicauta lineata. 
vittata. 
strigosa. 
atrata. 

maculata Say. 
lurida. 
murina. 
Nemognatha calceata. 
Nacerdes notata. 
Asclera lateralis Melsh. 
signaticollis. 
costipennis. 



Asclera notoxoides. 

thoracica. 
Englenes signata Dej. 

dorsal is Melsh. 
Hallomenus luridus. 
Scraptia pallipes Melsh. 
Americana, 
pusilla. 
Mycetochares frat^na Say. 
Cistela rufula. 

hirta Dj. 
affinis Dej. 
Allecula Americana. 

tibialis. 
Penthe obliquata. 

funerea. 
Helops micans. 

politus Say. 
Epitragus tomentosus. 

puberulus. 
Diaperis Hydni. 
Platydema ellipticum. 
flavipes. 
erythrocerum. 
rufum Melsh, 
Neomeda cyanea Dej. 
viridipennis. 
Bolitophagus cornutus Fabr. 

corticola Say. 
Uloma culinaris 

scarabaeoides Beauv. 
rubens Germar. 
minor Dej. 
Centronipus reflexus Say. 
Tenebrio molitor Fabr. 
badius Say. 
depressus Dej. 
Boros unicolor Say. 
Upis eribrata Dj. 

ceramboides Fabr. 
Iphthinus saperdoides Bosc. 

striato-punctatus Dej. 
tenebrosus Dej. 
femoratus Dej. 
Stenochia coracina Dej. 
Aneedus minutus. 
Crypticus Americanns. 
Blapstinus aeneus Dej, 
Opatrum notum Say. 
Polypleurus geminatus. 
Eustrophus 4-maculatus Dej. 
bicolor. 
niger Melsh. 

CURCULIONID^. 
Bruchus Pisi. 

scutellaris. 



INSECTS. 



33 



Bruchus distinguendus. 
erythrocerus. 
varicornis. 
biplagiatus. 
cruentatus. 
hibii?ci. 
Pachymerus concinnus. 
Caryoborus arthriticus. 
Spermophagus roH^iae. 
Ischnncerus macrocerus. 
Anlhribus coronatus. 
Cratoparis liinatus Fahr. 
lugubris OUv. 
ambiguus Dej. 
pagan us Chevcolat. 
Brachy tarsus parvuhis DeJ. 

pumiliis De;. 
Attelabus nigripes DpJ. 
analis llliger. 
bipustulatus Fabr. 
Rhyncites bicolor Fahr. 
subceneus De^. 
hirtus Fahr. 
concolor DeJ. 
collaris Fabr. 
mutabilis Dej. 
Pterocolus ovatus Fabr. 
Brachystylus acutus Say. 
Apion gagatinum DeJ. 
corvinum D.y. 
Carolinianum Zirn. 
Tachygonus Le Contei Dej. 
Arrhenodes maxillosus OUv. 
Graphorhinus albonotatus DeJ. 
Cyphus modestus King. 
Pachnseus opalus Busc. 
Tanymecus canescens DpJ. 
Pandeleteius paupercnlus DeJ. 
Listroderes puncticollis DrJ. 

distinguendus DeJ. 
Hylobius picivorus Germar. 

brevirostris DJ. 
Ptochus tessellatus DeJ. 
Trachyplilseus crinitus Dej. 
Agraphus leucophlaeus Dej. 
Lixus concavus Say. 

nubilus Dej. 
Halipus squammosus DeJ. 
Eudocinus inscriptus McLeay. 

Americanus Dej. 
Pissodes nemorensis Germar. 
Thamnophilus ruiipennis DeJ. 
perforatus DeJ. 
Dorytomus Americanus Dej. 
Anthonomus tesselatus Dej. 

tuberculatus DeJ. 
bisignatus DeJ. 



Anthonomus snturalis Dej. 

pygmaeus DeJ. 
Balaninus similaris Dej. 
Bagoas suturalis Dej. 
Lamosaccus plagiatus Fabr. 
Madarus undulatus Say. 
Baris tristis DeJ. 
viduus DeJ. 
nigrocyaneus DeJ. 
exilis Dej. 
anthracinus Dej. 
pusillus DeJ. 
cylindrirostris DeJ, 
Centrinus militaris Dej. 

holosericeus DeJ. 
oblonginsculns Dej. 
bispinosus DeJ. 
nigritulus Dej. 
Cryptorhyncus luctuosus. 

minutissimus. 
Botrobatys troglodytes. 
Analcis punctatus DeJ. 
aereus Dej. 
cribratus Dej. 
Chalcodermus aeneus DeJ. 
Ceutorhyncus tessellatus DeJ. 
perplexus DrJ. 
nigrita DeJ. 
nodicollis Dej. 
Campylirhyncus rubinigosus DeJ. 
Mononychus vulpecules Fabr. 
Coptorus pumilus DeJ. 
Calandra Le Contei Dej. 
cribraria Fabr. 
cariosa OUv. 
pertinax OUv. 
sobrina Dej. 
oblita Dej. 
confusa Dej. 
nubila Say. 
patruelis Dej. 
retusa DeJ. 
gagatina DeJ. 
parvula. 
diffinis DeJ. 
soniida DeJ. 
callosa OUv. 
flexnosa Sclidnh. 
contracta Dej. 
assiuiilis Dej. 
oryza; Fabr. 
Cossouus crenatus Dej. 
angustatus Dej. 

LOXGICORNES. 

Parandra 4-collis. 
Asemum moestum. 



34 



INSECTS. 



Mallodon spinibarbe. 
simplicicolle. 
cilipes Say. 
Orthosoma cylindricum. 
Derobrachus brevicollis. 
Prionus brevicornis. 
pocularis. 
imbricornis. 
laevigatus Harris. 
Purpuricenus humeralis. 
Callichroma splendida Dej. 
Eriphus rubens. 
Eburia distincta DeJ. 

4-geminata Say. 
Cerasphorus garganicus. 
4-spinosus. 
Elaphidion Marylandicum. 

mucronatum Say. 
villosum. 
pusillura. 
Callidium Andreae. 
janthinum. 
amoenum Say. 
variabile. 
Smodicum cucujiforme Say. 
Clytus fulmiiians. 
decorus. 
flexuuosus. 
campestris. 
aculeatus Dej. 
scutellaris Oliv. 
vespoides. 
Ibidion dimidiaticorne. 
Ancylocera rugicollis. 
Molorchus bimaculatus Say. 
iEgomorphus decipiens. 
Astyonomus nodosus. 
Amniscus perplexus. 
marginellus. 
cinereus. 
Alcydion femorale. 
Exocentrus humilis. 
exiguus. 
Dcsmiphora tomentosa. 
Ataxia sordida. 

Monohammus scutellatus Say. 
dentator. 
tessellatus. 
pulverulentus HaJd. 
tomentosus Ziegler. 
Oncideres rubiginosus. 
Tetraopus cordifer. 
tornator. 
Dorcaschema leptocera. 
nigrcans. 
Hippopsis lineolata. 
Saperda lateralis. 



Oberea ruficollis Fabr. 
tripunctata Fabr. 
perspicillata. 
gracilis Fabr. 
Phytoecia femoralis. 
Amphyonycha marginata. 
Distenia undata Fabr. 
Desmocerus cyaneus Fabr. 
Rhagium lineatuiu. 
Toxotus dentipenriis. 
Strangalia angustata Dej. 
6-notata. 
bicolor. 

emaciata Newman. 
Stenura velutina Fabr. 
zebrata Fabr. 
fugax 
lunata. 
Leptura vagans Oliv. 

semivittata Kirby. 
nigrella Say. 
pubera Jay. 
proteus Kirby. 
Trigonarthis atrata. 



PHYTOPHAGA. 
Donacia 4-collis Say. 

hirticollis Kirby. 
confluenta Say. 
metallica Say. 
Orsodachna vittata Say. 
Lema trilineata Oliv. 
6-punctata Oliv. 
solani Fabr. 
cornuta Fabr. 
maculicollis Dej. 
brunneicollis Dej. 
ephippium Dej. 
Hemisphcerota erythrocera Germ. 
Chelimorpha cribraria. 
Deloyala vicina. 
trabeata. 
clavata. 
purpurata. 
Coptocycla lucidula. 
bisignata. 
aurichalcea. 
bivittata Say. 
Anoplitis bicolor OUv. 

scapularis Oliv. 
notata Oliv. 
scutellaris Oliv. 
nigrita Oliv. 
Uroplata quadrata Fabr. 

pallida Say. 
Octotoma plicatula Fabr. 



INSECTS. 



35 



Microrhopala \'ittata Fahr. 

excavata Oliv. 
GraUeruca Baccharidis Fabr. 
Canadensis Kirby. 
bivittata DeJ. 
Pennsylvanica Dej. 
infuscata Dej. 
cribrata De^. 
calceata Dej. 
consentanea Z>e;'. 
notulata Fabr. 
Ceratoma caminea Fabr. 
Diabrotica vittata Fabr. 

12-punctata Fabr. 
CEdionychys petaurista Fabr. 
thoracica Fabr. 
discicoUis DeJ. 
abdominalis Oliv. 
cocinna Fabr. 
circumdata DeJ. 
quercata Fabr. 
modesta De^'. 
suturalis Fabr. 
notulata Dg. 
Graptodera oleracea Fabr. 
laevicollis DeJ. 
inedita DeJ. 
consentanea Dej. 
Strabala scutellata De;. 
Disonycha Caroliniana Fabr. 
trivittata Dej. 
glabrata Fabr. 
uniguttata Say. 
rubiginosa Dg. 
eppbippiiim DeJ. 
coilaris Fabr. 
flavicoUis De/. 
collata Fabr. 
Sistena oblonga DeJ. 

striolala Schimh. 
frontalis Fabr. 
Crepidodera nana Say. 

fuscula Dg. 
Phyllotreta bipustulata Fabr. 
Aphthona fulva Dej. 
Teinodactyla flavescens Dej. 

pallida DeJ. 
Balanomorpha hsemorhordalis DeJ. 
Podagrica viridipennis Dej. 
Blepharida meticulosa Oliv. 
Polygramma lO-lineata Dej. 
Zygogramma pulcherrima DeJ. 
pulchra Fabr. 
elegans Oliv. 
Calligrapha Philadelphica Fabr. 
exclamationis Fabr. 
Chrysomela cribraria Dej. 



Lina interrupta Fabr. 

scripta Fabr. 
Gastrophysa polygoni Fabr. 

janthina DeJ. 
Colaspis favosa Say. 
viridis Fair. 
costipennis Dej. 
Btrigosa DeJ. 
livens Bosc. 
Calcophana picipes Oliv. 

ferrugata Dej. 
Noda similis Dej. 

intermedia Dej. 
viridescens Dej. 
tristis Oliv. 
humilis Dej. 
orbicularis Dej. 
litigiosa DeJ. 
Metachroma quercata Fabr. 
pubescens Dej. 
sobrina DeJ. 
pallida Say. 
interrupta Say, 
minuta Dg. 
4-notata Say. 
gilvipes Dej. 
atterrima Oliv. 
canella Fabr. 
Typophorus viridicollis Dej. 

ineditus Dej. 
Chrysochus auratus Fabr. 
Heteraspis juvencus Dej. 

pumilus Dej. 
Glyptoscelis hirtus Oliv. 
Myochrous denticollis Say. 
Pachnephorus variegatus Dej. 
Chlamys plicata Fabr. 
affinis King. 
gibber Fabr. 
tuberculata Klug. 
dispar DeJ. 
foveolata Knock. 
Megalostomus domlnicana Fabr. 
Babria 4-notata Oliv. 
Anomoia obsita Fabr. 
Pachybrachis decoratus DeJ. 
viduatus Fabr. 
M-nigrum DeJ. 
ornaticollis DeJ. 
lividus Fabr. 
carbonarius Dej. 
femoratus Oliv. 
sobrinus DeJ. 
punctatus DeJ. 
Cryptocephalus 5-maculatus Dej. 
aulicus DeJ. 
ornatus Fabr. 



36 



INSECTS. 



Cryptocephalus venustus Oliv. 
incertus Oliv. 
congestus Fabr. 
guttatus Dej. 
tessellatus Dej. 
rugicollis Dej. 
lineolatus De^. 
detritus Oliv. 
distinctus Dej. 
notatus Fabr. 
4-verrucatus Dg. 
5-vittatus Dej. 
4-lineatus Dej. 
pumilus Dej. 
aeneus Dej. 
Monachus saponatus Fabr. 
ater Knock, 
auritus Dej. 
Triplax festiva Dej. 

thoracica Say. 
melanoptera Dej. 
affinis Dtj. 
biguttata Say. 
pulchra Say. 
erythrocephala Dej. 
angulata Say. 
Janessa thoracica Oliv. 



Languria filiformis Def. 

signaticollis Dej, 
collaris Dej. 

PSEUDOTRIMERA. 

Anisosticta litigiosa D/j. 
Coccinella 9-notata Fabr. 
pullata Jay. 
immaculata Fabr. 
Brachyachantha dentipes Fabr. 

bis-5-pustiilata Fabr. 
bis-3-pustulata Fabr. 
flavifrons Dej. 
Hyperaspis marginicollis Dej. 

cruentata Dej. 
Chilochorus triverrucatus Dej. 
normatus Say. 
marginipennis Dej. 
Epilachna borealis Fabr. 
Scymnus flavipes Illiger. 
terminatus Dej. 
Epipocus punctatus Dy. 
Ephebus vestitus Say. 
Endomychus bigultatus Say. 
Lycoperdina lineata Oliv. 
glabrata Dej. 



CATALOGUE 



EECENT SHELLS OF GEOEGIA. 



CoRONULA testudinaria Lam. Backs of Turtle. 
Balanus ovularis Lam. St. Simon's Island. 

geniculatus Say. " " Sea-shore. 

Anatifa IebvIs Lam. " " " 

dentata • 

Teredo navalis Lam. " " " 

Pholas costata Lin. " " " 

cuneiformis Say. " " " 

oblongata Say. " " " 

Canop^a elongata Say. " " " 

Gastroch^na modiolina Lin. " " " 

SoLEN centralis Say. " " " 

ensis Lin. " " " 

viridis Say. « " 

SoLEcuRTUs caribjBUS Blain. " " " 

Mta acuta Say. « « " 

LuTRARiA canaliculata Say. " " " 

lineata Say. " " " Very rare. 

Mactra fragiiis. " " " 

lateralis Say. « 

oblonga Say. " " " 

similis Say. " 

Amphidesma equalis Say. " " " 

orbiculata Say. " " " 

punctata Say. " " " 

radiata Say. " " " 

transversa Say. " " " 

CoRBULA contracta Say. " " " 

Saxicava distorta Say. " " " 

Petricola pholadifirmis Lam. " " " 

dactyl lis Say. " " " 

PsAMMOBiA fusca Say. " " " 

Sanguinolaria rugosa Lam. " '• " 



38 



SHELLS. 



Tellina alternata Say. 

brevifrons Say. 

flexuosa Say. 

iris Say. 

mera Say. 

polita Say. 

tenuis Say. 
LuciNA divaricata Lam. 
DoNAX variabilis Say. 
Cyclas partumeia Say. 
Cyrena Carolinensis Say. 
Cytherea occulata Say. 

concentrica Lam. 
Venus mercenaria Lin. 

elevata Say. 

notata Say. 

praeparca Say. 
Cardium muricatutn Lin. 

ventricosum Lam. 
Arca incongrua Say. 

pexata Say. 

ponderosa Say. 

transversa Say. 

zebra Say. 
Unio alatus Say. 

aratus (new) Conrad. 

albo-marginatus Lea. 

Blandingianus Lea. 

Boykinianns Lea. 

clavus Lam. 

complanatus Lam. 

congareus Lea. 

conradicus Lea. 

contrarius (new) Conrad. 

crocatus Lea. 

Cumberlandicus Lea. 

declivis Say. 

Dariensis Lea. 

Whiteanus Lea. 

dolabriformis Lea. 

dromas Lea. 

Duttonianus Lea. 

exiguus Lea. 

folliculatus Lea. 

Geddingsianus Lea. 

Georgianus Lea. 

Hopetonensis Lea. 

icterinus Conrad. 

incrapatus Lea. 

iris Lea. 

irroratus Lea. 

Le Contianus Lea. 

lanceolatus Lea. 

limatulus (new) Conrad. 

lineatus Lea. 

lienosus Lea. 



St. Simon's Island, sea-shore. 



Alatamaha River. 

Brackish marsh, St. Simon's Island. 

St. Simon's Island. 

(( (( 

" « Salt marsh. 

" " Sea-shore. 



Etowah River. 

Flint. 

Chattahoochee. 

Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. 

Etowah. 

Savannah. 

a 

Etowah. 
Savannah. 

Etowah. 

Ogeechee. 

Alatamaha. 

Cannouchee. 

Alatamaha. 

Tennessee. 

Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. 

Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. 

Stump Creek. 

Alatamaha. 

Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. 

Etowah. 

Tennessee. 

Cannouchee. 

Chattahoochee. 

Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. 

Etowah. 



SHELLS. 



39 



Unio lugubris Lea. 

raodioliformis Lea. 

Masoni Conrad. 

niger Raf. 

nasutus Say. 

nucleopsis (new) Conrad. 

obesus Lpo. 

obtusus Lea. 

ochraceus (var.) Say. 

Ogeecheensis (new) Conr. 

oratus (new) Conrad. 

patulus Lea. 

paulus Lea. 

productus Conrad. 

pusillus Lea. 

radiatus Lea. 

Ravellianus Lea. 

Roanokensis Lea. 

Rosaceus (new) Conrad. 

Sayii Lea. 

securiformis (new) Conrad. 

Shepardianus Lea. 

spinosus Lea. 

splendidus Lea. 

stagnalis (uew) Conrad. 

subangulatus Lea. 

subinflatus Conrad. 

strigosus Lea. 

striatus Lea. 

stegarius (var.) Raf. 

teres Raf. 

taniatus Conrad. 

tortivus Lea. 

Vaughanianus Lea. 

verrucosus Barnes. 
Anodonta Couperiana Lea. 

gibbosa Lea. 

incerta Lea. 

implicata Say. 
Alasmodonta arcula Lea. 

Etowensis Conrad. 

Raveneliana Lea. 
MomoLA plicatula Lam. 
Mytilus cubitus Say. 

hamatus Say. 

leucophaeitus Say. 
Pinna seminuda Lam. 

muricata Lin. 
AvicuLA hirudo Say. 
Lima glacialis Lam. 
OsTREA virginiana Lister. 
semi-cylindrica Say. 
Anomia electrica Lin. 
Crepidula convexa Say. 
depressa Say. 



Alatamaha and Savannah. 
Savannah. 

Etowah. 

Ogeechee. 

Etowah. 

Alatamaha. 

Flint and Chattahoochee. 

Flint. 

Ogeechee. 

" and Flint. 
Tennessee. 
Alatamaha. 
Savannah. 
Ogeechee. 
Savannah. 
Etowah. 
Alatamaha. 
Savannah. 

Flint. 

Alatamaha. 

(( 

" and Savannah. 
Ogeechee. 
Chattahoochee. 
Savannah. 
Chattahoochee. 

u 

Etowah. 
Flint. 

Chattahoochee. 
Savannah. 
Tennessee. 
Alatamaha. 



Savannah. 

Alatamaha. 

Etowah. 

St. Simon's Island. Coast. 



40 



SHELLS. 



Crepidula fornicata Say. 

intorta Say. 

plana Say. 
BuLLiNA canaiiculata Say. 
Helix albolabris Say. 

alternata Say. 

appressa Say. 

arborea Say. 

auriculata Say. 

avara Ferr. 

chersina Say. 

concava Say. 

elevata Say. 

fallax Say. 

gularis Say. 

hirsuta Say. 

indentata Say. 

inflecta Say. 

inornata Say. 

interna Say. 

lineata Say. 

labyrinthica Say. 

minuscula Binney. 

Mobiliana Lea. 

major Say. 

obstricta Say. 

perspectiva Say. 

suppressa Say. 

spinosa Lea. 

septemvalva Say. 

thyroidus Say. 

tridentata Say. 
Helicina orbiculata Say. 
Pupa contracta Say. 

exigua Say. 

ovata Say. 

pentodon var curvidens Say 

procera Gould. 
Glandina truncata Say. 
SucciNEA campestris Say. 

inflata Lea. 

ovalis Say. 
Auricula bidentata Say. 

(melampus bidentatus) 
Planorbis lontus Say. 
Physa gyrina Say. 

heterostropha Say. 
Lymnea columella Say. 
Melania Boykineana Lea. 

catenoides Lea. 

calatiira (new) Conrad. 

crebricostata Lea. 

ebenum Lea. 

impressa Lea. 

Le Contiana Lea. 

nebulosa (new) Conrad. 



St. Simon's Island. Coast. 



St. Simon's Island. Sea shore. 

Greene county. 

Decatur co. Shell Bluff, and Walker co. 

Greene county. 

Lee and Greene counties. 

Greene county. 

Wayne and Decatur counties. 

Glynn, and Greene counties. 

Lee, Burke, and Walker counties. 

N. W. counties. 

Decatur, Glynn, and Wayne counties. 

Glynn and Greene counties. 

Shell Bluff. 

Wayne, Decatur, and Greene counties. 

Glynn and Greene counties. 

Glynn and Burke counties. 

Greene county. 



Wayne and Decatur counties. 
Lee, Greene, and Walker counties. 
Burke county. 
Greene county. 



Glynn county. 

Glynn and Lee counties. 

Burke county. 

Glynn county. 

Greene county. 

Glynn and Greene counties. 

Greene county. 
Glynn county. 



St. Simon's Island. 

Alatamaha river. 
Glynn county. 



N. W. counties. 

Flint river. 
Etowah river. 



N. W. counties. 



SHELLS. 



41 



Melania ocosensis Lea. 

perangulata (new) Conrad. 

percarinata (new) Conrad. 

regularis Lea. 

symmetrica Conrad. 

sordida Lea. 
lo fusiformis Lea. 
Paludina decisa Say. 

Georgiana Lea. 

vivipera Lam. 
Amnicola tenuipes Hald. 
Ampullaria Hopetonensis Lea. 

(depressa Saij.) 
Natica duplicata Say. 

heros Say. 

pusilla Say. 
SiGARETUs perspectivus Say. 

macnlatus Say. 
Ianthina communis Lam. 
ScALARiA clathrus Say. 

miiltistriata Say. 

lineata Say. 
Turbo irroratus Say. 
TuRRiTELLA altemata Say. 
Pyramis striatula Couthoy. 

(Menotigma of Gray) 
Fasciolaria distans Lam. 

ttilipa Lam. 
Fusus cinereus Say. 
Pyrula canaliculata Lam. 

carica Lam. 

perversa Say. 

pa py rati a Say. 

spirata Say. 
Ranella caudata Say. 
DoLiuM galea Lam. 
BucciNUM (Nassa) acutum Say. 

lunatum Say. 

obsoletum Say. 

trivittatum Say. 

unicinctum Say. 

vibex Say. 
Terebra Petittii Kiener. 
CoLOMBELLA avara Say. 

mercatoria Say. 
Oliva conoidalis Lam. 

litterata Lam. 

mutica Say. 

zonalis Say. 
Splrula Peronii Lam. 



Etowah river. 
N. W. counties. 



N. W. counties. 
Etowah river. 
Tennessee river. 
Glynn and Greene counties. 



St. Simon's Island. Sea-shore. 



On oysters. 
Sea-shore. 

Salt marsh. 
Sea-shore. 



70 genera. 
246 species. 



FLORA. 



Catalogue of the Flora in Georgia, Arranged according to the 
Linnean and Natural System. 



\ 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


ACALYPHA 


Virginica 


MonoBcia 


Monadelphia 


Exog. 


Euphorbiaceae 


« 


Caroliniana 


'« 


" 


<' 


" 


Acer 


rubrum 


Octandria 


Monogynia 


" 


AceracejB 


« 


dasycarpum 


" 


K 


" 


" 


» 


sarbatum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


saccharinum 


(( 


" 


" 


" 


« 


nigrum 
negundo 


« 


« 


" 


« 


ACERATIS 


longifolia 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


" 


CorymbiferesB 


Achillea 


millefolium 


Syngenesia 


Poly-Superflua 


" 


Amaranlaceae 


ACHTRANTHES 
« 


repens 
Ficoidea 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


** 


<( 


« 


vermicularius 


" 


" 


" 


Corymbiferae 


ACMELLA 


repens 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


Chenopodeae 


ACNIDA 


cannabina 
ruscocarpa 


DicBcea 


Pentandria 


« 


« 


ACONITUM 


uncinatum 


Polyandria 


Pentagynia 


" 


Ranunculacea 


ACORIJS 


calamus 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Aroideae 


ACTAEA 


alba 


Polyandria 


" 


E.\og. iRanunculacea 


ACTINOMERIS 


helianthoides 


Syngenesia 


Poly-frustranea 


" jCorymbiferae 


" 


squarrosa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Adonis 


Autumnalis 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


c< 


Ranunculacea 


^SCHTOMENE 


hispida 


Diadelphia 


Decaiidria 


" [Leguniinosae 


« 


viscidula 


" 


" 


" 


•' 


.(ESCULUS 


pavia 
discolor 
flava 
macrostachya 


Eleptandria 


Monogynia 


« 


Hippocastana 
« 


" 


hybrida 


" 


" 


« u 


ASAVE 


Virginica 


Hexandria 


" 


Endog 


Bromeliaceae 


Agrimonia 


eupatoria 
parviflora 
incisa 


[cosandria 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Rosaceae 


Agrostis 


arachnoides 


Triandria 


" 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


« 


sericea 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


irichopodes 


" 


" 


" 


<t 


« 


decumbens 


" 


" 


ff 


" 


« 


alba 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<< 


juncea 


" 


« 


" 


" 


« 


clandestina 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(• 


Indica 


" 


" 


It 


" 


<( 


I Virginica 


" 


« 


" 


" 



44 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class 


Order. 


Agrostis 


pauciflora 


" 


" 


tc 


" 


AiRA 


cinna 
lateriflora 
pallens 
flexuosa 


" 


" 


tc 


" 


« 


purpurea 
capillacea 
triflora 
obtusata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Aletrfs 


mollis 
farinosa 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


AsphodeleaB 


Alisma 

Allionia 
Allium 


aurea 

planiago 

^ul)ulata 

Albida 

canadense 

cernuum 


Tetrandria 
Hexandria 


Polygnia 
Monogynia 


E.xog. 
Endog. 


AlismacesB 

Nyctagineae 
Asphodelese 


Alnus 
Alopecdrus 

Amaranthds 


striatum 

mutabile 

serrulata 

2:enicu'atus 

hybridus 

lividus 


Moncecia 
Triandria 
Moncecia 


Triandria 

Digynia 

Pentandria 


Exog. 
Endog 
Exog. 


AmentacesB 

Graininese 

AmaranthaceaD 


« 


pumilus 

sanguineus 

bypochondriacus 


" 


„ 


« 


" 


Amaryllis 
Ambrosia 


spinosus 

atamasco 

trifida 

elatior 

artemisifolia 


Hexandria 
Monoeica 


Monogynia 
Pentandria 


Endog. 

Exog. 


Amaryllideae 
Corymbiferae 


Amelanchier 


paniculata 
botryapium 
rotundifolia 
arbutifolia 


leosandria 


Di-Pentagynia 


" 


Rosaceae 


Ammania 


ovalis 
atifolia 
ramosior 


Tetrandria 


Digynia 


" 


Sythracese 


Amorpha 


iiumilis 

fiucticosa 

pubescens 


Diadelphia 


Monogynia 
Decandria 


" 


Leguminosae 


Ammi 


canescens 
capillaceum 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


., 


Umbelliferae 


Ampelopsis 
Amsonia 

Anagallis 
Andromeda 


cosiatum 

hederacea 

latifolia 

salicifolia 

Angustifolia 

arvensis 

calyculata 

Angustifolia 

nilida 

rhomboidalis 

axillaris 

acuminata 

floribunda 

ferruginea 

rigida 

ligustrina 


•< 

Gynandria 

Pentandria 
Decandria 


Monogynia 
Pentandria 

Monogynia 


"' 


VitaceaB 
Apocyneae 

Primulace2e 
Ericeae 




frondosa 
arborea 


L 


" 


« 


« 



FLORA. 



45 





LINNE.\N SYSTEM. 


! NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Andromeda 


racemosa 

speciosa 

Mariana 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericeae 


Androfogon 


cillifitus 
nu tans 


Triaiidria 


Digynia 


En dog 


Gramineae 
« 


« 


ambiguus 


" 


" 


" 


« 


« 


melanocarpus 
scoparius 
argenteus 
vaginatus 


(C 


" 


" 


" 


" 


dissitiflorus 
macrouros 
furcQtus 
tetrastachyus 


« 


« 




"' 


Anemone 


Caroliniana 

nemorosa 

Virginiana 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


Exog. 


RanunculaceaB 


Anthem IS 


cotula 


Syngenesia 


Poly-Superflua 


" 


Cory mbi ferae 


Antirrhinum 


canadense 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Serophularineae 


Anthoxanthum 


odoratum 


Diandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Antchia 


canadensis 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


lllecebraceae 


Antennaria 


margaritaceum 
plantagineum 


Syngenesia 


Poly-Superflua 


<< 


Corynibiferae 


Apocynum 


androsaemifolium 
cannahinum 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


,, 


.\pocyneae 


" 


pubescens 


•' 


« 


« 


" 


Apios 


tuberosa 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Leguminosae 


Apogon 


humilis 


Syngenesia 


Polygamia 


<( 


Cichoraceae 


Apargia 


orontium 
tenellum 


„ 


,c 


« 


** 


Aquilegia 


canadensis 


Polyandria 


Di-Pentagynia 


" 


Ranunculaceae 


Arabis 


canadensis 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


Cruciferae 


Aralia 


racemosa 

spinosa 

nudicaulis 


Pentandria 


Pentagynia 


« 
« 


.\raliaceae 


Archangelica 


hirsuta 


« 


Digynia 


" 


Umbelliferae 


Archemora 


rigida 
ternata 


" 


** 


« 


" 


Arenaria 


serpyllifolia 
squarrosa 
stricta 
glabra 


Decandria 


Trigynia 


« 


Caryophyllaceae 


Arethusa 


bulbosa 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog 


Orchidese 


Argemone 


Mexicana 


Polyandria 


.Monogynia 


Exog. 


Papaveraceae 


Aristida 


dichotonia 
stricta 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog 


Gramineae 


K 


spiciformis 


" 


" 


It 


" 


<c 


gracilis 
lanosa 


u 


;.' 


\. 


« 


Aristolochia 


sipho 
tomentosa 


Gynandria 


Hexandria 


Exog. 


Aristolochiae 


« 


serpentaria 
hastata 


" 


„ 


„ 


*' 


Arnica 


nudicaulis 


Syngenesia 


Poly-Superflua 


" 


Corynibiferae 


Artemisia 


caudata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Arum 


dracontium 
triphyllum 
Virginicum 
Walteri 


Moncecia 


Diandria 


Endog. 


Aroideae 


Ardndinaria 


macrosperma 


Triandria 


.Monogynia 


Bndog. 


Graminiae 


Arundo 


phragmites 


" 


" 


(> 


" 



46 



FLORA. 



Species. 



canadense 

Virginicum 

arifolium 

variegata 

phytolaccoidea 

quadrifolia 

connivens 

incarnata 

tomentosa 

obovata 

obtusifolia 

amplexicaulis 

purpuraseens 

laurifolia 

pau|)ercula 

parviflora 

verticillata 

cinerea 

angustifolia 

tuberosa 

crux andresB 

humillum 

hypericoides 

amplexicaule 

mlcrosepalum 

parviflora 

triloba 

grandiflora 

pygmaea 

solidaginoides 

conyzoides 

tortifolius 

hyssopifolius 

flexuosns 

paludosus 
grandiflorus 

exilis 

subulatus 

foliolosus 

sparsiflorus 

tenuifolius 

dumosus 

ericoides 

racemosus 

multiflorus 

squarrosus 

concolor 

reticulatus 

Novae Anglae 

cyaneus 

virgatus 

Carolinianus 

surculosus 

puniceus 

junceus 

divergens 

tradescanti 

discoideus 

versicolor 

laevigatus 

amplexicaulis 



LINNEAN SYSTEM. 



Gynandria 



Pentandria Digynia 



Class. 



Order. 



Decandria 



Polyandria 

Polyandria 
ti 

(f 
Syngenesia 



Di-Pentagynia 

Polygynla 
Superflua 



Class. 



Exog. 



NATURAL SYSTEM. 



Order. 



Exog. 



Aristolochiae 



Asclepiadeae 



IlypericaceaE 



Anonaceae 



Corymbiferffi 



FLORA. 



47 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


1 Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Aster 


undulatus 
diversifolius 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


Exog. 


Corymbiferse 


« 


scaber 


« 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


paniculatus 


" 


« 


" 


" 


" 


cordifolius 


" 


" 


« 


" 


Asparagus 


officinalis 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 




Asparagi 


Astragalus 


glaber 

obcordatus 

canadensis 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


"' 


Papilionaceae 


Atriplex 


patula 


Monoecia 


Triandria 


« 


Chenopodeae 


« 


Augustifolia 


" 


« 


" 


" 


<( 


laciniata 


It 


" 


« 


" 


fj 


arenaria 


" 


K 


'« 


" 


Atropa 


physaloidea 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


Solaneae 


AULAIANTHUS 


ciliatus 
rufus 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog 


Gramineae 


Avena 


spicata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Pennsylvanica 


K 


" 


" 


tt 


Azalea 


calendulacea 

canescens 

bicolor 

nudiflora 

viscosa 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericeae 


Baccharis 


angustifolia 

halimifolia 

sessiliflora 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


'« 


Corymbiferae 


Baldwina 


uniflora 
multiflora 


" 


Frustranea 


„ 


" 


Baptisia 


perfoliata 
lanceolala 
tinctoria 


Decandria 


Monogynia 
« 
it 


« 


Papilionaceae 

tt 


" 


Australis 


" 


tt 


« 


" 


ti 


villosa 

alba 

bracteata 


" 


" 


"' 


l 


Batschia 


gmelini 
canescens 


Pentandria 


« 


" 


Boragineae 


Bejaria 


racemosa 


Polyandria 


" 


«' 


Ericeae 


Berchemia 


volubilis 


Pentandria 


" 


« 


Rhamnaceae 


Berberis 


canadensis 


Hexandria 


" 


'< 


Berberidaceae 


Betula 


nigra 
lenta 


Monoecia 


Polyandria 


" 


Amentaceae 


Bidens 


chrysanthemoides 

cornuta 

pilosa 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 
>< 


" 


Corymbiferae 


« 


Frondosa 
bipinnata 


" 


" 


" 


*' 


Bignonia 


capreolata 
radicans 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


„ 


Bignoniaceae 


Bletia 


verecunda 
aphylla 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


« 


Orchideae 


BCEHMERIA 


cylindrica 
lateriflora 


Monoecia 


Triandria 


„ 


Urticaceae 


Bcerhaavia 


erecta 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


<< 


!*Jyctagineae 


BOLTONIA 


asteroides 
glastifolia 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


tt 


Corynibiferoe 


BORKHAUSIA 


Caroliniana 


« 


jEqualis 


tt 


^omposifae 


BoRYA 


jorulosa 


Dioecia 


Diandria 


" 


^mpetreae 


Brasenia 


jeltata 


Polyandria 


Polygynia i 


<< 


Cabombaceae 


Briza 


eragrostis 


Triandria 


Digynia 


]}ndog. 


Gramineae 


Bryonia 


Boyklnii 




.1 


Exog. 


Cucurbitaceae 



48 



FLORA 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


1 NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. Order. 


Bromus 


ciliatus 
purgans 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog 


Graminese 


Brickellia 


cordifolia 


Syngenesia 


^qualis 




Cinarocephalae 


Brunnichia 


cinhosa 


Decandria 


Trigynia 




PolygoncEB 


BUCHNEKA 


Americana 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


Exog. 


Scrophularinae 


BUMELIA 


lycioides 
reclinata 
ten ax 
lanuginosa * 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


(( 


Sapoteae 


BUPHATHALMUM 


frutescens 
augustifolium 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


! " 


Corymbiferae 


BURMANIA 


capitata 
cserulea 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Burmanniae 


Caeomba 


Caroliniana 


Hexandria 


" 


Exog. 


Cabombaceae. 


Cacalia 


ovata 

artriplicifolia 

lanceolata 


Syngenesia 


.lEqualis 


" 


Corymbiferae 


Cactus 


opuntia 


Icosandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Cactaceae 


Cakile 


maritima 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliculosa 


" 


Cruci ferae 


Caladium 


glaucinn 


Monaecia 


Polyandria 


Endog. 


Aroideae 


Calamagrostis 


Americana 


Triandria 


Digynia 


« 


Gramineae 


Calamintha 


grandiflora 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


Exog. 


Labiateae 


Callicarpa 


Americana 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 




Verbenaceae 


Callitriche 


heterophylla 


Monandria 


" 


" 


Callitnchineae 


Calopogon 


pulchellus 


Gynandria 


Monandria 




Orchideae 


Caltha 


Ficarioides 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


« 


Ranuiiculaceae 


Cardamine 


Virginica 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


« 


Cruciferae 


« 


spathulata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Calycanthits 


floridus 


Icosandria 


Polygynia 


" 


Calycanthaceae 




inodorus 


" 


" 


" 


" 




Isevigatus 


" 


« 




" 




glaucus 


" 


" 


(, 


" 


Campanula 


amplexicaulis 
acuminata 
divarieata 
erinoides 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Campanulaceae 


Canna 


flaccida 


Monandria 


" 


Endog 


Marantaceae 


Cafrifolium 


sempervireus 

flavum 

gratum 


Pentandria 


" 


Exog. 


Caprifoliaceae 




parviflorum 


" 


« 


« 


" 


Carex 


sterilis 
fraseri 
willdenowii 
squarrosa 


MonoRcia 


Triandria 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 




cephalophora 


" 


" 


" 


" 




bromoides 


" 


" 


(( 


" 




retroflexa 
rosea 


" 


„ 




" 




Muhlenbergii 


" 


" 


« 


« 




stipata 

spnrganoides 

multiflora 


« 


'- 


t< 


« 




lagopodoioides 


" 


" 


" 


" 




scoparia 
foena 


'.' 


" 


„ 


t< 




festucacea 

scirpoides 

caespitosa 

crinita 

acuta 


" . 


" 


« 


ti 



FLORA. 



49 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 
Monogynia 


Class. 


Order. 


Carex 


triceps 


Moncecia 


Endog 


Cyperaceae 


" 


liirsuta 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


buxbaumii 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


varia 


" 


" 


" 


<< 


<< 


marginata 


" 


" 


" 


•' 


« 


vestita 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


tentaculata 


" 


« 


« 


" 


« 

(C 

« 


lupulina 

gigantea 

folliculata 

zaiuhophysa 

plantaginea 

castanea 

anceps 

conoidea 

tetanica 

laxiflora 

granularis 

fiexuosa 

niiliacea 

hystericina 


t( 


« 


(C 

It 


«' 




pseudocyperus 


" 


" 


" 


" 




glaucescens 


" 


" 


" 


" 




crinita 


" 


" 


iC 


" 




acuta 


" 


" 


«' 


« 




trichocarpa 


" 


" 


« 


" 




lacustris 


" 


" 


a 


" 




pellita 


" 


" 


" 


" 




riparia 


" 


" 


" 


" 




buUata 


(( 


tt 


« 


" 


Caepinus 


Americana 


« 


Polyandria 


Exog. 


Amentaceae 


Carya 


sulcata 

alba 

tomentosa 


tt 


" 




" 


(C 


amara 


" 


<i 


« 


<i • 


(C 


porcina 
aquatica 


u 


„ 


„ 


" 


Cassia 


tora 
occidentalis 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Papilionaceae 


» 


Marilandica 
( hamaecrista 


" 


(( 


<i 


,1 


(C 


riictitans 


" 


« 


" 


a 


(C 


aspera 


" 


" 


<c 


" 


Castanea 


vesca 
pumila 


Monce cia 


Polyandria 


« 


Amentaceae 


" 


nana 


" 


" 


i< 


tc 


Catalpa 


cordifolia 


Diandria 


Monogyuia 


« 


BignoniacesB 


Caulinia 


flexilis 


MoncDcia 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Fluviales 


Ceanothus 


Americanus 
microphyllus 
serpyllifolius 


Penlandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


LeguminossB 


Celtis 


occidentalis 


" 


Digynia 


« 


Ulmaceae 


Cenchrus 


echinatus 
tribuloides 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog, 


Graniineae 


Centaurella 


verna 


Tetrandria 


" 


Exog. 


Gentianeffi 


" 


paniculata 


" 


« 


<t 


'< 


Centaurea 


benedicta 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 


« 


Corymbifera; 


Centunculcs 


lanceolatus 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


(( 


Primulaceae 


Cephalanthus 


occidentalis 


« 


« 


«< 


Cinconaceae 


CXRANTHERA 


linearifolia 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


" 


Labiatae 



50 



FLORA. 



II 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class . 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Cekastitjm vulgatum || 


;)ecandria 


Pentagynia 


Exog. 


Garyphyllaceae 


" 


/iscosum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


irvense 


" 


" 


<c 


" 


Cerasus 


V^irginiana 
Berotina 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


■. 


Josaceae 


« 


Caroliniana 


sc 


" 


" 


" 


Ceratochloa 


anioloides 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


jraminese 


Cercis 


canadensis 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Papilionaceffi 


Ceres(a 


iuitans 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Graminese 


Chjerophyllum 


procumbens 


Pentandria 


" 


Exog. 


Umbelliferae 


Cham^rops 


serrulata 

lislrix 

palmetto 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


Palmae 


Chaptalia 


integrifolia 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae' 


Chelidonium 


majus 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Papeveracese 


Chenofodium 


murale 
album 
3otrys 
ambrosioides 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


« 


Chenopodeae 


Chelone 


glabra 
obliqua 
Lyoni 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


„ 


Scrophularineae 


Chimaphila 


maculata 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Pyrolaceae 


Chiomanthus 


Virginica 


Diandria 


" 


" 


Oleaceae 


Chloris 


petraea 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Chrysanthemum 


leucanthemum 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae 


Chrysobalanus 


oblongifolius 


Icosandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Rosaceae 


Chrysocoma 


nudata 


Syngenesia 


iE qua lis 


" 


Corymbiferae 


Chrysogonum 


Virginianum 


" 


Necessaria 


" 


" 


Chrysopsis 


argentea 
graminifolia 


(( 


Superflua 


« 


« 




pinifolia 
Mariana 


** 


« 


ic 


» 


(C ' 


trichophylla 


" 


" 


" 


" 




gossypina 


" 


*^ 




" 




dentata 


" 


" 


' 


(C 




divaricata 


" 


" 


" 


" 




scabra 


" 


" 


" 


" 




linarifolia 
dichotoma 


" 


** 


.< 


u 




humilis 


« 


" 


" 


" 




amygdalina 


" 


" 


" 


« 




obovata 


" 


<t 


" 


" 


Chrtsosplenium 


Americanum 


Decandria 


Digynia 


" 


Saxifragaceas 


CiCHORIUM 


intybus 


Syngenesia 


Polyg'a jEqualis 


te 


Cichoracese 


CiCUTA 


maculata 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


" 


Umbelliferae 


Cimicifuga 


racemosa 

Americana 

cordifolia 


Polyandria 


Di- Pentagynia 


,j 


Ranunculaceae 


Claytonia 


Caroliniana 
Virginica 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


« 


Portulacaceae 


Clematis 
« 


Virginiana 

catesbeyana 

holosericea 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


« 


Ranunculaceae 


(C 


cylindrica 
lineariloba 


'.'. 


<< 


« 


« 


« 


viorna 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<( 


reticulata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


C( 


crispa 


" 


" 


i( 


" 


« 


ochroleuca 


" 


« 


" 


" 


tt 


ovata 


(( 


" 


" 


« 



FLORA. 



51 





LINNEAN SYSTE>r. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Geneka. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Clematis 


Baldwinii 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


Exog. 


Ranunclaceae 


Cleome 


pentaphylla 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 






Clethra 


alnifolia 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Ericeae 


<c 


tomentosa 


" 


" 


« 


" 


" 


scabra 


" 


« 


" 


't 


" 


paniculata 


" 


« 


" 


" 


" 


acuminata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Clitokia 


Virginiana 
Mariana ^ 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


„ 


Leguminosae 


Cnicus 


altissimus 
muticus 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


" 


Cichoraceae 


" 


repandus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Virginianus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


glaber 


" 


« 


« 


<« 


(<• 


discolor 


" 


« 


« 


« 


" 


horidulus 


" 


« 


It 


« 


COCCULTJS 


Carolinus 






tc 




COLLINSONIA 


canadensis 
scabra 


Diandria 


Monogynia 
« 




Labiatae 


" 


ovalis 


" 


t' 


(C 


« 


(C 


tuberosa 


« 


« 


t{ 


« 


" 


punctata 


« 


CI 


« 


« 


" 


verticillata 


" 


le 


" 


" 


" 


purpurascens 


(C 


« 


" 


<c 


" 


anisata 


" 


« 


" 


« 


COMMELINA 


communis 

hirtella 

Virginica 


Triandria 


(( 


Endog. 


CommelinesB 


" 


erecta 


" 


Triandria 


Exog. 


It 


COMFTONIA 


asplenifolia 


Monoecia 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Amentaceae 


CONOSTTLIS 


Americana 


Hexandria 






<i 


HaemodoraceaB 


CONVALARIA 


majalis 


« 






« 


Smilacese 


Convolvulus 


tenellus 


Pentandria 






Exog. 


Convolvulaceae 


tt 


aquaticus 


" 






" 


" 


(( 


spithamaeus 


" 






" 


« 


<c 


obtusilobus 


" 




( 


" 


" 


« 


purpureus 


" 






(C 


« 


c( 


machrorhizus 


•" 






« 


" 


« 


panduratus 


" 






" 


« 


(( 


sagittifolius 


" 






« 


tt 


« 


repens 


" 






" 


tt 


« 


tamnifolius 


" 


Polygamia 


" 


tt 


CONTZA 


camphorata 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


CorymbifersB 


" 


Marylandica 


(( 


« 


" 


It 


CORCHORUS 


siliquosus 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


" 


<« 


Coreopsis 


ianceolata 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 


« 


« 


" 


crassifolia 


" 


" 


« 


It 


« 


rosea 


<( 


" 


• < 


« 


« 


auriculata 


" 


« 


€( 


« 


<c 


diversifolia 


i< 


tc 


<C 


It 


« 


senifoiia 


<' 


« 


« 


tt 


« 


verticillata 


'< 


« 


«< 


<( 


(( 


tenuifolia 


« 


« 


(( 


tt 


« 


trichosperma 


" 


" 


« 


<« 


« 


mitis 


" 


" 


" 


'1 


« 


aristata 


" 


< 


" 


11 


« 


pubescens 


" 


'•' 


" 


tt 


" 


tripteris 


« 


'• 


" 


tt 


« 


nudata 


« 


!• 


(( 


It 


t< 


gladiata 


« 


It 


" 


<i 


CORNUS 


paniculata 


Tetrandria 


Monc 


>gynia { 


tt 


Cornaceae 



52 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


CORNUS 


stricta 

asperifolia 

sericea 


Tetrandria 


Monygnia 


Exog. 


Cornaceae 


« 


florida 


" 


" 


« 


•1 


CORALLOKHIZA 


multiflora 
odontorhiza 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


„ 


Orchideas 


" 


iiyemalis 


" 


(C 


(C 


" 


CORONOPUS 


didyma 
Ruellii 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliculosa 


„ 


Cruciferae 


CORYDALIS 


aurea 


Diadelphia 


Hexandria 


" 


Fumariaceae 


CORYLUS 


Americana 


MoncEcia 


Polyandria 


>' 


Amentaceae 


« 


rostrata 


" 


" 


" 


a 


Cranichis 


multiflora 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchideee 


Crantzia 


iineata 






Exog. 


Umbelliferae 


Crat^gus 


Crus-Galli 


Icosandria 


Di-Pentagynia 




Rosaceae ^ 


« 


coccinea 


(( 


" 


u 


" 


« 


viridis 


« 


" 


11 


" 


ct 


populifolia 


« 


(C 


" 


" 


(r 


punctata 


" 


" 


« 


" 


(C 


arborescens 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(C 


apiifolia 


" 


" 


« 


" 


It 


cordata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


f( 


spathulata 


" 


" 


« 


" 


t< 


aestivalis 


" 


« 


It 


" 


II 


flava 
lucida 


„ 


" 


" 


., 


n 


eliptica 


" 


" 


" 


" 


«t 


parvifolia 


" 


(( 


•< 


" 


Ckotalaria 


sagittalis 
parviflora 
ovalis 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionaceae 


Croton 


maritimum 
argyranthemum 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 


" 


Euphorbiaceae 


(C 


glandulosum 


" 


" 


« 


" 


» 


ellipticum 


" 


" 


it 


" 


Crotonopsis 


Linearis 


" 


Triandria 


<« 


" 


CRYPTOT.ffiNIA 


Canadensis 






« 


UmbelliferEB 


CUCURBITA 


lagenaria 


" 


Monadelphia 


« 


Cucurbitaceae 


CUPHJEA 


viscosissima 


Icosandria 


Di-Pentagynia 


« 


Lytliraceae 


CUPRESSUS 


disticha 
thyoides 


MoncEcia 


Monadelphia 


It 


Conifereae 


CUSCUTA 


Americana 


Tetrandria 


Tetragynia 


It 


Convolvulaceae 


Cynoglossum 


Virginicum 


Pentandria 


Monogyuia 


" 


Boragineae 


Cynodon 


dactylon 


Triandria 


Digyina 


Endog. 


Graniineae 


Cyperus 


articulatus 
fasciculatus 


" 


Monogynia 


" 


Cyperaceae 


« 


poaeformis 


« 




It 


'•■ 


It 


kyllingioides 


" 




ti 


" 


(( 


Antumnalis 


" 




" 


" 


f( 


compressus 


" 




« 


• <( 


« 


vegetus 


" 




i( 


" 


" 


virens 


" 




'' 


" 


It 


mariscoides 


'■ 




" 


" 


II 


flavescens 


" 




" 


" 


It 


gracilis 


" 




" 


" 


It 
It 


hydra 
repens 


" 






<< 


It 


tenuiflorus 


" 




<( 


" 


It 


strigosus 


it 




" 


<c 


It 


tetragonus 


" 




« 


It 


It 


flavicomus 


« 




(C 


" 



FLORA. 



53 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


iClass. 


Order. 


Cyperus 


distans 

speciosus 

Knsleuii 


Triandiia 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


CVFRIPEDIUM 


parviflorum 
pubescens 
spec'abile 
iiuinile 


Gynandria 


Diandria 


" 


Orchidese 


Cyrilla 


raceiniflora 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


EriceaB 


Dactylis 


"lomerata 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog 


Graminese 


Dalea 


aiopecuroides 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionaceae 


Dalibarda 


lobata 
fragarioides 


Icosandria 


Polygynia 


« 


Rosaceae 


Datura 


stramonium 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Solaneae 


Daucus 


carota 
pusillus 


" 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Araliaceae 


Decodon 


verticillatum 


Icosandria 


Monogynia 


" 


LythraceaB 


Decumaria 


barbara 
sarmentosa 


Dodecand'a 


« 




Saxifragaceae 


Delphinium 


tricorne 
azureum 
exaltatum 


Polyandria 


Di-Pentagynia 




Ranunculaceae 


Dentaria 


virescens 


" 


" 


'( 


" 


" 


laciniata 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


Cruciferae 




diphylla 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Diamorpha 


pusilla 


Decandria 


Pentagynia 


" 


Crassulaceae 


Diapensia 


barbulata 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


(( 


Hydroleaceae 


Dichromena 


leucocephala 

latifolia 
ciliata 


Triandria 


(( 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


DiER VILLA 


Canadensis 


Pentandria 


" 


It 


Caprifoliaceae 


Digitaria 


sanguiualis 
villosa 


Triandria 


Digynia 


c, 


Gramineae 


(( 


filiformis 


" 


" 


u 


" 


« 


dactylon 


" 


t( 


" 


" 


Diodia 


Virginica 
tetragona 
hirsuta 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Cinchonaceae 


DlON-^EA 


muscipula 


Decandria 


" 


« 


Droseraceae 


Dioscorea 


villosa 
quatcrnata 


Dicecia 


Hexandria 


Endog 


Dioscorea; 


Diospyros 


Virginiana 


'< 


Octandria 


Exog. 


Ebenaceas 


Diphylleia 


cymosa 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 




Berberidaceae 


Dipsacus 


sylvestris 


Tetrandria 


" 


" 


Dipsacea} 


DmcA 


palustris 


Octandria 


" 


IS 


Thymeleae 


Discopleura 


capiUacea 
costata 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


u 


Umbelliferae 


DOLICHOS 


multiflorus 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


•' 


Papilionacec-B 


Draba 


Caroliniana 
brachycarpa 
var-fastigiata 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliculosa 


" 


Cruciferae 


Dracocephalum 


Virginianum 
variegatum 
denticulatum 
obovatum 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


.< 


Labiatece 


Drosera 


rotundifolia 
longifolia 


Pentandria 


Pentagynia 


„ 


Droseraceae 


DuLicniuM 


spathaceum 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


Echites 


difibrmis 


Pentandria 


" 


Exog. 


Apocynea; 


ECLIPTA 


erecta 


Syngenesia 


Superflifti 




Corymbifera; 



54 



FLORA. 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Geneka. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


ECLIPTA 


procumbens 
brachypoda 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


Exog. 


Corymbiferas 


Elephantopus 


Carolinianus 
nudicaulis 


" 


Segregata 


" 


« 


Eleusine 


mucroiiata 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


« 


Indica 


" 


« 


" 


" 


(C 


cruciata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Elliottia 


racemosa 


Octandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericese 


Elodea 


Virginica 

tubulosa 

petiolata 


Polyandna. 


Pentagynia 
tt 


« 


Hypericaceae 


Eltmus 


Virginicus 

striatus 

hystrix 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Elytraeia 


virgata 


Diandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Acanthaceae 


Epidendrum 


conopseum 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog, 


Orchideae 


Epig^a 


repens 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericese 


Efilobium 


coloratum 


Octandria 


« 


" 


Onagraceae 


Epiphagus 


Virginica 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Orobancheas 


Eriajvthus 


alopecuroides 
brevibarbis 
strictus 
contortus 


Diandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Erigeron 


nudicaule 

bellidifolium 

strigosum 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


Exog. 


Corymbifera9 


« 


ambiguum 


« 


« 


" 


" 


(( 


Philadelphicum 


" 


tc 


" 


« 


tc 


quercifoliuna 
Canadense 


« 


" 


"t 


u 


" 


pusillum 


<i 


" 


" 


" 


Eriocatjlon 


decangalare 
gnaphalodes 


Monoecia 


Triandria 


» 


Restiaceae 


" 


villosum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<c 


flavidulum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Eriogonum 


tomentosum 


Enneandria 


Trigyniti 


" 


Polygonaceae 


Eriophorum 


Virginicum 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


Ervum 


hirsutum 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionaceae 


Eryngium 

« 
« 


aquaticum 

Virginianum 

ovalifolium 

fostidum 

aromaticum 

gracile 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


" 


Umbelliferae 


Erysimum 


officinale 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


Cruciferae 


Erythrina 


herlmcea 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionaceae 


Erythronium 


Americanum 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Liliaceae 


Euchruma 


coccinea 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


Exog. 


Schrophularinae 


Euonymus 


Americanus 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Celastraceae 


" 


angustifolius 


" 


" 




" 


" 


atropurpureus 


ti 


" 




" 


Eupatorium 


fceniculaceum 
coronopifolium 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 




Corymbiferae 


<( 


Pinnatifidum 
lineariflorum 


" 


" 




„ 


« 


hyssopifolium 


" 


" 




" 


tt 


glaucescens 


" 


<> 




" 


ft 


sessilifolium 


" 


It 




" 


It 

tt 


truncatum 
album 


'!. 


„ 




** 


l( 


parviflorum 


" 


" 


" 


" 



FLORA. 



55 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


EUPATORIUM 


scabridum 

rotundifolium 

verbenaefolium 


Pentandria 
It 


jEqualis 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae 




pubescens 
cuneifolium 
perfoliatum 
ceanothifolium 


'•' 


« 


« 


'■ 


" 


ageratoides 


" 


" 


" 




" 


aromaticum 


" 


" 


" 




« 


serotinum 
incarnatum 


" 


" 


" 




« 


coelestinum 


" 


« 


u 




« 


ternifolium 


" 


" 


'< 




■ 


purpureura 
maculatum 
verticillatum 


:; 


" 


" 


" 


Euphorbia 


cyathophora 

graminifolia 

hypericifolia 

maculata 

depressa 

cordifolia 

polygonifolia 

ipecacuanha 

pubentissima 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 


" 


Euphorbiaceae 


" 


helioscopia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


corollata 

angustifolia 

paniculata 


" 


" 


"' 




Fagus 


sylvatica 


" 


Polyandria 


" 


Amentaceas 


Fedia 


radiata 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


« 




Festuca 


tenella 

polystachya 

myurus 

parviflora 

duriuscula 


'' 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


„ 


grandiflora 
unioloides 


„ 


„ 


^^ 


:; 


« 


nutans 


" 


ti 


,< 


« 


Fothergilla 


alnifolia 


Icosandria 


Di-Pentagynia 


Exog. 


Hamamelacea? 


Fragaria 


Virginiana 


" 


Polygynia 


" 


Rosaceaj 


Frasera 


Walteri 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


« 


GentianeEE 


Fdirena 


squarrosa 
scirpoidea 


Triandria 


„ 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


Fraxinus 


epiptera 
acuminata 


Dioecia 


Diandria 


Exog. 


Oleaceae 


« 


Caroliniana 


" 


« 


,{ 


li 


<( 


platycarpa 
pubescens 
triptera 


" 


'< 


" 


" 


Fttmaria 


ofl^icinalis 


Diadelphia 


Octandria 


<c 


Fumariaces 


Gailliardia 


lanceolata 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 






Galactia 


glabella 
pilosa 
mollis 
Eliiottii 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


PapilionacejE 


Galium 


trifidum 
latifoiium 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Stellatae 


« 


uniflorum 


u 


X 


,t 


„ 


« 


tiispidulum 
pilosum 


" 


" 


(( 


"■ 



56 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Galium 


cuspidatum 
circaezans 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


b^xog. 


Stellatse 


Gauka 


ingustifolia 

biennis 

filipes 


Octandria 


"' 


" 


Onagracese 


Gelseminum 


sempervirens 


Pentandria 


" 


" 


Apocyneaj 


Gentiana 


sapoiiaria 


" 


Digynia 


" 


Gentianeoe 


(( 


catesbsei 

ochroleuca 

angustifolia 

crinita 

quinqueflora 

acuta 


': 


" 


'' 


« 


Gerakdia 


aphylla 
Plukenetii 
setacea 
fasciculata 
fill folia 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 




Scrophularinese 


I 


purpurea 

tenuifolia 

iinifolia 

flava 

quercifolia 

pedicularia 


« 


" 




i( 


Geranium 


macuiatum 
Carolinianum 


Monadelph. 


Decandria 


.. 


Geraniaceae 


Geum 


Virginianum 
radiatum 


Icosandria 


Polygynia 


« 


RosacesB 


Gillenia 


trifoliata 
stipulacea 


Icosandria 


Di-pentagynia 


« 


" 


Glaucium 


flavum 


" 


" 


" 


PapaveracesB 


Gleditschia 


monosperma 
triacanthos 


DicEcia 


Hexandria 


" 


Papilionaceae 


Glottidium 


floridanum 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


" 


" 


Gnaphalium 


polycephalum 
purpureum 
margaritaceum 
plangatineum 


Syngenesia 


Supei'flua 


" 


CorymbifersB 


Glycine 


simpjicifolia 
tomentosa 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


** 


Papilionacea; 


« 


erccta 

molissima 

reflexa 


"' 


:; 


:: 


:: 


GONOLOEUS 


macrophyllus 

Carolinensis 

prostratus 


Pentandria 
Pentandria 


Digynia 


„ 


AsclepiadeaB 


GOODYERA 


pubescens 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchidese 


GORDONIA 


lasianthus 
pubescens 


Monadelph. 


Polyandria 


Exog. 


Ternstrcemiacese 


Gratiola 


Virginica 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 






" 


aurea 






" 


" 


Scrophulariffi 


" 


pilosa 






" 






" 


spha3rocarpa 






" 






" 


quadridentata 

tetragona 

acuminata 






^^ 






« 


megalocarpa 


" 


" 






GUALTHERIA 


procumbens 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


EriccEE 


Gymnopogon 


racemosa 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Griminese 


Gymnostylis 


stolonifera 


Syngenesia 


Polygam. Neces. 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae 


Gynandropsis 


pentaphylla 




1 




" 


Capparidaceae 



FLORA. 



57 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Habenaria 


Ciliaris 
blephariglotis 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


OrchideaB 


(C 


cristata 
psychodes 


'^ 


" 


(( 


" 


u 


EUiottii 


« 


" 


)( 


u 


« 


tridentata 


c< 


« 


(( 


« 


(( 


fuscescens 


« 


« 


« 


<( 


« 


Michauxii 


" 


" 


(C 


« 


" 


repens 


« 


" 


" 


" 


Halesia 


tetraptera 
diptera 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Styraceae 


Hamamelis 


Virginica 
macrophylla 


Tetrandria 


Digynia 


« 


HamamelacesB 


Hamiltonia 


oleifera 


DicEcia 


Pentandria 


" 


Santalaceae 


Hedeoma 


pulegioides 


Diandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Labiatae 


Hedyotis 


glomerata 


Tetrandria 




" 


Cinchonacese 


Hedtsarum 


nudiflorum 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionaceae 


" 


acunimatum 




' 


it 


" 


" 


(( 


canescens 




' 


" 


" 


<c 


« 


cuspidatum 




« 


n 


(( 


It 


(t 


viridiflorum 
rhombifolium 




' 


« 


(C 




" 


glabellum 




' 


" 


(( 


(( 


u 


obtusum 




' 


" 


« 


(( 


u 


ciliare 




< 


" 


'< 


cc 


« 


rigidum 




' 


" 


(( 


I( 


(( 


strictum 




« 


« 


« 


« 


« 


paniculatum 




' 


« 


« 


" 


(( 


rotundifolium 
lineatum 




( 


(( 


„ 


„ 


Helenium 


autumnale 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


(C 


CorymbiferiB 


Helianxhemum 


Canadensis 
corymbosum 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


K 


CistacesB 
« 


« 


Carolinianum 


« 


" 


« 


" 


Helianthus 


atrorubens 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 


« 


CorymbiferaB 


« 


sparsifolius 


« 


" 


« 


« 


(C 


angustifolius 


iC 


" 


(( 


« 


« 


truncatus 


(( 


« 


« 


" 


(< 


longifolius 


(C 


« 


" 


(c 


« 


pubescens 


« 


« 


" 


« 


« 


mollis 


cc 


« 


« 


<( 


« 


hispidulus 


« 


u 


« 


« 


« 


strumosus 


(C 


" 


(( 


" 


« 


tenuifolius 


^< 


" 


(( 


•< 


» 


spathulatus 


" 


" 


(( 


" 




tricuspis 


" 


" 


« 


« 


(C 


diversifolius 


" 


« 


(( 


" 


« 


scaberrimus 


« 




U 


(( 


" 


trachelifolius 


" 


<( 


« 


" 


(( 


tomentosus 


(C 


« 


(( 


" 


(( 


decapetalus 


tt 


<c 


" 


(C 


« 


multiflorus 


« 


« 


« 


« 


« 


giganteus 


« 


« 


(< 


It 


" 


altiissimus 


« 


'< 


t( 


" 


(( 


dovaricatus 


« 


«« 


« 


« 


(( 


aristattis 


t( 


" 


" 


" 


Heliopsis 


laevis 


" 


Superflua 


Exog. 


CoryrabifertD 


Heliotropium 


indicum 
curassavicum 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


« 


Heliotropicffi 


Helonias 


erythrosperma 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


MelanthacesB 


(( 


angustifolia 




(( 


<c 


« 


<( 



58 



FLORA. 



_ __.___! 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. 1 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Helosciadium 


nodiflorum 






Endog. 


Umbelliferse 


« 


eptophyllum 










Hepatica 


triloba 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


Exog. 


HanunculaceaE 


Herpestis 


cuneifolla 
rotundifolia 


Didynamia. 


Angiospermia 


(( 


Scrophularinae 


« 


amplexicaulis 


" 


(C 


« 


" 


" 


micrantha 


" 


<( 


tt 


« 


Heteranthera 


reniformis 


" 


" 


Endog. 


Pontedereee 


Heughera 


Americana 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Saxifragaceae 


" 


caulescens 


" 


" 






<t 


" 


bispida 




" 






" 


Hibiscus 


moscheutos 


Monadelph. 


Polyandria 






Malvaceae 


" 


Virginicus 
aculeatus 


« 


(< 






« 


« 


incanus 


" 


« 






" 


« 


Carolinianus 


" 


" 






" 


« 


militaris 
speciosus 


u 


« 






•< 


HiERACIUM 


venosum 
marianum 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 






Chichoraceae 


« 


Gronovii 


" 


" 






" 


<t 


paniculatum 


" 


" 






" 


HOPEA 


tinctoria 


Monadelph. 


Polyandria 






Styracese 


HOTTONIA 


inflata 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 






Primulaceae 


HOUSTONIA 
« 


patens 

Ccerulea 

longifolia 


Tetrandria 


" 






Gentianeae 


« 


purpurea 


« 


" 






" 


« 


serpyllifolia 


" 


" 






" 


<( 


rotundifolia 


" 


" 






<i 


HtJMULUS 


lupulus 


DioDcia 


Hexandria 






Urticaceae 


Hydrangea 


vulgaris 
cordata 


Decandria 


Digynia 






Saxifragaceae 


« 


nivea 


" 


" 






" 


« 


quercifolia 


" 


" 






" 


Hydrastis 


Canadensis 


Polyandria 


Polygnia 


" 


RanunculaceoE 


Hthrocharis 


spongiosa 


Dicecia 


Enneandria 


Endog. 


Hydrocharideae 


Hydrocotyle 


interrupta 
unibellata 
Americana 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Umbelliferae 


" 


repanda 


" 


" 


" 


'^ 


(( 


ranunculoides 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


lineata 


« 


" 


" 


Ranunculaceae 


Hydrolea 


quadrivalvis 


" 


(( 


" 


Hydroleaceae 


« 


corymbosa 


" 


« 


" 


** 


Hydrophyllum 


Virginicuin 


" 


Monogynia 


« 


Hydrophylleae 


Hymenopapfus 


scabiosaeus 


Syngenesia 


Squalls 


" 


Corymbiferao 


Hypericum 


prolificum 
gallioides 


Polyandria 
« 


Di-pentagynia 


« 


Hypericaceae 


« 


fasciculatum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


aureum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


multifolium 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


anibigum 


(> 


« 


" 


" 


« 


nudiflorum 


<t 


" 


" 


" 


« 


opacum 


" 


« 


« 


" 


C( 


fasligiatum 


« 


(C 


<( 


a 


« 


maculatum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


pilosum 


" 


« 


" 


« 


(C 


angulosum 


" 


<( 


" 


c< 


(( 


parviflorum 


« 


« 
« 




i( 


i( 



FLORA. 



59 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


C L ASS . 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Hypericum 


canadense 

.garothra 

Drummondii 


Polyandria 


Pentagynia 


Exog. 


Hypericaceae 


Htpobricia 


Nuttallii 






" 


LythracesB 


Hypoxis 


erecta 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Hypoxideae 


<•■ 


filifolia 


(( 


" 


" 


" 


Hyptis 


radiata 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


Exog. 


Labiatse 


Hyssopus 


scrophularifolius 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Ilex 


dahoon 


Dicecia 


Tetrandria 


« 


Ilicineae 


" 


opaca 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


ligustrina 




" 


" 


" 


(( 


mynifolia 


" 


" 


« 


" 


<c 


cassina 


(( 


" 


tt 


" 


" 


prinoides 


tt 


" 


tt 


" 


Illicidm 


parviflorum 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


" 


MagnoliacesD 


" 


Floridanum 


<( 


« 


" 


" 


Impatiens 


noli-tangere 
biflora 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


BalsaminaceaB 


IlTDIGOFERA 


Caroliniana 
leptosepala 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


ti 
tt 


Papilionaces 


POMCEA 


orbicularis 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Convolvulaceae 


« 


bona-nox 


" 


(I 


" 


" 


i( 


coccinea 




(( 


tt 


tt 


(( 


trichocarpa 


<< 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


nil 


« 


" 


" 


" 


" 


dissecta 


« 


(C 


" 


" 


Iresine 


celosioides 


DioBcia 


Pentandria 


« 


" 


Ikis 


cristala 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


[rideae 


" 


versicolor 


" 


« 


" 


" 


« 


tripetala 


" 


tt 


" 


ft 


c« 


hexagona 




l€ 


It 


" 


« 


cuprea 




" 


" 


tt 


Itea 


Virginica 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Saxifragea 


IVA 


frutescens 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 


" 


Corymbifers 


" 


imbricata 


« 


« 


<t 


" 


IXIA 


coelestina 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


" 


EuphorbiaceEB 


Jatropha 


stimulosa 


Monoecia 


Monadelphia 


tt 


" 


Jeffersonia 


diphylla 






« 


" 


JUGLANS 


Nigra 


" 


" 


" 


Juglandeae 


ft 


cinerea 


" 


" 


" 


" 


JUNCUS 
« 
« 


acutu3 
effusus 
setaceus 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Junceaa 


« 


tenuis 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


dichotomus 




" 


" 


« 


(( 


bufonius 


tt 


(( 


" 


« 


« 


biflorus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


M 


aristatus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


f( 


repens 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


acuminatus 

polycephalus 

echinatus 


:: 


« 


" 


« 


" 


canipestris 


" 


« 


" 


" 


Juniperus 


virginiana 


Dicecia 


Monodelphia 


Exog. 


ConifertE 


Jussieua 


grandidora 






" 


Onagracea 


" 


leptocarpa 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


decurrens 






" 




Jdsticia 


humilis 


Diandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


Acanthaces 


" 


ensifornnis 


tt 


" 


tt 


" 


Kallstrcemia 


ma,xima 






•' 


Zygophyllaceffl 


Kalmia 


latifolia 


iDecandria 


Monogynia 


« 


Ericese 



60 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Kalmia 


angustifolia 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericeae 


« 


cuneata 
lirsuta 


« 


« 


« 


« 


Kkigia 


Virginica 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


« 


Compositae 


K 


Caroliniana 


" 


tt 




'« 


« 


dandelion 


" 


" 




« 


" 


amplexicaulis 


it 


" 


« 


" 


KUHNIA 


eupatorioideaf 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


i< 


critonia 


" 


" 


tt 


Corymbiferaa 


Kyllingia 


monocephala 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


" 


" 


Dumila 


" 


" 


tt 


« 


<( 


maculata 


" 


" 


Endog 


Cyperaceae 


Lachnanthes 


tinctoria 


(C 


tt 


Exog. 


HaemodoraceaE 


Lactuca 


elongata 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


" 


Compositae 


" 


graminifolia 


ti 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


sagittifolia 


tt 


tt 


(( 


" 


(( 


villosa 


tt 


" 


« 


ft 


Lamium 


amplexicaule 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


tt 


Labiatse 


Lantana 


camara 


" 


Angiospermia 


It 


Verbenaceae 


Lathtrus 


pusillus 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


tt 


LeguminosEB 


Ladrus 


Carolinensis 


Enneandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


Laurinese 


ft 


catesbeyana 


(( 


" 


tt 


« 


(( 


benzoin 


tt 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


geniculata 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


<( 


melissifolia 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


<( 


sassafras 


« 


" 


tt 


" 


Leavenworthia 


aurea 


" 


" 


.1 


Cruciferae 


LiCHEA 


major 


Triandria 


Trigynia 


tt 


Cistaceae 


" 


minor 


" 


" 


" 


" 


C( 


racemulosa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


thymifolia 


" 


« 


" 


(( 


Leersia 


Virginica 


« 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Graminiae 


«« 


lenticularis 


tt 


" 






" 


obyzoides 


" 


" 






Leiophtlum 


buxifolium 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ericeae 


Lemma 


minor 


MoncEcia 


Diandria 


Endog. 




" 


polyrrhiza 


« 


" 


" 


Pistiaceae 


Leontice 


thalictroides 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Berberidaceae 


Leontodox 


taraxacum 


Syngenesia 


Squalls 


" 


CichoraceaB 


Leonorus 


cardiaca 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


" 


Labiatoe 


Lepidium 


Virginicum 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


CapparidacesB 


Leptocaulis 


divaricatus 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


" 


Umbellifereae 


Leptopoda 


puberula 
decurrens 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 


tt 


Corymbiferae 


Lepuropetalon 


spathulatum 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 


« 


Saxifragaceas 


Lespedeza 


procumbens 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionaceao 


" 


repens 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


sessiliflora 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


Stuvei 


tt 


tt 


ft 


" 


« 


hirta 


tt 


tt 


" 


" 


« 


capitata 


tt 


" 


tt 


« 


« 


angustifolia 


" 


It 


" 


" 


Liatris 


spicata 


Syngenesia 


jEqualis 


tt 


" 


« 


pycnostachya 


" 


« 


tt 


Corymbiferae 


(1 


graminifolia 


" 


" 


i' 


" 


« 


tenuifolia 


« 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


cylindracea 


" 


i( 


tt 


" 


(( 


heterophylla 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


pilosa 


" 


" 


« 


" 


« 


gracilis 


« 


« 


tt 


" 


(« 


secunda 


" 


« 


1 " 


" 



FLORA. 



61 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


LlATRIS 


resinosa 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


Exog. 


Corymbiferaj 


" 


elegans 


" 


" 


" 




' . 


« 


scariosa 


« 


« 


" 






« 


spheroidea 


" 


" 


" 






<( 


squarrosa 
pauciflora 


<i 


« 


« 






n 


paniculata 


" 


" 


" 






« 


odoratissima 


«' 


<( 


" 






K 


tomentosa 


« 


" 


" 






" 


Walterii 


" 


" 


" 






LiGUSTICUM 


actaeifolium 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


« 


Umbelliferae 


LlLIUM 


Catesbasi 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 






(( 


Philadelphicum 


" 


" 




LiliacejB 


« 


Canadense 


<( 


(( 




« 


K 


Carolinianum 


<( 


(C 




" 


« 


superbum 


« 


<< 


Endog< 


" 


(( 


dilatatum 


Diandria 


tt 


Exog. 


Scrophularineae 


LiNDERNIA 


attenuata 


" 


" 




« 


LiNUM 


Virginianura 
rigidum 


Pentandria 


Pentagynia 


« 


Linaces 


LiQUIDAMBAR 


styraciflua 


Moncp.cia 


Polyandria 


(( 


Amentacea; 


LiRIODENDRON 


tulipifera 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


(( 


Magnoliaceap 


LiSTERA 


pubescens 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchideae 


" 


convallarioides 


" 


" 


" 


" 


LiTHOSPERMUM 


arvense 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


BoragineaB 


Lobelia 


kalmii 


" 


" 


" 


Lobeliaceae 


" 


pallida 


« 


" 


(( 


" 


(( 


Claytoniana 


" 


(( 


tt 


" 


« 


glandulosa 


" 


« 


tt 


« 


« 


inflata 


" 


« 


tt 


tt 


(C 


syphilitica 


" 


« 


" 


<( 


(( 


puberula 


(( 


« 


ti 


« 


(( 


amcena 


(( 


ti 


" 


tt 


u 


cardinalis 


(( 


tt 


tt 


tt 


LUDWIGIA 
« 


alternifolia 
pilosa 


Tetrandria 
« 


tt 


tt 


Onagraueae 


« 


virgata 


<( 


" 


tt 


" 


M 


linearis 


" 


" 


It 


" 


« 


linifolia 


« 


" 


<i 


« 


<( 


cylindrica 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


« 


mollis 


tt 


" 


" 


tt 


X 


alata 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


tt 


sphaerocarpa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


microcarpa 


" 


" 


" 


It 


c< 


capitata 


" 


<( 


" 


" 


c< 


palustris 


" 


« 


(( 


" 


c< 


nutans 


" 


" 


(( 


tt 


« 


pedunculosa 


'• 


(( 


(1 


" 


LUPINUS 


perennis 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


c« 


PapilionacesB 


*' 


villosus 


" 


" 


tt 


'< 


" 


diffusus 


" 


" 


tt 


« 


Ltcium 


Carolinianum 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


tt 


Solaneae 


Lycopus 

« 


Virginicus 

angustifolius 

exaltatua 


Diandria 


tt 


tt 


LabiatsB 


« 


sinuatus 


« 


" 


tt 


" 


Lysimachia 


Herbemonti 
quadrifolia 


Pentandria 


„ 


tt 


Priinulaceae 


" 


lanceolata 


" 


" 


<t 


<t 


(C 


ciliata 


" 


<t 


" 


tt 


M 


quadriflora 


" 


" 






(( 



62 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Lysimachia 


heterophylla 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exo g 


Primulacese 


Lythrum • 


laneolatum 

alatum 

lineare 


Icosandria 


« 
(I 
« 




Lythraceae 


Macbridea 


pulehra 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 




Labiatse 


Masnolia 


grandiflora 

glauca 

acuminata 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 




Magnoliaceae 


" 


tripetala 
Cordata 


<t 


« 




** 


<c 


auriculata 


" 


" 




" 


" 


macrophylla 


u 


« 




" 


Malaxis 


lilifolia 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchideae 


Malope 


malacoides 


Monodelph. 


Polyandria 


Exog. 


Malvaceae 


Malva 


rotundifolia 
Carollniana 


„ 


** 


<c 


" 


Makiscus 


retrofractus 
cylindricus 
echinatus 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


j^ 


Gramineae 


Marrubium 


vulgare 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


" 


Labiatse 


Marshallia 


lanceolata 
angustifolia 


Syngenesia 


jEqualis 


'^ 


Corymbiferae 


Martynia 


proboscidea 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


« 


Pedalineae 


Medeola 


Virginica 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


SmilaceEE 


Medicago 


lupulina 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionacese 


Melampyrun 


Aniericanum 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Pedicularese 


Melananthera 


hastata 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae 


Melanthium 


Virginicum 

monoicum 

hybridum 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


Melanthaceje 


Melia 


azedarach 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Meliaceae 


Melica 


glabra 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Melilotus 


officinalis 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionacese 


Melothria 


pendula 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 




Cucurbitaceae 


Menispermum 


Canadensa 
Lyoni 


Dioecia 


Polyandria 




Menispermaceaa 


Mentha 


viridis 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 




Labiatae 


Menziesia 


globularis 


Octandria 


Monogynia 




Ericeae 


MiCRANTHEMUM 


orbiculatum 
emarginatum 


Diandria 


i( 




Primulaceae 


MiKANIA 


scandens 
pubescens 


Syngenesia 


.^qualis 




Corymbiferffi 


Mimosa 


strigillosa 


Monadelph. 


Decandria 




PapilionaccB 


MiMULUS 


ringens 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 




Scrophularineae 


<• 


alatus 


« 


" 




" 


MiTCHELLA 


repens 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 




Cinchonaceae 


MiTREOLA 


sessilifolia 
lanceolata 


Pentandria 


** 




Gentianae 


MODIOLA 


multifida 


Monodelph. 


Polyandria 




Malvaceae 


MoLLTJGO 


verticillata 


Triandria 


Trigynia 




Caryophyllaceae 


MONARDA 


clinopodia 


" 






" 


« 


punctata 


" 






" 


« 


ciliata 


" 






" 


MONOCERA 


aromatica 


" 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


MoNOTROFA 


uniflora j 

Morrisoniana 

lanuginosa 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Pyrolaceae 


M0RU3 


alba 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


" 


Artocarpeae 


« 


rubra 


" 


" 


" 


" 


MUHLENBERGIA 


difTusa 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


GraminesB 


« 


erecta 


" 


" 


" 


" 







FLORA 






63 




L[NNEAN SYSTEM; 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Mtlocarium 


ligustrium 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


EriceEB 


Myosotis 


Virginiana 


Peniandria 


" 


" 


Doraginese 


Mtosurus 


minimus 


" 


Polygynia 


" 


Ranunculaceae 


Myhica 


cerifera 
Carolinensis 


Dicecia 


Tetrandria 


« 


Amenlaceae 


Mtriophyllum 


verliclilatum 

heterophyllum 

scrabatum 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


" 


Onagraceae 


Nasturtium 


officinale 

tanacetifolium 

palustre 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


Cruciferae 


Nectris 


aquatica 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


" 


Berberidaceae 


Nelumbium 


luteum 


Polyandria 


Polygynia 


" 


NelumbiaceaB 


Neottia 


tortilla 
cernua 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchidese 


Nkpeta 


cataria 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


Exog. 


Labiatae 


Neurophtlum 


longifolium 










NiCOTIANA 


tabacum 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 






NOLINA 


Georgiana 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Exog. 


SolaneaB 


NUPHAR 


advena 
sagittaefolia 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


» 


Nymphaeaceae 


Nymph^a 


odorata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Nyssa 


multiflora 

aquatica 

cajJitata 


Dicecia 


Pentandria 


„ 


Santalaeeae 


« 


tomentosa 
uniflora 


« 


« 


« 


« 


Obolaria 


Virginica 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Gentianeae 


CEnothera 


biennis 
muricata 


Octandria 


Monogynia 


« 


Onagraceae 


" 


grandiflora 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


sinuata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Pructicosa 


" 


« 


" 


" 


u 


linearis 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


glauca 


" 


" 


" 


" 


» 


riparia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Olea 


Americana 


Diandria 


" 


" 


" 


Onosmodium 


tiispidum 


Pentandria 


" 


" 


Oleaceae 


Oplotheca 


Floridana 


Monadelph. 


Pentandria 


" 


Boragineae 


Orchidocarpum 


grandiflorum 


Polyandria 


Polygnia 


" 


AmaranthaceaB 


Orchis 


spectabilis 
nivea 
viridis 
:)identata 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Magnoliaceae 
Orchideffi 


Ornithogalum 


croceum 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


" 


" 


Orobanche 


Americana 

uniflora 

Virginiana 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


Exog. 


Asphodeleae 
Orobancheae 


Orontium 


aquaticum 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog 


" 


OSMORHIZA 


brevistylis 






Exog. 


Umbelliferae 


OSTRYA 


Virginica 






<' 


Amenlaceae 


OXALIS 


violacea 

corniculata 

stricta 


Decandria 


Pentagynia 


" 


Oxalidaceae 


OXYCOCCUS 


•rythrocarpus 


Octandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Vaccineae 


Pachysandra 


procumbens 


MoiioEcia 


Tetrandria 


" 


Euphorbiaceae 


Panax 


quinquefoliura 
trifolium 


Dioucea 


Pentandria 


" 


Araliaceae 


Pancratium 


Mexicanum 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Amaryllideae 


K 


maritimum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Panicum 


cenchroides 


Triandria 


Digynia 


" 


Gramineae 



FLORA. 



II 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Panicum 


:aevigatum 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


(C 


crus-galli 


" 




" 




« 


Walteri 


« 




« 




(C 


lirtellum 
gibbum 


" 




« 




(C 


moUe 


" 




<( 




(( 


gymnocarpon 


" 




c( 




" 


glaucum 


" 




It 




« 


Italicum 


" 




ft 




" 


geniculatura 


" 




11 




" 


anceps 


(( 




(C 




M 


bians 


" 




(C 




<( 


latifolium 


" 




" 




« 


scoparium 


" 




« 




(( 


pauciflorum 


" 




" 




« 


virgatum 


" 




" 




« 


am arum 


It 




« 




« 


scabriusculum 


•' 




« 




« 


nervosum 


« 




" 




« 


multifloram 


« 




" 




« 


ovale 


(( 




« 




(( 


lanuginosum 


" 




«< 




« 


viscidum 


II 




" 




" 


dichotomum 


(1 




K 




" 


villosum 


" 




(( 




« 


sphserocarpon 
pubescens 


" 




,t 




(C 


strigosum 


" 




« 




n 


ciliatum 


1- 




<( 




It 


ensifolium 


« 




II 




it 


barbulatum 


" 




ft 




ft 


microcarpon 


" 




" 




<( 


nitidum 


(( 




,c 




cr 


melicarium 


« 




« 




cr 


debile 


«« 




(C 




" 


angustifolium 


11 




" 




" 


divergens 


« 




It 




Parietaeia 


Pennsylvanica 
Floridana 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


Exog. 


UrticacesB 


Parnassia 


Caroliniana 


Pentandria 


Tetragynia 


(( 


Droseraceao 


« 


asarifolia 


" 




« 


Corymbiferae 


Parthenium 


integrifolium 






« 


GramineaB 


Paspalum 


setaceum 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 




« 


debile 

ciliatifolium 

dasyphyllum 

prsBcox 

Iseve 

Floridanum 

purpurascens 


« 




1 
1 
1 


(C 




I 


distichum 
vaginatum 


It 




' 


" 




Passiflora 


incarnata 
lutea 


Monadelph. 


Pentandria 


Exog. 


PassifloracesB 


Pedicularis 


Canadensis 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


« 


Pediculares 


Penthorum 


sedoides 


Decandria 


Pentagynia 


(C 


CrassulaceaB 


Pentstemon 


leevigatum 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


It 


Scrophulaceaa 


ct 


pubescens 


" 


" 


(( 


" 


« 


dissectum 


II 


II 


« 


" 


Petalostemon 


carneum 






« 


Papilionaceee 


«f 


corymbosum 








<i 





FLORA. 



65 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Glass. 


Order. 


Glass. 


Order. 


Fhaca 


villosa 


Diadelplna 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionaceae 


Phacelia 


fimbriata 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Hydrophyileae 


Phaseolus 


petennis 

diveisifolius 

iielvolus 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


« 


Papilionaceas 


Phalaris 


Ameiicana 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Philadelfuus 


inodorous 
grandillorus 


Icosandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Saxifragaceae 


Phleum 


pratense 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Gramineae 


Phlox 


acuminata 
panicnlata 
undulata 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Polenio.niaceae 


(C 


pyramidalis 


" 


" 


« 


« 


« 


cordata 


" 


«, 


" 


I. 


(( 


maculata 


" 


« 


« 


" 


« 


Carolina 


" 


'< 


» 


<c 


« 


nitida 

glaberrima 

aristata 


'' 


« 


«' 


,, 


" 


pilosa 

amoena 

divaricata 

subulata 

setacea 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Phyllanthus 


Caroliniensis 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 




Exphorbiaceae 


Physalis 

« 


ianceolata 

angulata 

Pennsylvanica 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Solaneae 


" 


pruinosa 


" 


" 




" 


" 


viscosa 
pubescens 


li 


" 




" 


Phytolacca 


decandra 


Decandria 


Decagynia 




Phytolacca; 


Pinckneya 


pubens 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Cinchonaceae 


PiNGUICULA 


elatior 

lutea 

pumila 


Diandria 


" 




LentibularicB 


PiNUS 


inops 

variabilis 

rigida 


Monoecia 


Monadelphia 




Coniferese 


(C 

» 

« 


serotina 

pungens 

tseda 

palustris 

strobus 


" 


'•• 




'• 


» 


jalsamea 


« 


« 






« 


Canadensis 

nigra 

alba 


« 


** 




" 


PiSTIA 


spathulata 


Monadelph. 


Octandria 


Endog. 


.Tunragineae 


PlTCnERIA 


galactoides 






Exog. 


Papilionaceae 


Planera 


gnielini 


Pentandria 


Digynia 




Ulmaccae 


Plantago 


major 
Virginica 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Plantagineae 


« 


anceolata 


" 


« 


" 


<. 


« 


mterrupta 


" 


« 


<< 


<. 


Platanus 


occidentalis 


MonoDcia 


Polyandria 


<. 


Platanea; 


Pleea 


tenuifolia 


Enneandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


Junceae 


POA 


capillaris 


Triandria 


Digynia 


" 


Grammeae 


" 


tenuis 


«< 


« 


« 


« 


« 


lirsuta 


<< 


» 


„ 


„ 


" 


parviilora 


" 


" 


« 





66 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Geneka. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


POA 


conferta 
arnica 
autumnalis 
viridis 


Enneandria 
Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog 


Graminese 




angustifolia 
tenela 


„ 


" 


" 


^^ 




pectinacea 
eragrostis 


" 


" 


" 


" 




nitida 




» 


« 


« 




refracta 
fluitans 




" 


:; 


^j 




reptans 




« 


« 


« 




rigid a 




« 


cc 


« 




quinquefida 




« 


« 


" 




ambigua 




" 


<. 


" 


Podophyllum 


peitatum 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Berberidacese 


PODOSTEMUM 


ceratophyllum 


MoncBcia 


Diandria 




PodostemeEQ 


POGONIA 


ophioglossoides 

divaricata 

verticillata 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchideae 


POLANISIA 


tenuifolia 






Exog. 


Capparidaceae 


POLEMONIUM 


reptans 


Pcntandria 


Monogynia 




Poiemoniacese 


POLYCARPON 


tetrophyllum 


Triandria 


Trigynia 


« 


lUecebraceae 


POLYGALA 


sanguinea 
purpurea 


Diadelphia 


Octandria 


,, 


Polygalaceae 


<( 


cruciata 
lutea 




" 


(I 




" 


nana 
corymbosa 




" 


« 




<t 


cymosa 

Baldwinii 

incarnata 

setacea 

verticillata 




« 


te 




c< 


senega 
Boykinii 




„ 


" 




C( 


Chapmanii 
polygama 




" 


,, 




« 


grandiflora 
paucifolia 




„ 


,j 




POLYGONATUM 


biflorum 

multiflorum 

pubescens 










Polygonum 


niaritimum 

aviciilare 

tenue 

punctatum 

mite 

Virginianum 

setaceum 

liirsutum 


Octandria 


Trigynia 




PolygonesB 


(< 


incaniatum 


" 








(( 


Pennsylvanicum 


" 








K 


Orientale 


" 








« 


polygamurn 

sngittatum 

arifolium 

convolvulus 

scandens 


« 








POLYMNIA 


Canadensis 
uvedalia 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 


i< 


Corymbiferae 



FLORA. 



67 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera.. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 
Monogynia 


Class. 


Order. 


PoLYPREMUM 


procumbens 


Tetrandria 


Exog. 


GentianesB 


POLYPTERIS 


integrifolia 


Syngenesia 


jEqualis 




Corymbiferae 


PONTEDERIA 


cordata 
lancifolia 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 






POPULCS 


grandidentata 

angulata 

heterophylla 


Dicecia 


Octandria 


Exog. 


Amentaceae 


POTAMOGETON 


rtuitans 

heterophyllum 

pauciflorum 


Tetrandria 


Tetragynia 


Endog. 


Fluviales 


POTENTILLA 


Norwegica 
Canadensis 
tridentata 


Icosandria 


Polygnia 


Exog. 


Rosaceae 


Prenanthes 


altissima 

cordata 

deltoidea 

virgata 

crepidinea 

alba 

serpentaria 


Syngenesia 


iEqualis 


« 


Compositae 


Prinos 


ambiguus 
verticillatus 


Dioecia 


Hexandria 


" 


Ilicenea! 


" 


integrifolius 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


lanceolatus 

glaber 

coriaceus 


: 


\ 


« 


: 


Phryma 


lepostachya 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 




Labiatse 


Prunella 


vulgaris 


" 


« 


« 


" 


Pruncs 


Americana 
maritinia 


Icosandria 


Monogynia 


,£ 


RosaceEe 


Psoralea 


canescens 
lupinellus 
virgata 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


: 


Papilionaceae 


I 


mellilotoides 
eglandulosa 


*' 


'* 


« 


<. 


tt 


multijuga 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Ptelea 


trifoliata 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Zanthoxylaceae 


Pterocaulon 


pycnostachyum 


Syngenesia 


:-^uperflua 


« 


Corymbiferae 


Pulmonaria 


Virginica 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Boraginese 


Fycnanthemum 


incanum 
aristatum 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


« 


Labiata?. 


" 


montanum 


" 


iC 


" 


" 


« 


monardellum 


" 


" 


" 


'•• 


(( 


nudum 


« 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Virginicum 


<< 


" 


" 


" 


" 


linifolium 


" 


" 


" 




" 


rauiicum 
verticillatum 


« 


" 


« 


,. 


Pyrola 


rotundifolia 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Pyrolaceae 


Pyrus 


coronaria 

angustifolin 

erythrocarpa 


Icosandria 


Pentagynia 


" 


Rosaceae 


Proserpinaca 


palustris 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Quercus 


phellos 

imbricaria 

pumila 


Triandria 
MonoBcia 


Trigynia 


" 


Cupuliferae 


(C 


virens 


" 


" 


" 


■< 


« 


laurifolia 


<< 


'< 


" 


" 


(C 


aquatica 
nigra 


„ 


" 


„ 


„ 


" 


tinctoria 


" 


" 


« 


" 



68 



FLORA. 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. | 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


QUERCUS 
cc 

(C 


coccinea 

rubra 

catesbaei 

falcata 

triloba 

pagodeefolia 

ilicifolia 

obtusiloba 

lyrata 

alba 

prinus 

Michauxii 


Monoecia 


Triandria 


Exog. 


Cupuliferae 


!' 


montana 
castanea 


" 


« 


" 


« 


Ranunculus 

(C 


chinquapin 

aquatilis 

laxicaulis 

pusillus 

abortivus 

sceleratus 


Polygynia 


Polygynia 


" 


Ranunculaceee 


el 


repens 

Purshii 

Palmatus Carolianus 

hispidus 

recurvatus 

Pennsylvanicus 

tomentosus 

muricatus 


« 


« 


" 


« 


Rhamnus 


parviflorus 
Carolinianus 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Rhamnaceae 


Rhexia 


minutiflorus 
Mariana 
angustifolia 
Virginica 


Octandria 


"' 


" 


Melastomacese 


« 


stricta 
glabella 


« 


*' 


« 


** 


« 
« 


ciliosa 
serrulata 


l 


» 


« 


« 


Rhododendron 


lutea 
maximum 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Ericeae 


Rhus 


punctatum 

typhi na 
glabra 
pumila 
copallina 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 


" 


Anacardiaceae 


"' 


vernix 

toxicodendron 

radicans 


jj 


" 


^^ 


„ 


Rynchosia 


aroma tica 

caribiea 

monophylla 

volubilis 

mollissima 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionacea; 


RlirNCOSPORA 


erecta 

alba 

rariflora 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


<c 


piuinosa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


cymosa 

longiroslris 

distans 


,, 


,( 


jj 


" 


" 


punctata 


" 


" 


" 


" 



FLORA. 



69 



1 


LINNEAN .SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SVPTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


. Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Rhvncospora 


capitellata 
inexpansa 
caduca 
sparsa 


Triandria 


Monygnia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 
« 


ROBLNIA 


pseudacacia 
viscosa 
hispida 
var. rosea 
var. nana 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog. 


Papilionacese 


Rosa 


Caroliniana 
lucida 
parviflora 
iBBvigata 


Icosandria 


Polygynia 


" 


Rosaceae 


ROTTBOELIA 


dimidiata 


iTriandria 


Digynia 


P]ndog. 


Gramineae 


RrBiA 


Brownii 


i " 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Stellatae 


RUDBECKIA 


purpurea 

pinnata 

digitata 

laciniata 

triloba 

tomentosa 


Syngenesia 


Frustranea 


It 


CorymbifersB 


« 


mollis 

leevigata 

discolor 

spathulata 

fulgida 

hirta 


.< 


« 


„ 




" 


aristata 


" 


" 


" 


Rosaceae 


RcBrs 


odoratus 
occidentalis 
villosus 
hispidus 


Icosandria 


Polygynia 


'" 


'' 


« 


trivialis 


" 


" 


It 


« 


" 


cuneifolius 


" 


" 


" 


Amanthaceae 


RUELLIA 


strepens 

hirsuta 

ciliosa 

oblongifolia 

humistrata 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


"< 


Polygoneae 


RUMEX 


sanguineus 
pulcher 
verticillatus 
Britannicus 


Hexandria 


Trlgynia 


" 


"' 


l( 


crispus 
persicarioides 


« 


„ 


" 


„ 


" 


divaricatus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


acetosella 
hastatulus 


.< 


" 


" 


" 


RUPPIA 


niaritinia 


Tetrandria 


Tetragynia 


Endog. 


Fluviales 


Sabal 


pumila 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


" 


Pahnae 


Sabbatia 


paniculata 
corymbosa 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


GentiancEB 


" 


gracilis 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


brachiata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


augularis 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


calycosa 


" 


« 


" 


" 


« 


chloroides 
ifcniianoides 


„ 


„ 


„ 


„ 


Sageretia 


Michauxii 


« 


« 


« 


X 


Sagittabia 


sagittifolia 


Monoecia 


Triandria 


Endog. 


Alismaceae 


" 


uatans 


C( 




« 


11 



FLORA. 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. 1 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Sagittakia 


ancifolia 
graminia 


Monoecia 


Triandria 
11 


Endog. 


Alislaceae 


Sagina 


jrocumbens 


Tetrandria 


Tetragynia ■ 


Exog. 


Caryophyllaceae 


Salicoknia 


lerbacea 


Monandria 


Monogynia 




Phytolacese 


C( 


ambigua 


" 


" 




" 


Salix 


muhlenbergiana 

tiistis 


Dioecia 


Diandria 




Amentaceae 


(( 


rosmarinifolia 


" 


" 




" 


" 


conifera 


" 


« 




" 


IC 


discolor 
nigra 


"i 


" 




" 


Salsola 


Caroliniana 
linearis 


Pentandria 


Digynia 




Chenoyodeae 


Salvia 


lyrata 

Claytoni 

urticifolia 


Diandria 


Monogynia 




Labiatae 


" 


coccinea 

azurea 

obovata 


" 


c< 




^j 


Sambucus 


Canadensis 
pubescens 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 




Caprifoliaceae 


Samoltjs 


valerandi 


" 


Monogynia 




Primulaceae 


Sanguinaeia 


Canadensis 


Polyandria 


" 




Papavericae 


Sanguisorba 


Canadensis 


Tetrandria 


Monogynia 




Rosaceae 


Sanicula 


Marilandica 


Pentandria 


Digynia 




Umbelliferae 


Santolina 


suaveolens 


Syngenesia 


Polygam..iEqalis 




Corymbiferae 


Sapindus 


saponaria 


Decandria 


Trigynia 




SapindiceaB 


Saponaria 


officinalis 


" 


" 




Caryophyllaceae 


Sarothka 


gentianoides 


Pentandria 


Tetragynia 




Hypericaceae 


Sarracenia 


purpurea 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 




Sarraceniaceae 


" 


rubra 


" 


" 




" 


« 


Flava 


" 


" 




" 


« 


variolaris 


" 


" 




" 


Saukurus 


cernuus 


Hexandria 


Tetragynia 




Saurureae 


Saxifraga 


Virginiensis 
leucanthemifolia 


Decandria 


Digynia 




Saxifragaceae 


SCHISANDRA 


coccinea 


Monoecia 


Triandria 




Schirandraceae 


SCHCENUS 


efiusus 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog, 


Cyperaceee 


SCHRANKIA 


uncinata 


Monodeiph. 


Polyandria 


Exog. 


Papilionaceae 


SCIRPUS 


capillaceus 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperaceae 


" 


trichodes 




" 


" 


" 


« 


simplex 




" 


" 


" 


(( 


filiformis 




" 


«< 


" 


(( 


paiustris 




" 


" 


" 


<c 


geniculatus 




" 


<f 


" 


« 


capitatus 






(f 


" 


C( 


tuberculatus 




" 


" 


*' 


It 


quadrangulatus 

equisetoides 

debilie 




^j 


<( 


" 


tt 


Americanus 




«' 


" 


" 


It 


lacustris 




li 


" 


" 


It 


autunnialis 




" 


It 


" 


tt 


ciliatifoiius 




" 


" 


" 


(C 


stennphyllus 




" 


" 


" 


" 


coarctatus 




« 


" 


" 


" 


castaneus 




" 


" 


" 


« 


spadiceus 




" 


" 


" 


tt 


ferrugineua 




" 


" 


" 


tt 


sulcatus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


tt 


maritimus 




<c 


" 


" 



FLORA. 



71 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


SCIRPDS 


exaltatus 
nitens 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Cyperacese 


" 


lineatus 

(Jivaricatus 

schcenoides 


" 


" 


« 


« 


SCLEKIA 


oligantha 
gracilis 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


'I 


It 


" 


triglomerata 


" 


" 


u 


" 


t< 


pauciflora 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


ciliata 
hirtelia 


;; 


'* 


» 


« 


" 


reticulata 


« 


" 


" 


" 


" 


verticillata 
inierrupta 


" 


(< 


** 


« 


SctrXELLAKIA 


integrifolia 

Caroliniana 

serrata 

villosa 

pilosa 

cordifolia 

lateriflora 


Didynamia 


Gynospermia 

«« 

■< 


Exog. 


Labiatae 
ti 


SCROFHULARIA 


Marylandica 


" 


Angiospermia 


" 


Scrophulafl-ineae 


SCHWALBEA 


Americana 


« 


" 


" 


" 


Sedum 


pulchellum 

ternatum 

telephiodes 


Decandria 


Pentagynia 


ij 


Cerassulaceae 


Senecio 

(( 


hieracifolius 
sua vo lens 
lonientosus 
obovatus 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


Corymbiferae 


" 


balsamita 
aureus 


<« 


„ 


It 


« 


" 


fastigiatus 


" 


" 


<i 


" 


" 


lobaius 


« 


« 


<< 


" 


Sesbania 


macrocarpa 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


<' 


Leguminosae 


" 


vesicaria 


«' 


" 


" 


" 


Seymeria 


tenufolia 
peciinata 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


,< 


Scrophularinese 


SlCYOS 


angulata 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 


" 


CucurbitacesB 


SiDA 
« 


gracilis 
hispida 
spinosa 


Monadelph. 


Polyandria 


« 


iMalvaceaj 


" 


Eliiottii 


<( 


" 


« 


" 


« 


rhombifolia 


« 


« 


« 


«' 


« 


abutilon 


« 


" 


" 


" 


Siegesbeckia 


laciniata 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


Compositae 


Silene 


quinquevulnera 

fimbriata 

Pennsylvanica 


Decandria 


Trigynia 


,, 


Caryophillaceae 


« 


Virginica 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


stellala 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<c 


ovata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<( 


rcgia 
antirrhina 


*' 


„ 


„ 


*^ 


SiLPHIUM 


laciniatum 

pennatifidum 

compositum 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 




Compositffi 


K 


terbinthinaceum 


« 


" 


" 


" • 


« 


perfoliatum 


« 


« 


" 


" 


« 


connatuni 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


integrifolium 


" 


" 


« 


« 



72 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Geneka. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


SiLPHIUM 


laevigatum 
scaberrimum 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 


Exog. 


Compositae 


« 


trifoliatum 


" 


«t 


" 


" 


(C 


ternatum 


It 


" 


" 


" 


K 


atropurpureum 


« 


" 


" 


" 


,, 


dentatum 
astericus 
pumiium 


" 


I 


: 


j^ 


SiNAPIS 


nigra 






" 


Cruciferse 


Sisymbrium 


canescens 
officinale 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliquosa 


" 


" 


SlSYKINCHIUM 


macronatum 


Monadelph. 


Triandria 


Endog. 


Iridese 


" 


Bermudianum 


« 


" 


" 


" 


It 


anceps 


" 


" 


" 


" 


SlUM 


line are 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Umbelliferas 


(( 


denticulatum 


« 


« 


" 


" 


Smilacina 


umbeliata 
racemosa 


Hexandria 


Monogynia 


" 


SmilacesB 


Smilax 


hastata 


Dioecia 


Hexandria 


Endog. 


" 


<c 


bona-nox 

quadrangularis 

Walteri 


" 


« 


« 


:; 


(C 


sarsaparilla 


" 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


ovata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<( 


lanceolata 
pumila 


" 


„ 


" 


« 


" 


pseudo-China 


" 


u 


" 


« 


« 


rotundifolia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<( 


caduca 


" 


« 


" 


" 


<< 


tamnoides 


" 


« 


" 


" 


(( 


peduncularis 


" 


" 


« 


It 


(r 


herbacea 


" 


" 


« 




SOLANUM 


Carolinense 

nigrum 

mammosum 


Pentandria 


Monog5mia 


Exog. 


Solaneae 


" 


Virgianianum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


SOLEA 


concolor 






" 


ViolaceoE 


SOLIDAGO 


Canadensis 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


ConipositBB 


" 


procera 


(( 


(C 


" 


" 


« 
« 


reflexa 
salicina 


" 


" 


« 


'^ 


<( 


elata 


« 


" 


" 


" 


«< 


rigida 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


graminifolia 
tenuifolia 


" 


„ 


" 


" 


SONCHDS 


oleraceus 


" 


iEqualis 


" 


« 


" 


macrophyllus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


K 


Floridanus 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Carolinianus 
acuminatus 


u 


" 


" 


" 


Spakganium 


Aniericanum 


MoncEcia 


Triandria 


Endog. 


Typhaceae 


Spaeganophorus 


verticillatus 


Syngenesia 


Pylyg'a iEqualis 


Exog. 


Corymbiferae 


Sfartina 


juncea 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Graminece 


« 


polystachya 


" 


" 


« 


" 


" 


glabra 


" 


" 




" 


Spekgula 


arvensis 
decumbens 


Decandria 


Pentagynia 


Exog. 


Illecebraceae 


" ^ 


rubra 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Spermacocce 


tcnuior 
diodina 


Tetradyn'a 


Monogynia 


„ 


Cinchonaceae 


" 


involucrata 


" ■ 


u 


« 


" 



FLORA. 



73 



II 


LfNNEAN SYSTEM. 1 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


SOLIDAGO 


ateriflora 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


Exog. 


CompositaB 


" 


rugosa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


aspera 


« 


" 


" 


" 


« 


altissima 


(( 


" 


" 


" 


« 


villosa 


" 


« 


« 


" 


<( 


nemoralis 


" 


" 


« 


« 


<c 


ulmifolia 
arguta 


« 




i( 


(( 


(( 


cinerascens 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 
« 


juncea 
elliptica 


<( 


'* 


It 


tt 


« 


odora 


" 


" 


« 


" 


<t 


retrorsa 


'< 


" 


" 


" 


It 


tortifolia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


tc 


pyramidata 


« 


« 


" 


" 


« 


corymbosa 


« 


u 


" 


" 


« 


sempervirens 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


limonifolia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


<( 


speciosa 
pubescens 


" 


** 


„ 


tt 


<c 


pauciflosculosa 


" 


" 


" 


« 


«* 


bicolor 


" 


" 


« 


" 


« 


petiolaris 


" 


" 


" 




I 


striata 
virgata 


(C 


« 


" 


tc 


« 


pulverulenta 


" 


" 


" 


f( 


« 


erecta 


" 


" 


" 




« 


coesia 


" 


" 


« 


tc 


<c 


lithospermifolia 


<■■ 


" 


(( 


" 


I( 


flexicaulis 


" 


" 


(C 


" 


« 


glomerata 
squarrosa 


u 


<( 


" 


" 


« 


angustifolia 


tt 


" 


St 


« 


Spigelia 


Marylandica 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Spigeliacese 


Spir^a 


opulifolia 


Icosandria 


Pentagynia 


" 


Rosaceae 


« 


salicifolia 
tomentosa 
lobata 
aruncus 


:: 


" 


" 


« 


Stachts 


hyssopifolia 
hispida 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


" 


Labiatae 


« 


aspera 


« 


" 


" 


" 


Staphtlea 


trifolia 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 


" 


Colastracece 


Statice 


limonium 


" 


Pentagynia 


" 


Plumbagineae 


Stellaria 

It 


media 
prostrata ^ 


Decandria 


Trigynia 


** 


Caryopliyllaceae 


" 


pubera 


" 


« 


" 


" 


« 


uniflora 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


lanuginosa 


MonoEcia 


Monadelphia 


" 


Euphorbiaceaj 


Stillingia 


sylvatica 
sebifera 


„ 


" 


** 


** 


« 


ligustrina 


" 


" 


" 


« 


Stipa 


avenacea 


Triandria 


Digynia 


Endog. 


Stipaceas 


Stipulicida 


Setacea 


" 


Monogynia 


E-vog. 


Illecebracene 


Stokesia 


cyanea 


Syngenesia 


/Rqualis 


« 


Ciclieracea3 


Streftopus 


rose us 


Ilexanclria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Smilaceic 


Stylosanthes 


elatior 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


Exog, 


Papilicnaceae 


Stuartia 


Virginica 


Monadelph. 


Polyandria 




Ternstraemiacese 


« 


pentagynia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Sttrax 


grandifolium 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Pontedereffl 


" 


pulverulentum 


" 


" 


" 


« 



n 



FLORA. 





LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class 


Order. 


Styrax • 


glabrum 


Decandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Ternstroemiaceee 


Syena 


flaviatilis 


Triandria 


" 


Endog. 


PontederecB 


Sympiioria 


glomerata 


Pen.tandria 


" 


Exog. 


Caprifoliaceae 


Tephkosia 


Virginiana 
pa uci folia 
hispidula 
chrysophylla 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


« 


Papilionaceae 


Tetragonoth'ca 


helianthdides 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


CorymbifercE 


Teucrium 


Canadeiise 
Virginicum 


Didynamia 


Gymnospermia 


„ 


Labiatae 


Thalia 


dealbata 


Monandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Marantacese 


Thalictrum 


cornuti 
dioicum 
anemonoides 


Polyandiia 


Polygnia 


Exog. 


RanunculacesE 


Thaspium 


cordatum 
barbinode 


Penlandria 


Digynia 


., 


Umbelliferae 


Thesium 


umbellatum 


" 


Monogynia 


" 


Santalaceae 


Thlaspi 


bursa pastoris 


Tetradyn'a 


Siliculosa 


" 


Coniferae 


Thuja 


occidentalis 


Moncecia 


Monadelphia 


" 


" 


Tiarella 


biternata 


Uecandria 


Oigynia 


" 


Saxifragacese 


TiEDMANNIA 


teretifolia 






" 


Umbellifereae 


Tilia 


Americana 

alba 

pubescens 


Polyandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Tiliacea 


TiLLANDSIA 


usneoides 
bartramii 
recurvata 


Hexandria 


I 


'' 


Bromeliaceje 


TiPL'LARIA 


discolor 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


(( 


Orchid eee 


Tofieldia 


pubens 
glab^rrima 


Hexandria 


Fngynia 
Monogynia 


:i 


Melanthacese 


Tradescantia 


Virginica 
rosea 


" 


(I 


" 


Commelineae 


Tragia 


linearifolia 

urens 

urticifolia 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


Exog. 


Euphorbiaceffi 


Trichodium 


laxiflorum 
perennans 


TriEndria 


Uigynia 


Endog. 


Graniineae 


Trichostema 


dichotoma 
linearis 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


Exog. 


Labiatae 


Trifolium 


arvense 
pra tense 
refiexum 
repens 
Carolinianum 


Diadelphia 
« 


Decandria 


" 


Papilionaceae 


Triglochin 


triandrum 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


Endog. 


Juncagineae 


Trillium 


sessile 

pusillum 

erectum 

grandiflorum 

erythrocarpum 

pendulnm 

cernum 

Catesbaei 

nervosum 


« 


,, 


"' 


kjmilaceae 


Triosteum 


perfoliatum 
angustifolium 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Caprifoliaceae 


Tripiiora 


pendula 


Gynandria 


Monandria 


Endog. 


Orchideac 


Tripsacum 


dactyloides 
monostachyon 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


« 


Gramineae 


Turnera 


cistoides 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 


Exog. 


Turneraceae 


Typha 


latifolia 


Moncecia 


Triandria 


Endog. 


Typhaceae 



FLORA. 



75 



j| LINiVEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Ulmus 


alata 

Americana 

fulva 


Pentandria 


Digynia 


Exog. 


Ulmaceae 


Uniola 


panieulata 


Triandria 


" 


Endog. 


Graminese 


« 


spicata 


*' 


" 


" 


" 


u 


latifolla 


" 


tf 


" 


" 


" 


nitida 
gracilis 


" 


" 


« 


'.] 


Urtica 


pumila 
urens 


MoncEcia 


Triandria 


Exog. 


UrticaceaE 


u 


chamaedrioides 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


dioica 


'^ 


" 


" 


" 


ft 


procera 


" 


** 


" 


" 


" 


capitata 




" 


" 


" 


u 


divaricata 
Canadensis 


« 


« 


<. 


,i 


Utkicularia 


inflata 


Diandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Lentibulariae 


« 


fibrosa 


" 


" 


" 


" 


K 


saccata 


*^ 


" 


" 


" 


(( 


longirostris 


" 


" 


" 


" 


u 


gibba 


" 


" 


" 


" 


It 


bipartita 


** 


" 


" 


" 


" 


bi flora 


" 


" 


" 


" 


tl 


personata 


" 


It 


" 


" 


ti 


setacea 


" 


** 


" 


" 


UVULAKIA 


Flava 
grandiflora 


Hexandria 


« 


Endog. 


Smilacese 


<c 


perfoliata 




" 


«' 


" 


« 


puberala 


" 


" 


" 


" 


i( 


sessilifolia 




" 


" 


" 


VACCINinM 


staniineum 


Decandria 


" 


Exog. 


Vaccines 


(( 


arboreum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


C( 


duniosum 

frondosum 

resinosum 

myrsinites 

myrti folium 

corymbosum 


" 


« 


" 


" 


!! 


var ammonenm 
var. fuscatum 


» 


" 


» 


li 


« 


galezans 


" 


« 


" 


" 


" 


tenellum 


" 


" 


" 


" 


ft 


myrtiloides 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Valisneria 


spiralis 


Dicecia 


Diandria 


Endog 


Hydrocharideae 


Veratrum 


viride 

parviflorum 

angustifolium 


Hexandria 


Trigynia 


;: 


Melanthaceae 


Verbascum 


thapsus 

lychnitis 

blattaria 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Solaneae 


Verbena 


aubletia 
spuria 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


:: 


VerbenacesB 


" 


hastata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


M 


panieulata 
urticifolia 


" 


'I 


ft 


« 


Verbesina 


Caroliniana 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Virginica 


Syngenesia 


Superflua 


" 


Corymbifera 


" 


sinuata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Veronica 


siegesbeckia 


" 


« 


« 


" 


^« 


V'iiginica 


Driandria 


.Monogynia 


" 


Scrophularineae 


u 


officinalis 


" 


" 


" 


" 



76 



FLORA. 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. 1 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


Veronica 


Berphyllifolia 
agrestis 


Diandria 


Monogynia 


Exog. 


Scrophularineae 
(1 


" 


anagallis 

arvensis 

peregrina 


:: 


(C 


:; 


^j 


Viburnum 


acerifolium 
dentatum 


Pentandria 


Trigynia 


tt 


Caprifoliaceae 


« 


^entago 


tt 


" 


" 


" 


•( 


prunifolium 


" 


u 


« 


" 


<( 


nudum 


« 


CI 


" 


" 




obovatum 
cassinoides 
[BBvigatum 
nitidum 


" 




" 


" 


ViCIA 


Caroliniana 
acutifolia 


Diadelphia 


Decandria 


** 


Leguminosae 


ViGNA 


glabra 






« 




ViLLARSIA 


lacunosa 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 


" 


Gentianeae 


Viola 


pedata 


« 


" 


" 


Violaceae 


« 


palmata 


« 


" 


« 


" 


«t 


cucullata 


" 


tt 


« 


" 


« 


Septcmloba 


" 


" 


" 


" 


« 


sagittata 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


ovata 

emarginata 

villosa 


": 


jj 


(( 


" 


<c 


rotundifolia 


" 


« 


" 


" 


« 


primulaefolia 


" 


" 


tt 


" 


« 


lanceolata 


" 


<i 


" 


" 


« 


striata 


" 


" 


« 


" 


« 


Muhlenbergii 


" 


" 


<( 


" 


« 


hastata 
tripartita 


« 


» 


« 


It 


" 


pubescens 


" 


" 


It 


" 


" 


Canadensis 


<c 


" 


<( 


" 


" 


arvensis 


« 


" 


" 


tt 


ViSCUM 


flavescens 


DicBcia 


TetrandrJa 


" 


Loranthacese 


VlTIS 


rotundifolia 
cordifolia 


Pentandria 


Monogynia 




Vitaceae 


" 


riparia 


" 


" 


<( 


" 


« 
« 


Eestivalis 
labrusca 
bipinnata 
ampelopsis 


" 


« 


« 


" 


Wendlandia 


populifolia 


Hexandria 


Hexagynia 




Menispcrmaceae 


Wistaria 




Diadelphia 


Decandria 






Xanthium 


strumarium 
spinosum 


Syngenesia 


Necessaria 




Papilionaceae 
Corymbiferae 


Xyris 


flexuosa 
fimbriata 
brevifolia 
juncea 


Triandria 


Monogynia 


Endog. 


Xyrideae 


Yucca 


tilamentosa 
gloriosa 


Hexandria 


" 


!'. 


Discoreae 


« 


draconis 


" 


" 


" 


" 


K 


recurvifolia 


" 


" 


" 


" 


Zantuorhiza 


apiifolia 


Pentandria 


Polygynia 


Exog. 


Ranunculaceae 


Zanthoxylum 


Americanum 
Carolinianum 


DioEcia 


Pentandria 


ti 


Zanthoxylaceae 


Zapania 


nudiflora 


Didynamia 


Angiospermia 


" 


Verbinaceae 


« 


lanceolata 


" 


" 


<c 


'• 



FLORA. 



77 



1 


LINNEAN SYSTEM. 


NATURAL SYSTEM. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Class. 


Order. 


Class. 


Order. 


ZiGADENUS 
ZlZANIA 

ZoRNIA 
ZlZIA 

ZoSTERA 


glaberimus 

aquatica 

miliacea 

tetraphylla 

aurea 

integerrima 

marina 


Hexandria 
Moncecia 

Diadelphia 
Pentandria 

MonoRcia 


Trigynia 
Triandria 

Decandria 
Digynia 

Monandria 


Endog. 
« 

Exog. 
Endog. 


PontederesB 
Gramineae 

Papilionaceffi 
Umbelliferae 

Fluviales 

















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